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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER Concepts and Applications CRC_55445_fm.indd i 7/26/2007 7:14:57 PM CRC_55445_fm.indd ii 7/26/2007 7:14:58 PM Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER Concepts and Applications Frank R. Spellman Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC_55445_fm.indd iii 7/26/2007 7:14:58 PM Cover Image: Falling Spring at Falling Spring, Virginia. Photograph by Frank R. Spellman. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5544-3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spellman, Frank R. The Science of water : concepts and applications / Frank R. Spellman. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-5544-3 (alk. paper) 1. Water. 2. Water--Industrial applications. 3. Water--Pollution. I. Title. GB665.S64 2007 553.7--dc22 2007007707 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com CRC_55445_fm.indd iv 7/26/2007 7:14:59 PM For Revonna M. Bieber CRC_55445_fm.indd v 7/26/2007 7:14:59 PM CRC_55445_fm.indd vi 7/26/2007 7:14:59 PM Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xix To the Reader ..................................................................................................................................xxi About the Author ......................................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Still Water ..........................................................................................................................................2 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................................................5 Historical Perspective ........................................................................................................................7 References ..........................................................................................................................................8 Further Reading .................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2 All about Water .......................................................................................................... 11 How Special, Strange, and Different Is Water? ............................................................................... 11 Characteristics of Water................................................................................................................... 12 Inflammable Air + Vital Air = Water................................................................................. 12 Just Two H’s and One O................................................................................................................... 13 Somewhere between 0 and 105° ...................................................................................................... 13 Water’s Physical Properties.............................................................................................................. 14 Capillary Action............................................................................................................................... 14 The Water Cycle............................................................................................................................... 15 Specific Water Movements .............................................................................................................. 15 Q and Q Factors ............................................................................................................................... 17 Sources of Water .............................................................................................................................. 19 Watershed Protection ....................................................................................................................... 19 Multiple-Barrier Concept .................................................................................................................20 Watershed Management ...................................................................................................................20 Water Quality Impact....................................................................................................................... 22 Watershed Protection and Regulations ............................................................................................ 22 A Watershed Protection Plan ........................................................................................................... 23 Reservoir Management Practices .................................................................................................... 23 Potable Water Source ....................................................................................................................... 23 Potable Water ................................................................................................................................... 23 Key Definitions ................................................................................................................................24 Surface Water...................................................................................................................................25 Location! Location! Location! .........................................................................................................25 How Readily Available Is Potable Water? ....................................................................................... 25 Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Water ...........................................................................28 Surface Water Hydrology.................................................................................................................28 Raw Water Storage........................................................................................................................... 29 Surface Water Intakes ...................................................................................................................... 30 vii CRC_55445_fm.indd vii 7/26/2007 7:14:59 PM viii The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Surface-Water Screens ..................................................................................................................... 30 Surface-Water Quality ..................................................................................................................... 31 Groundwater Supply ........................................................................................................................ 31 Aquifers ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Groundwater Quality ....................................................................................................................... 33 GUDISW..........................................................................................................................................34 Well Systems .................................................................................................................................... 35 Well Site Requirements.................................................................................................................... 35 Type of Wells ................................................................................................................................... 36 Shallow Wells ....................................................................................................................... 36 Dug Wells................................................................................................................... 36 Driven Wells .............................................................................................................. 36 Bored Wells................................................................................................................ 36 Deep Wells ............................................................................................................................ 37 Jetted Wells ................................................................................................................ 37 Drilled Wells .............................................................................................................. 37 Components of a Well ...................................................................................................................... 37 Well Casing........................................................................................................................... 37 Grout .................................................................................................................................... 37 Well Pad ................................................................................................................................ 37 Sanitary Seal ......................................................................................................................... 38 Well Screen ........................................................................................................................... 38 Casing Vent ........................................................................................................................... 38 Drop Pipe .............................................................................................................................. 39 Miscellaneous Well Components ......................................................................................... 39 Well Evaluation ................................................................................................................................ 39 Well Pumps ......................................................................................................................................40 Routine Operation and Recordkeeping Requirements ....................................................................40 Well Log ...............................................................................................................................40 Well Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 41 Well Abandonment .......................................................................................................................... 41 Water Use ......................................................................................................................................... 41 References ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 3 Water Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 45 Terminology ..................................................................................................................................... 45 What Is Water Hydraulics? .............................................................................................................. 45 Basic Concepts .................................................................................................................................46 Stevin’s Law .......................................................................................................................... 47 Properties of Water .......................................................................................................................... 48 Density and Specific Gravity ................................................................................................ 48 Force and Pressure ........................................................................................................................... 50 Hydrostatic Pressure ............................................................................................................. 51 Effects of Water under Pressure ........................................................................................... 52 Head ............................................................................................................................................... 53 Static Head ............................................................................................................................ 54 Friction Head ........................................................................................................................ 54 CRC_55445_fm.indd viii 7/26/2007 7:14:59 PM Contents ix Velocity Head ....................................................................................................................... 54 Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)........................................................................... 54 Pressure/Head ....................................................................................................................... 54 Head/Pressure ....................................................................................................................... 55 Flow/Discharge Rate: Water in Motion ........................................................................................... 55 Area/Velocity........................................................................................................................ 57 Pressure/Velocity .................................................................................................................. 58 Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli’s Theorem ................................................................................ 58 Conservation of Energy ........................................................................................................ 59 Energy Head ......................................................................................................................... 59 Piezometric Surface .............................................................................................................. 59 Head Loss .............................................................................................................................60 Hydraulic Grade Line ..........................................................................................................60 Bernoulli’s Theorem ............................................................................................................. 61 Bernoulli’s Equation ............................................................................................................. 61 Hydraulic Machines (Pumps) ..........................................................................................................64 Pumping Hydraulics ............................................................................................................. 65 Well and Wet Well Hydraulics .........................................................................................................66 Well Hydraulics ....................................................................................................................66 Wet Well Hydraulics ............................................................................................................. 67 Friction Head Loss ........................................................................................................................... 68 Flow in Pipelines .................................................................................................................. 68 Pipe and Open Flow Basics .................................................................................................. 68 Major Head Loss................................................................................................................... 70 Components of Major Head Loss .............................................................................. 70 Calculating Major Head Loss .................................................................................... 70 C Factor................................................................................................................................. 71 Slope .................................................................................................................................... 71 Minor Head Loss .................................................................................................................. 71 Basic Pumping Hydraulics............................................................................................................... 72 Piping .................................................................................................................................... 72 Piping Networks ................................................................................................................... 73 Energy Losses in Pipe Networks .......................................................................................... 73 Pipes in Series....................................................................................................................... 73 Pipes in Parallel .................................................................................................................... 74 Open-Channel Flow ......................................................................................................................... 74 Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow ................................................................................ 75 Laminar and Turbulent Flow ................................................................................................ 75 Uniform and Varied Flow ..................................................................................................... 75 Critical Flow ......................................................................................................................... 75 Parameters Used in Open-Channel Flow ............................................................................. 75 Hydraulic Radius ....................................................................................................... 75 Hydraulic Depth ......................................................................................................... 76 Slope (S) ..................................................................................................................... 77 Open-Channel Flow Calculations ........................................................................................ 77 Open-Channel Flow: The Bottom Line ................................................................................ 78 Flow Measurement...........................................................................................................................80 Flow Measurement: The Old-Fashioned Way .................................................................................80 Basis of Traditional Flow Measurement ............................................................................... 81 CRC_55445_fm.indd ix 7/26/2007 7:15:00 PM