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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 2682-2694 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.319 Under-Exploited and Nutritionally Rich Wild Fruits of Telangana, India B. Shiva*, V. Bhargav and P.K. Nimbolkar ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi -110 012, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Tropical region, Flora and Fauna, Plant diversity and Fruit. Article Info Accepted: 26 May 2017 Available Online: 10 June 2017 Telangana is part of tropical region on east of India, endowed with rich biodiversity. It is need to emphasize about the occurrence of enormous biodiversity existing in well-known Deccan plateau of Indian subcontinent. The rich wealth of flora and fauna of this region has made it a paradise of nature as it houses rich genetic diversity. One of the most fundamental values of plant diversity is in supplying the food, protective foods and medicinal herbs, besides many industrial raw materials, for the benefit of mankind. Here comes an array of fruit crops into picture. The agro climatic conditions and edaphic factors of the region including Telangana are uniquely favourable for a number of fruit crops. Introduction State of Telangana encompasses an area of 1,12,077 km2 (44,340 sq mi) and lies between the latitudes 15°46‟00” N and 19°47‟00” N, and longitudes 77°16‟00” E and 81°43‟00” E, bound by the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh on the north, Karnataka on the west, and Andhra Pradesh on the south and east. Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42°C (108°F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation in a multimodal distribution pattern. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23°C (72– 73°F) range. The annual rainfall is between 900 and 1500 mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900 mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest monsoons. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range. Geographically the region can be divided into three main areas. They are: 1) Mid- Godavari basin, 2) Plateau of Telangana which is about 600 metres above mean sea level and 3) Mid- Telangana which is 150 to 300 metres above the mean sea level. Though industrial sector and mining are at playing important role in terms of employment generation, agriculture has been providing livelihood support to almost 73% of the population and is essential for the state to support the latter two 2682 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 (https://finance.telangana.gov.in/downloads/S ESOutlook2016.pdf). Various soil types abound, including chalkas, red sandy soils, dubbas, deep red loamy soils, and very deep black cotton soils that facilitate planting mangoes, oranges and flowers. Major soil series are coarse to medium textured, while some are medium to fine textured. These soils are well drained but have good water holding capacity, although dense vegetation and grass cover have contributed to high contents of organic matter (0.5 to 1.5 % organic carbon) in several soils. The pH of the soils is 4.5 to 6.5. Soils, in general, are productive with irrigation and fertiliser management (Gangapuram, 2014). Since time immemorial, edible wild fruits have played a very vital role in supplementing the diet of the people of Indian Sub-continent. Apart from customary use as food, wild edible fruits have various health advantages as it potentially give immunity to many diseases. Accordingly, Ayurveda, the Indian Folk medicine was developed from wild fruits and plants. Major fruit crops like Mango, Litchi, Guava etc. are commercially cultivated while the wild edible fruits refer to species that are neither cultivated nor domesticated, but it come from their wild natural habitat and used as one of the sources of food (Beluhan and Ranogajec, 2010; Urvashi and Bhardwaj, 2015). Although the term „underutilized´ crop has been defined in various ways in world literature, most of these have been given importance to features, among others, like linkages with the cultural heritage of the locality, multiple uses, traditional crops in localized areas, and neglected by agricultural research and development agencies (Thakur, 2014). We believe this applies equally to fruit crops and tree spices. For the purpose of this paper, we have adopted the definition given by IPGRI- Underutilized crops are those marginalized by farmers and consumers due to agronomic, genetic, economic, environmental and cultural reason, which were once important and major crop in the community (IPGRI, 2000). UUF‟s have poor shelf-life, un-recognized nutritional value, poor consumer awareness and reputational problems, therefore, also called as, “poor people‟s food”. As the demand for food changes (re-discovery of nutritional and culinary value, therapeutic value–whole ethnobiology), UUF‟s can overcome the constraints to the wider production and use by the poor people. Underutilized fruits have a distinctive past, current, or potential use value, but their use is currently limited relative to their economic potential (Gruère et al., 2006; Mayes et al., 2011). It may be useful to develop a check list of criteria for selecting UUFTS in India, so that work on them could be more focused. The following are some such (modified from von Maydell, 1989). criteria They should be in demand or have potential for generating demand They should be accepted by people, often something to do with cultural identity/ importance They should have low risk or have risks that can be managed easily They should be free from negative properties of effects They should be adapted to local conditions, often vital in specific ecosystems They should be easy and safe to establish, with low inputs They should be fast growing and shorter gestation period They should produce high yields and/or produce high quality produce 2683 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 They should be compatible with other land uses medicinal properties horticultural crops. It is important to note here that different crops or crop categories are underutilized to very different degrees and in different aspects and suggest practical means to quantify these differences (Galluzzi and Noriega, 2014) and in different regions of a country. Potential uses of minor fruits Need of explore underutilized fruit crops In Telangana region, there are wastelands of different kinds viz. sand dunes, ravines, acidic soils, marshy and marginal lands, which are unfit for supporting cultivation of high input demanding crops. Such lands can easily be put to use for growing low input crops in order to diversify the present day agriculture, which is so inevitable in view of the increasing population pressure and fast depletion of natural resources as well as the growing and changing human needs in the region. The average productivity of the horticultural crops is just half of the national productivity. As grain farming is proving un-remunerative in the undulating topography of hilly tracts, which is deprived of irrigation facilities, despite government of India‟s has been putting forth endeavours to uplift the region, vast potential remains unexploited. It becomes possible to exploit the untapped potential of the region through location specific horticulture and subsequently expanding the area under horticultural crops. Production of UUHC can also be increased through adoption of scientific technologies. Apart from nutritive value, underutilized horticultural crops are particularly more important for medicinal properties and famous for the retentive value in Ayurvedic medicine. Mostly people are familiar with the of locally grown Many underutilized fruit species are nutritionally rich and are suitable for low input agriculture as they naturally occur either in wild or can sustain adverse climatic conditions of the growing regions. They can contribute significantly to maintain rich diversity and hence more stable agroecosystems. Fruits have both restorative as well as curative properties viz. aromatic, cooling, digestive, stomachic, stimulant, astringent, emollient, useful in seasoning, maturation and fermentation of culinary, processed food and drinks. There are few other fruits which possess specific properties such as diuretic, diaphoretic, sedative or stimulant to nerves, improver of peristaltic movements of intestine and liver ailment, cardio tonic, relieving cough, cold, bronchitis, asthmatic spasm, blood pressure etc. Some minor fruits contain essential oils in their peel, foliage or roots and exhibit carminative and germicidal properties. In addition to their therapeutical values, these fruits provide nutrition, strength and vigour to our body and restore loss of minerals and amino acids, thus protecting it against many deficiencies and diseases. The study revealed reported that the level of carotinoids varied from 7071 to 1485.00 μg/100g, which was recorded in Artocarpus integrifolia followed by Spondias cythera, Spondias pinnata and Syzigium claviflorum. Some of the other minor fruits found in the regions are fairly good source of ascorbic acid viz. Artocarpus spp. Bael, wood apple and aonla were found to be rich source of calcium (Singh et al., 2003; Mazumdar, 2004; Mazumder et al., 2000). 2684 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Table.1 Potential uses of minor fruits Aegle marmelos Correa Cordia myxa L Zizyphus mauritiana Lam Averrhoa bilimbi L Syzygiu mcumini Skeels Grewia asiatica Mast Feronia limonia L Diospyrus melanoxylon Roxb.ExA Phonix sylvestris L. Roxb. Zyzyphus nummularia Lamk Annona reticulata L Phyllanththus embelica L Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Averrohoe carrmbola L Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) Crude Protein g/ 100 2.2 1.9 2 1.04 0.7 1.3 7.1 Fat g /100 0.29 1 1 0.33 1.5 1.8 0.3 0.58 Crude fibre g/100 2.9 2 2 2.8 0.6 1.5 - Vit Carbohydrate Ca K Na P Fe Vit C A g/100 mg/100 mg/100 mg/100 mg/100 mg/100 mg/100 (IU) 29 85 50 0.6 9.11 92 16 20 26 26 5 93 60 589 154 585 7 88 6.73 4 133 2 12 0.08 34.4 61 15 8 15 1.62 -15 129 350 4 3.9 3.1 22 800 17 4 9 0.5 3 0.61 0.49 10.5 - - - - 27 11 2.3 0.51 1.82 87 184 854 14 16 5.26 3.56 - 2.9 - - - - - - - - - 500 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.1 2.5 3.4 23.5 14 17 0.05 250 4 - 47 0.02 0.5 1.2 43 600 - 1.9 0.1 18.9 50 246 - 97 500 11 540 0.75 - - 9.4 - - - - - - 60 560 528 0.7 - Source: USDA National Nutrient data base (http://www.nal.usda.gov/), Mitra et al., (2008) and Anupam, (2013) 2685 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Table.2 Diversification of underutilized fruit crops Common Indian English name of the Fruits Usirikaya Anola Regu Ber/Indian Plum Bilimbi/Carambola Tree Sorrel Sitaphalam Custard apple Gondi/ Banka pallu Lasoda Scientific name andFamily Description Phyllanththus embelica L Phyllanthaceae Zyzyphus nummularia Lamk Averrohoe carrmbola L Oxilidiaceae Annona squamosa L Annonaceae Medium sized tree with small leaves, fruit matures in Jan – Feb. Cordia myxa L Boraginaceae Ramphal Custard apple Annona reticulata L Annonaceae Amra Hog Plum Spondius Sonn Pagoda/ Maulsari Spanish Cherry cythera Anacardiaceae Mimusops elengi L Sapotaceae Velakkaya Wood apple/ Elephant apple Bilambu/Bael Stone apple Feronia limonea LSwingle Rutaceae Aegel marmelos L Corr. Serr Rutaceae Yield Fruit/ tree 1500-2000 nos Origin Usage and Remark India Throughout India Wild and domesticated, sour, rich in Vit C and Ca, fruits each weighs 30-50 g Eaten raw, 100kg fruits 500 fruits, India, S-E China Cultivated, minor, good nutritive value, eaten fresh, 15 varieties are there Indo-China, Wild and domesticated, sour in taste, used as chutney, high Vit C Shrub like tree, with small leaves, fruits have gritty structure with grainy pulp, matures in Sept-Oct Shrub, the fruit mature during July- August. Grow in different agroclimatic condition; It is a kind of a drupe, light pale to brown or even pink in colour. Used in Ayurveda. Tolerate arid weather Medium sized tree, bigger leaves, smooth fruit with hexagonal markings, grainy pulp, matures in Mar- April. Deciduous Tree, immature fruits are used in culinary art, July-Aug, immature fruits are eaten in culinary art, July Aug 100 fruits, Tropical America 20 kg fruit Asia/ Africa Different parts on India 80-100 Tropical America Wild and domesticated, leaves have insecticidal properties, eaten raw, good taste, Fully ripe fruit is quite sweet in taste having mucilaginous pulp and is fully enjoyed by children. The pulp in a half ripe fruit can even be used as an alternative to paper glue in office work. Wild and domesticated, fruits are eaten raw, preferred by children 30 quintal Polynesia Sour, used properties, Tree with dense leaf canopy, used as shade tree in gardens. The orange-red fruit is hairy. Matures in April – May. Small fruits, each weighing 10-15 g. Big tree, fruits have a hard cover, matures Sept-Oct, succulent placenta and inner pericarp is eaten Big deciduous tree, takes 11 months to mature in Mar- April, having hard shell, Numerous hairy seeds are encapsulated in a slimy mucilage, yellow pulp, one big fruit 10 kg South Asia 1000 nos India/ Sri Lanka 500 nos India Wild and domesticated, having Aurvedic properties. It is eaten mostly by children.. The wood is extremely hard, strong and tough, and rich deep red in color. Wild and domesticated, sweet and sour, eaten fresh Chutney, bark has insecticidal properties. Widely used in Ayurvedic medicine, good laxative, mature and immature fruit is eaten, ripe fruit eaten fresh, Sacred tree for the Hindus. Thrives well in extreme high Thorny tree, matures in Jan - Feb Big tree, elongated cucumber like fruits are in cluster, yellowish green when ripe, 2686 in Chutney, Ayrvedic Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Bilati Amra Hog Plum may weigh 1kg Deciduous Tree, immature fruits are used in culinary art, July-Aug, fruit is bigger than S cythera, Big tree,20-25 m ht, elongated ripe fruits matures in Mar-April, provides good shade 40quintal Tropical Asia 5-10 qtl India The branches are whorled and usually horizontal, with palm like leaves gracefully up-curved and crowded at the ends with large. Fruit is an aggregate of follicle of 15, scarlet, boat shaped, woody. The seeds are edible after toasting and taste like chestnuts, Big tree also known as Madras thorn, drought resistant, gives fruiting in April – May. Big tree, culturally associated with native people of lateritic belts, flowering stats from Feb-Mar, fallen flowers are collected by native people, fruits mature in Jun- July. 100 nos East Tropical 100kg Mexico/ Central America 100 kg India Diospyrus melanoxylon Roxb.Ex.A Ebenaceae Syzygium cuminii L Skeels Myrtaceae Medium sized tree, round shaped yellow fruits mature in April-May 2-15kg India Big tree with dense foliage proving shade along the road side, soft black fruit with skin and pulp not separable. 50 kg India Kharjura/Khejur Wild Date Phonix sylvestris L Roxb Arecaceae Date palm tree, thrives well in drought condition, fruits matures in May- June, small brown cloured fruit having less flesh, 50 kg India Konda Usiri/Hariphal Star Gooseberry Phyllanthus acidus L Skeels Phyllanthaceae 15 -50 kg Malay/ Madagascar India Busarakaya/Rasbhari Cape Gooseberry Physalis peruvianaL Medium sized tree, small pendulous ribbed fruits grow in clusters from branches, like grapes. Fruits appear simultaneously with the flowers and produce fruit twice a year. Herb, small seedy berries with papery calyx, resembling a miniature spherical yellow tomato. it is about the size of a marble about 1–2 cm in diameter. Like a 1-2 kg Peru/ Columbia Chinthapandu/Imli Tamarind JangliBadam/Manjiponaku Wild Indian Almond Spondius pinnata Kurz Anacardiaceae Tamarindus indica L Leguminoseae Sterculia foetida L Sterculiaceae Seemachinrhakaya/Ganga imli Sweet Tamarind Ippa puvvu Mahua Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Fabeace Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) Sapotaceae Tendu/ Kendu Neredu pandu Jamun Wild Jumun Solanaceae 2687 Africa/ and low temperature Sweet and sour, eaten raw with salt, used in Chutney, immature fruits are eaten in culinary art, July-Aug Sour taste, raw consumption is less, used in culinary art, chutney, rich in K, Ca, P and Vit C The seed contain oil used as medicine; the timber is used for making furniture and the bark for rope. Wild, fruits are like tamarind pod with reddish coating, pulp is spongy, eaten mostly by children Wild, ripe fruits are not popular, eaten by cattle. Seed is used for edible oil; flowers are used in various ways. Mostly the dried flowers are used for distillation of “Mahua Liquor” Wild, eaten fresh, sold in the local market, leaves are use in wrapping BIDI (a kind of local cigar) Highly perishable, eaten fresh, rich in Iodine, seed is used to cure diabetes, leaves used as fodder, one of sacred fruits of the Hindus. Wild cultivated and domesticated. sweet xylem sap is collected during winter months for making molasses and alcoholic drink Wild and domesticated, Eaten raw with salt, rich in vit C, used as pickles. Recently introduced and cultivated in small pockets, rich in Vit C, used in folk medicine, used as jam Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Tati chettu Asian Palmyra palm/ Toddy palm Borassus L flabellifer Arecaceae Bilati Gaab Indian Persimmon/ Velvet apple Diospyros blancoi A.DC Ebenaceae Deoa Monkey Jack Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb Jamrul/Jaman Star Apple/ Wax apple Cuddapah almond, Chironji, Panasa pandu Jack fruit Moraceae Syzygium samarengense (Blume) Merrill & Perry Myrtaceae Buchanania lanzan Sperg. Anacardiaceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Moraceae tomato, it is bright yellow to orange in color, good shelf life Branch less palm, matures in July-Aug, the ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits can also be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. Immature fruit is cut and three jelly like seeds are eaten after removing the thin layer. The white kernel of the germinated seed is also eaten.. 200 fruits, Indian subcontinent Dioecious tropical tree, grows well from the sea level to the 2,400 feet above the sea level, Sapota like fruits with reddish velvety layer, medium sized Big tree. The orange-yellow male flowers and reddish female flowers grow separately on the same trees. Velvety, dull yellow syncarp fruits are nearly round or irregular Evergreen tree with big leaves, berry bell shaped fruit matures in June-July (rainy)and in Jan – Feb(winter) for second flush, winter fruits are sweeter than rainy season size varies Medium size tree, upto 40-50 ft. high with a straight trunk 80-100 nos Philippines Big tree. The orange-yellow male flowers and reddish female flowers grow separately on the same trees. Source: Roy et al., (1998), Chadha (2001), Peter (2007) and Malik et al., (2010). 2688 70 kg 250 fruits / India The inflorescence is cut and the xylem sap (juice) is collected by hanging earthen pot. The juice so collected early morning is a refreshing drink and light alcoholic drink is made from t he juice. Ripened fruit has fibrous outer layer, tolerate drought, eaten fresh by tribal people, the yellow pulp is processed. Wild and domesticated,eaten fresh, timer is very hard called iron wood Sweet sour pulp, like jack fruit, generally eaten fresh. Used as chutney. Each fruit contains 20–30 seeds that are fleshy with thin seed coat, leaves used as fodder Fruits are bell shaped, different colourspurple, and reddish, white. It does not taste like apple, finds a good market 40 kg, one big fruit weigh 60 g Malay, Andaman Island 5-10 India Kernel is rich in protein content (20-30%) and has high oil content (40-50%), which is highly nutritious. 100 Kg/ 200 fruits India Ripe fruit is naturally sweet, with subtle flavoring Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Fig.1 Need of explore underutilized fruit crops 2689 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Annona squamosal Pithecellobium dulce Diospyros melanoxylon Artocarpus heterophyllus Madhuca indica Averrohoe carrmbole Phyllanthus acidus 2690 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2682-2694 Feronia limonea Grevia asiatica Cordia myxa Zyzyphus nummularia Mimusops elengi Syzygium cuminii 2691