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9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page i OLYMPIC TEXTBOOK OF SCIENCE IN SPORT Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport. Edited by Ronald J. Maughan © 2009 International Olympic Committee. ISBN: 978-1-405-15638-7 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page iii O LY M P I C T E X T B O O K O F S C I E N C E I N S P O RT VOLUME XV OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION EDITED BY RONALD J. MAUGHAN, PhD A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page iv This edition first published 2009, © 2009 International Olympic Committee Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wileyblackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Olympic textbook of science in sport / edited by Ron J. Maughan. p. ; cm. – (Encyclopaedia of sports medicine ; v. 15) “An IOC Medical Commission publication.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-5638-7 1. Sports–Physiological aspects. 2. Physical fitness–Physiological aspects. 3. Human mechanics. I. Maughan, Ron J., 1951- II. IOC Medical Commission. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Sports–physiology. 2. Athletic Performance. 3. Biomechanics. 4. Exercise. 5. Nutrition Physiology. 6. Sports Medicine–methods. QT 13 E527 1988 v.15] RC1235.O59 2008 613.7′11–dc22 2008024090 ISBNs: 978-1-4051-5638-7 978-1-4051-9257-6 (leather bound) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9/12 pt Palatino by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Malaysia by Vivar Printing Sdn Bhd 1 2009 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page v Contents List of Contributors, vii Foreword, ix Preface, x Introduction: Sport, Science and Sports Science, 1 ronald j. maughan Part 1: Physiology and Biochemistry 1 Muscle: Producing Force and Movement, 7 paavo v. komi and masaki ishikawa 2 Physiological Demands of Sprinting and Multiple-Sprint Sports, 25 clyde williams 3 Physiological Demands of Endurance Exercise, 43 andrew m. jones and david c. poole 4 Physiological Adaptations to Training, 56 martin j. gibala and mark rakobowchuk 5 Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Adaptations to Training, 70 graham p. holloway and lawrence l. spriet Part 2: Nutrition 6 Nutrition Needs of Athletes, 87 ronald j. maughan 7 Dietary Goals and Eating Strategies, 101 louise m. burke 8 Hydration, 116 susan m. shirreffs Part 3: Anthropometry 9 Body Composition and Sports Performance, 131 timothy olds Part 4: Immunology 10 Exercise Immunology, 149 michael gleeson 11 Exercise, Inflammation, and Metabolism, 163 ben te k. peders en Part 5: Cell Biology 12 Genetic Determinants of Physical Performance, 181 claude bouchard and tuomo rankinen 13 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptations to Training, 202 frank w. booth and p. darrell neufer 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd vi 9/11/08 13:08 Page vi contents Part 6: Biomechanics, Engineering, and Ergonomics 14 15 Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon Function, 215 vasilios baltzopoulos and constantinos n. maganaris Part 9: Limitations to Performance 19 Cardiorespiratory Limitations to Performance, 307 niels h. secher 20 Metabolic Limitations to Performance, 324 francis b. stephens and paul l. greenhaff 21 The Brain and Fatigue, 340 timothy d. noakes, helen crewe and ross tucker Sports Ergonomics, 230 thomas reilly and adrian lees Part 7: Psychology 16 17 Exercise and Psychological Well-being, 251 panteleimon ekkekakis and susan h. backhouse Psychological Characteristics of Athletes and their Responses to Sport-Related Stressors, 272 john s. raglin and gregory wilson Part 10: Special Populations 22 The Young Athlete, 365 lyle j. micheli and margo mountjoy 23 The Female Athlete, 382 myra a. nimmo Part 8: Pharmacology Part 11: Exercise and Health 18 24 Performance-Enhancing Drugs, 285 mario thevis and wilhelm schänzer Health Benefits of Exercise and Physical Fitness, 401 michael j. lamonte, karl f. kozlowski and frank cerny Index, 417 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page vii List of Contributors SUSAN H. BACKHOUSE PhD, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK MICHAEL GLEESON PhD, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK VASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS PhD, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK FRANK W. BOOTH PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA PAUL L. GREENHAFF PhD, Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK GRAHAM P. HOLLOWAY PhD, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada CLAUDE BOUCHARD PhD, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA LOUISE M. BURKE PhD, APD, Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia, and Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia FRANK CERNY PhD, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA MASAKI ISHIKAWA PhD, Department of Health and Sport Management, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan ANDREW M. JONES PhD, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK PAAVO V. KOMI PhD, Department of the Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland KARL F. KOZLOWSKI EdM, Department of HELEN CREWE BSc (Hons), UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa Exercise and Nutrition Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA MICHAEL J. LAMONTE PhD, Department of PANTELEIMON EKKEKAKIS PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA MARTIN J. GIBALA PhD, Exercise Metabolism ADRIAN LEES PhD, Research Institute for Sport and Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool, UK 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd viii 9/11/08 13:08 Page viii list of contributors CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARIS PhD, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK MARK RAKOBOWCHUK MSc, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada TUOMO RANKINEN PhD, Pennington RONALD J. MAUGHAN PhD, School of Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK THOMAS REILLY DSc, Research Institute for Sport LYLE J. MICHELI MD, Harvard Medical School, and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool, UK and Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA MARGO MOUNTJOY MD, Health & WILHELM SCHÄNZER PhD, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany Performance Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIELS H. SECHER MD, DMSc, Department of P. DARRELL NEUFER PhD, Department Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark of Exercise and Sports Sciences, and Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA SUSAN M. SHIRREFFS PhD, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK MYRA A. NIMMO PhD, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK LAWRENCE L. SPRIET PhD, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada TIMOTHY D. NOAKES MBChB, MD, DSc, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa TIMOTHY OLDS PhD, Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia BENTE K. PEDERSEN MD, DMSc, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet 7641, Copenhagen, Denmark FRANCIS B. STEPHENS PhD, Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK MARIO THEVIS PhD, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany ROSS TUCKER PhD, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa DAVID C. POOLE PhD, DSc, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK, and Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA CLYDE WILLIAMS PhD, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK GREGORY WILSON PED, Department of JOHN S. RAGLIN PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Exercise and Sport Science, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, USA 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page ix Foreword The general aim of all volumes in the series, Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, is the enhancement of the health and welfare of athletes at all levels of competition in all parts of the world. The most respected scientific investigators and clinicians have collaborated to produce each volume of the collection which contains reference texts that are both comprehensive for the topics and representative of the leading edge of knowledge. Volume XV, The Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport, reexamines the biochemical, physiological, and biomechanical issues that were included in the original Volume I in 1988 and synthesizes the new research information that has been published during the last 20 years. I wish to congratulate Professor Ronald Maughan and all of the Contributing Authors on the excellent quality of their efforts and welcome this volume to the Encyclopaedia series. Dr Jacques Rogge President of the International Olympic Committee 9781405156387_1_pre.qxd 9/11/08 13:08 Page x Preface As the standards of sporting excellence continue to rise to ever higher levels, so the scientific study of sport also continues to evolve. The Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee has recognised that science is not parochial or nationalistic, but rather that scientific knowledge should be available to all athletes. As part of its mission to support athletes and those sports scientists from many different disciplines who, in turn, support them, the IOC Medical Commission decided to commission a Textbook of Science in Sport. The concept was of an encyclopaedia of sports science. An encyclopaedia should be a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject: it should be both comprehensive and authoritative. The aim of this encyclopaedia therefore is to provide reviews of the many disciplines that comprise the sports sciences. To do so, a cast of leading experts from many countries was recruited as authors. These authors have given generously of their time and expertise and to them the credit is due for this volume. I would like to extend special thanks to Howard “Skip” Knuttgen for his unfailing support in driving this project to its conclusion. His vast experience as Coordinator of Scientific Publications for the IOC Medical Commission has been an enormous asset at every stage of the process. I am also deeply grateful to Victoria Pittman and Cathryn Gates, Development Editors at WileyBlackwell in Oxford, and to Alice Nelson who was production manager. All did an excellent job and ensured that the project remained on track. Ronald J. Maughan, PhD