THE FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS

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THE FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS Edited by Mahamane Ali THE FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS Edited by Mahamane Ali The Functioning of Ecosystems Edited by Mahamane Ali Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com The Functioning of Ecosystems, Edited by Mahamane Ali p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0573-2 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Autonomic Management of Networked Small-Medium Factories 1 Flavio Bonfatti, Matteo Berselli, Luca Martinelli and Federico Stradi Chapter 2 Land Cover/Use Dynamics and Vegetation Characteristics in the Rural District of Simiri (Tillabery Region, Niger) 27 Karim Saley, M. Zaman Allah, Boubé Morou, A. Mahamane and M. Saadou Chapter 3 Organizational Ecosystems: Interaction and Alignment Towards Innovation 39 Adalberto Mantovani Martiniano de Azevedo, Ana Karina da Silva Bueno, Antonio José Balloni, Moacir de Souza Dias Neto and Marco Antonio Silveira Chapter 4 The Effects of the N-Fixing Tree Pentaclethra macroloba on the Above and Below Ground Communities Within a Primary Forest in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica 57 W.D. Eaton, D. Shebitz, K. Niemiera and C. Looby Chapter 5 Sustainable Solutions for an Environmentally and Socially Just Society 79 Sukhmander Singh Chapter 6 Phosphate Solubilization and Mobilization in Soil Through Microorganisms Under Arid Ecosystems 93 B. K. Yadav and Arvind Verma Chapter 7 Human Impacts on a Small Island Ecosystem: Lessons from the Lucayans of San Salvador, Bahamas for This Island Earth 109 Jeffrey P. Blick VI Contents Chapter 8 Tidal Wetlands Restoration 149 Roy C. Messaros, Gail S. Woolley, Michael J. Morgan and Patricia S. Rafferty Chapter 9 Ecological Footprint Applied in Agro-Ecosystems: Methods and Case Studies 171 Alessandro K. Cerutti, Gabriele L. Beccaro, Marco Bagliani, Simone Contu, Dario Donno and Giancarlo Bounous Chapter 10 Techniques for Assessment of Heavy Metal Toxicity Using Acanthamoeba sp, a Small, Naked and Free-Living Amoeba 199 Nakisah Mat Amin Chapter 11 Commercial Exploitation of Zooplankton in the Norwegian Sea 213 Eduardo Grimaldo and Svein Helge Gjøsund Chapter 12 Evidence of Island Effects in South African Enterprise Ecosystems Daan Toerien and Maitland Seaman Chapter 13 229 Toxicity Analysis of Effluent Released During Recovery of Metals from Polymetallic Sea Nodules Using Fish Haematological Parameters Huma Vaseem and T.K. Banerjee 249 Chapter 14 Environmental Assessment of Brick Kilns in Chihuahua State, México, Using Digital Cartography 261 Alba Yadira Corral Avitia and Antonio De la Mora Covarrubias Chapter 15 Challenges to the Expansion of Ethanol Production in Brazil Ester Galli Chapter 16 283 Analysis of Hydrologic Alteration Due to River Diversion 311 Giancarlo Principato and Giuseppe Viggiani Preface If we unanimously agree that the survival of each living organism depends on the nature and ecological services rendered by ecosystems, we must equally agree unanimously that these ecosystems do not always benefit the required attention. Hence they are subjected to many treats. Indeed, the ecosystems are subjected to many pressing usages at unknown tolerable levels. It generally results to equilibrium breaks leading ineluctably to their degradation. This tendency has engendered many international initiatives to prevent ecosystems degradation. For instance, the Biodiversity Convention, United Nations Convention to Combact Desertification (UNCCD), etc. Regarding to the magnitude and modification consequences of ecosystems, the United Nations have commended the study on Millennium Ecosystems Assessment (MA). In order to better conserve the ecosystems and their services, it will be better to understand these ecosystems in all their complexity. It is to this aim that this book suggests some case studies undertaking all continents. Indeed we try to fill the gap on the knowledge on ecosystems diversity and functioning. Since we have started the book project, we were invaded by many chapters on current environmental issues from reputable international research teams and laboratories. This shows that this book has aroused many interests from international scientific community given the important number of chapters submitted form the beginning. Consequently, we were subjected to make selection. We use this opportunity to thank the Publisher for publishing this book to the benefit of the international scientific community. This book is educational and useful to students, researchers and all those are interested in environmental issues. This book offers a compilation of 16 chapters on the methods of study of dynamics of ecosystems, diverse methods on ecosystems biogeochemical cycle, impact evaluation methods of human activities on dynamics of exposed environments, ecological imprint, evaluation methods of toxicity determined by heavy metals, pollution impacts aquatic vegetation community equilibrium. X Preface We invite students, researchers, teachers and all people interested in environmental issues to aread this book which is educational considering the different methods which are presented. Dr. Mahamane Ali, Deputy Vice Chancellor and Dean of Faculty of Sciences and Technics (FST), University of Maradi, Maradi, Niger
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