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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), INTERNATIONAL Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp.JOURNAL 62-72 © IAEME OF MANAGEMENT (IJM) ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJM.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.2230 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJM ©IAEME WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF LABOR IN JHUGGI JHOPADI (SLUM) B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik1, Ipseeta Satpathy2, Anirban Mandal3 1 Associate Professor, Management, School of Management -KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 2 Professor, Management, School of Management -KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 3 Research Scholar, School of Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India ABSTRACT In modern era there are so many problems as population, crime, child labour, alcoholism. corruption and so on. But a Jhuggi Jhopadi is one of the top most problems of modern Odisha. We can’t think of any city without Jhuggi Jhopadi. We can see two cultures in a city, as if they two sides of the same coin, i.e existence of poverty amidst plenty. There are no basic facilities as drinking water, toilet, roads, electricity, primary health center, school etc. The atmosphere of Jhuggi Jhopadi is full of lingered dust and crowd. The researcher has selected three slums in the city for the study and studied all kinds of problems of Jhuggi Jhopadi as family, relationship between husband-wife and children’s socializations, culture, occupation, income and so on. Keywords: Jhuggi Jhopadi, Poor, Perception & Socio Economic Conditions. OVERVIEW It is unfortunate on the part of Independent India, that even after 66 years of independence the fruits of development are miles away from the needy and poor people. India is a country of villages and due to lack of employment opportunity the poor in rural area migrate to the urban areas. In the present situation we find there has been a mass exodus of people from rural areas as a result this has resulted in many antisocial activities in the city. But the very purpose for which they come could not be fructified. Cities developed but on the other hand many problems created e.g population, crime, delinquency, crowd, pollution, corruption, alcoholism, begging and slum is one of them. Jhuggi Jhopadi areas are the result of such exodus penury. Jhuggi Jhopadi are very close to each other. Jhuggi Jhopadi is far away from providing its inhabitants social, economical, educational and health facilities. Many small huts are near to one another. The huts are clustered over a small 62 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME area, no proper ventilation, no electricity, no school, no primary health care. Parents’ children live in one room and this leads to many anti social activities. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To study the socio-economical conditions of Jhuggi Jhopadi areas.
To search the causes of origin of Jhuggi Jhopadi.
To suggest remedy to solve and developed Jhuggi Jhopadi. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the Jali Sahi of Sikharchandi Basti, Salia Sahi and Station area of Bhubaneswar , Odisha
The period of study is limited to 4 months. i.e June to September 2013
The sample size is limited to 113 families; this may not represent the general view. RESEARCH UNIVERSE In this study the areas of Jhuggi Jhopadi of Sikharchandi, Patia and air port area of the temple city Bhubaneswar, Odisha has been taken into consideration. This city is well known for social, cultural, political, economical and religious tradition. Bhubaneswar is famous for temples. It is also called the temple city. It is an irony that in one side this city developed very rapidly not to leave behind Jhuggi Jhopadi. By this study researchers tried to find how the people in the Jhuggi Jhopadi are trying to maintain their, social and economical scenario. What are the overall problems? METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY For collecting data simple questionnaire was formed and data was collected in a random sampling method. Overall 217 families were approached for the collection of data, however only 113 families responded. The data collection represents the opinion of both male and female members. Out of 113 responses 67 were female respondents and rest were male respondents. Simple percentage method is used considering the objective of the study. The data analysis is on the basis of general data and specific data collected relating to problems in Jhuggi Jhopadi. ANALYSIS OF DATA General Data related Jhuggi Jhopadi in the research area Table 1: Types of family Family Frequency Joint family 63 Nuclear family 41 Single 9 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 55.75 36.78 7.47 100 Interpretation: From the Table-1, it shows that 55.75% are belongs to the group of joint family, 36.78% are in the group of nuclear family and rests are in the category of single. This shows that the majority are in the group of joint family. 63 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Table-2: Migrated from and settled in Jhuggi Jhopadi Migrated Frequency Percentage From villages nearby 58 51.33 From other districts 32 28.32 From other states 19 16.81 From other countries 4 3.54 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Responding to this 51.33% migrated from nearby villages, 28.32% are from other districts category, 16.81% are from other state category and rest 3.54% are from other countries. These from other country residents are from Bangladeshi and Nepalese. Table-3: Number of dependents Dependents Frequency Between 1-5 19 Between 6-8 78 More than 8 16 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 16.81 69.02 14.17 100 Interpretation: In Table-3, it shows that 69.02% are in the category of 6-8 dependents, followed by 16.81% respondents are in the group of 1-5 dependents and remaining are in the group of more than 8 dependents. Table-4: Number of Children Children Frequency Between 0-3 23 Between 4-5 72 More than 5 18 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 20.35 63.72 15.93 100 Interpretation: In Table-4, it shows that 63.72% of respondents are having 4-5 children, followed by 20.35% respondents having 0-3 children and 15.93% are having more than 5 children. Table-5: Education Status Education Frequency Illiterate 72 Primary 11 Middle 13 College 17 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 63.72 9.73 11.50 15.05 100 Interpretation: In Table-5, this shows that 63.72% are in illiterate category, 9.73% are in primary education category, 11.50% are in the category of middle education and surprisingly 15.05% studied in college. 64 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Table-6: Religions Frequency 59 14 Religion Hindu Muslim Punjabi Christian Others Total Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 52.21 12.39 17 8 15 113 15.04 7.07 12.29 100 Interpretation: In Table-6, it shows that 52.21% are belongs to the Hindu religion, 12.39% are belongs to Muslim religion, 15.04% are in the group of Punjabi religion, 7.07% are belongs to the Christian religion and rest are from others. Occupation Auto puller Daily wage Self occupational Service Table-7: Occupational Status Frequency 23 53 22 13 Percentage 20.35 46.90 19.46 11.50 2 1.79 113 100 Others (maid servant) Total Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: In Table-7, it shows that 20.35% of family are earning their bread and butter through auto rickshaw, 46.90% of the family occupation are daily wage group, 19.46% are in the group of self occupational,, 11.50% are in the group of service holder and other group contributes 1.79%. Income Table-8: Income per month Frequency Percentage Upto Rs3,000 21 18.58 Between 3001-5000 44 38.94 Between 5001-7000 36 38.86 7000 onwards 12 10.62 113 100 Total Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: In Table-8, 18.58% of the family are earning upto Rs.3000 category, 38.94% are in the category of Rs.3001-5000, 38.86% are in the income group of Rs.5001-7000 and remaining are in the group of more than Rs.7000. 65 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Specific data related to Jhuggi Jhopadi in the research area Table-9: Problem of schooling to children Schooling Frequency Percentage Severe problem 73 64.60 Moderate problem 13 11.50 Minor problem 16 14.16 Neutral 11 9.73 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: In Table-9, 64.60 of respondents believe that there is severe problem for schooling the children. 11.50% are in the opinion group of moderate problem, 14.16% are in the category of minor problem and rest is in the group of neutral. Table-10: Problems of Electricity Electricity Frequency Severe problem 82 Moderate problem 13 Minor problem 11 Neutral 7 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 72.57 11.50 9.73 6.20 100 Interpretation: In Table-10, 72.57 feel that severe electricity problem, 11.50% are in the opinion that moderate electricity problem, 9.73 are in the opinion group of minor electricity problem and 6.20 are in the neutral category. Table-11: Problem of water Water Frequency Severe problem 86 Moderate problem 11 Minor problem 6 Neutral 10 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 76.11 9.73 5.31 8.85 100 Interpretation- In Table-11, it shows that 76.11% are in the opinion group of severe problem, 9.73% are in the category of moderate problem, 5.31% are in the group of minor problem and 8.85% are in the neutral group for the water problem. Table-12: Problem of drainage Drainage Frequency Severe problem 81 Moderate problem 12 Minor problem 6 Neutral 14 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source 66 Percentage 71.68 10.62 5.31 12.39 100 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Interpretation: Responding to this question, 71.68% are believing that severe problem, 10.62% are in the category of moderate problem, 5.31% are in the category of minor problem and 12.39% are in the category of neutral stand towards the drainage problem. Table-13: Problem of harassment by police and other government officials Harassment Frequency Percentage Severe problem 69 61.06 Moderate problem Minor problem 22 18 19.47 15.93 Neutral 4 3.54 113 100 Total Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Joining to this question, 61.06% of respondents are in the opinion that there is a severe problem, 19.47% opinion are in the category of moderate problem, 15.93% opinion are in the group of minor problem and remaining are in the group of neutral for the problem of harassment and other government officials. Table-14: Problem of transportation and communication Transport and communication Frequency Percentage Severe problem 74 65.49 Moderate problem 19 16.81 Minor problem 12 10.62 Neutral 8 7.08 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Responding to this question 65.49 are in the group of severe problem, 16.81% are in the group of moderate problem, 10.62 are in the minor problem category and 7.08% are in the group of neutral towards the problem of transportation and communication. Health care Severe problem Moderate problem Minor problem Neutral Total Table-15: Problem of health care services Frequency Percentage 87 77 11 9.73 9 7.96 6 5.31 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Answering to this question 77% respondents are in the group of severe problem, 9.73% are in the group of moderate problem, 7.96% are in the group of minor problem and 5.31% are in the group of neutral towards the problems related to health care services. 67 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Table-16: Problem of rivalry among different groups Rivalry Frequency Percentage Severe problem 59 52.21 Moderate problem 24 21.24 Minor problem 17 15.04 Neutral 13 11.51 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Responding to this question, 52.21% of respondents are in the severe problem category, 21.24% are in the moderate problem category, 15.04% are in minor problem category, 11.51% are in neutral category toward problem of rivalry. Table-18: Problem of atrocities against women Atrocities Frequency Percentage Severe problem 79 69.91 Moderate problem 13 11.50 Minor problem 14 12.39 Neutral 7 6.2 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Joining to this question, 69.91% of the respondents are in the severe problem group, 11.50% are in the moderate problem category, 12.39% are in the minor problem group and remaining are in the neutral zone toward problem of atrocities against women. Table-18: Problem related to sanitation issues Sanitation issues Frequency Percentage Severe problem 93 82.30 Moderate problem 5 4.42 Minor problem 7 6.19 Neutral 8 7.09 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Joining to this question, 82.30% of the participants opined that there is a severe problem, 4.42% are in the group of moderate problem, 6.19% are in the minor problem, and rest are in the neutral zone towards the problem related to sanitation issues. Table-19: Problem related to Alcoholism Alcoholism Frequency Percentage Severe problem 77 68.14 Moderate problem 13 11.50 Minor problem 9 7.96 Neutral 14 12.40 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source 68 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME Interpretation: Answering to this question, 68.14% are in the severe problem category, 11.50% are in the moderate problem category, 7.96% are in the minor problem group and 12.40% are in the neutral zone towards problems related to alcoholism. Table-20: Problem related to child labour Child labour Frequency Severe problem 84 Moderate problem 11 Minor problem 15 Neutral 3 Total 113 Source: Compiled from primary source Percentage 74.33 9.73 13.27 2.67 100 Interpretation: Responding to this question, 74.33% respondents strongly believes that severe problem, 9.73% are in the moderate problem group, 13.27% are in the minor problem category and rest are in the neutral zone towards problem related to child labour. Table-21: Problem related to child marriage Child marriage Frequency Percentage Severe problem 68 60.18 Moderate problem 19 16.81 Minor problem 15 13.27 Neutral 11 9.74 Total 113 100 Source: Compiled from primary source Interpretation: Answering to this question 60.18% of the respondents stated the severe problem in the areas, 16.81% of the respondents believes moderate problem, 13.27% believes minor problem and rest were neutral. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Majority residents of Jhuggi Jhopadi are of joint family and of nuclear family.
Most of the people migrated from nearby villages for the search of job and to earn bread and butter.
Majority of households in Jhuggi Jhopadi are dependents ranging from 6-8 members.
Majority of respondents having children ranging from 4-5 members.
Most of the residents are Hindus.
Majority of the respondents are daily wagers
Only 10.62% of the residents have monthly income more than Rs7,000.
There is a severe problem for sending children to schools.
There is severe electricity problem in the area.
There is severe water problem in the area. 69 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME
There is severe drainage problem in the area.
There is severe problem of harassment by police and government officials.
There is severe problem of transportation and communication.
There is severe problem of rivalry among different groups residing in Jhuggi Jhopadi.
There is severe problem of atrocities against women.
There is severe problem of sanitation in the area.
There is severe problem of alcoholism in the area.
There is severe problem of child labour in the area. The children are compelled to work as labourers because of poor financial conditions of the parents.
Child marriage especially girls are the major problem in the Jhuggi Jhopadi areas. SUGGESTIONS
Employment opportunity should be created in rural and semi-urban areas by creating industries and developing the infrastructure. This will help to reduce the migration problem to urban areas.
Awareness drive for population control should be created more seriously. People in the Jhuggi Jhopodi area should be explained the various problems involved for having more children.
Primary and secondary schools should be opened in the Jhuggi Jhopodi area. Government should come forward for opening these schools. Also the schools should also be opened by the various organizations as a part of CSR activities.
Electricity should be provided in the areas.
Water problem should be sorted out.
Drainage problem should be sorted out in the areas.
Harassment by the police and government officials should be stopped.
Transport and communication problems should be sorted out in the areas.
People should be counseled for sorting out rivalry and infightings among the groups.
Atrocities against women should be stopped.
Sanitation problem should be sorted out in the areas. Otherwise this will lead to spreading of severe diseases in the areas.
Awareness should be created for stopping from drinking alcohol in the areas.
Parents should be counseled for stopping child labour in the areas.
Child marriage should be stopped by creating awareness in the areas.
Slums should be adopted by the various organizations as a part of CSR activities. 70 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME CONCLUDING OBSERVATION Even after 66 years of Independence we are not able to fulfill the basic needs of the poor people. The chasm between of rich and poor widened over the years. The rich people become rich and poor people remain poor over the generations. During election these Jhuggi Jhopadi residents are being used as vote bank. During the election period political parties promise lot of things for the development of Jhuggi Jhopadi area; however after the election these people are always ignored. This is the practice of almost all political parties. Nobody bothers about these people. Most of the times the political parties play blame game instead of taking accountability for the issues in these areas. People migrate from villages and semi-urban areas in search of bread and butter and these poor people do not have enough purchasing power to live a comfortable life or life of dignity in the cities. This leads to creation of Jhoggi and Jhopodi. These people spend their life in dreaming only. Nobody wants to stay in the Jhuggi and Jhopodi, however they are forced to stay in these Jhuggi Jhoopodis. They try to solve their problems at their end. However the need of the hour is to extend our hand towards them, so that these under privileged section of the society can lead their life dignified manner. At this juncture what is important is that people those who live in jhopodis are unskilled. We have a large population but as India lives in villages, majority of our population are unskilled Need of the hour is to provide them with skills. This can be done by making them literate. We should not forget that these people are a part of our civilized society. Whether we like or not we cannot separate them from us and they also contribute to the society in some way or other. They are not untouchables, but are unfortunate people and are our own people. They are waiting for their legitimate rights from the so called free India. Let us all take a pledge to extend our help to these people by not giving them money but by empowering them through education. REFERENCES [1] [2] Desai A.R & Pillai S.D (1970)- Slums and Urbanization (ed), Bombay Popular Prakashan, pp-7. Sandhu R.S(1989)- The City and its Slums: A Sociological study, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, Amritsar, pp-4-5. [3] Sudha K (1989)- Slum and Housing problems, Print well publications , Jaipur, pp-2. [4] Hunter David R (1970): The Slum Challenge and Response, The Free Press on Glencoe London, pp-6. [5] Raut U Kishore (2011)- Problem of Slums in Nagpur City, Research Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences.. Vol-IV, pp-186-192. [6] “India’s Urban Poverty Agenda: Understanding the Poor in Cities & Formulating Appropriate Anti – Poverty Actions” A Discussion Paper for South Asia Urban & City Management Course, Goa, India, January 9 – 21, 2000. [7] Malik S. (2002) – Some Socio Economic determinants & working environmental conditions of child labours in a slum area of Kolkata, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp – 161 – 166. [8] Hazra Anupam (2012) – Rural India Still Floating Towards Cities, Kurukshatra, Journal on Rural Development, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp – 3 – 5. [9] Marx Benjamin etal (2013) – The Economics of Slums in the Developing World, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp – 187 – 210. [10] Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor, Water & sanitation Program, Accompanying Volume, March, 2009. [11] Dr. B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik, Dr. Ipseeta Satpathy and Anirban Mandal, “The Internal Dynamics of Migration”, International Journal of Marketing & Human Resource Management (IJMHRM), Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 22 - 32, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6421, ISSN Online: 0976- 643X. 71