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Sport and Physical Education in China Sport and Physical Education in China contains a unique mix of material written by both native Chinese and Western scholars. Contributors have been carefully selected for their knowledge and worldwide reputation within the field, to provide the reader with a clear and broad understanding of sport and PE from the historical and contemporary perspectives which are specific to China. Topics covered include: ancient and modern history; structure, administration and finance; physical education in schools and colleges; sport for all; elite sport; sports science & medicine; and gender issues. Each chapter has a summary and a set of inspiring discussion topics. Students taking comparative sport and PE, history of sport and PE, and politics of sport courses will find this book an essential addition to their library. James Riordan is Professor and Head of the Department of Linguistic and International Studies at the University of Surrey. Robin Jones is a Lecturer in the Department of PE, Sports Science and Recreation Management, Loughborough University. Other titles available from E & FN Spon include: Sport and Physical Education in Germany ISCPES Book Series Edited by Ken Hardman and Roland Naul Ethics and Sport Mike McNamee and Jim Parry Politics, Policy and Practice in Physical Education Dawn Penney and John Evans Sociology of Leisure A reader Chas Critcher, Peter Bramham and Alan Tomlinson Sport and International Politics Edited by Pierre Arnaud and James Riordan The International Politics of Sport in the 20th Century Edited by James Riordan and Robin Jones Understanding Sport An introduction to the sociological and cultural analysis of sport John Home, Gary Whannel and Alan Tomlinson Journals: Journal of Sports Sciences Edited by Professor Roger Bartlett Leisure Studies The Journal of the Leisure Studies Association Edited by Dr Mike Stabler For more information about these and other titles published by E& FN Spon, please contact: The Marketing Department, E & FN Spon, 11 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4P 4EE. Tel: 0171 583 9855; Fax 0171 842 2303; or visit our web site at www.efnspon.com Sport and Physical Education in China Edited by James Riordan and Robin Jones London and New York First published 1999 by E & FN Spon, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. E & FN Spon is an imprint of the Toylor & Francis Group © 1999 James Riordan and Robin Jones, selection and editorial matter; Individual chapters, the contributors The right of James Riordan and Robin Jones to be identified as the Authors of their contributions has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sport and physical education in China/[edited by] James Riordan and Robin Jones, p. cm.—(ISCPES book series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-419-24750-5 (hardbound).—ISBN 0-419-22030-5 (pbk.) 1. Sports—China—History 2. Physical education and training— China—History. 1. Riordan, James, 1936–. II. Jones, Robin (Robin E.) III. Series. GV651.S655 1999 613.7′0951–dc21 98–51481 CIP ISBN 0-203-47699-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-78523-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-419-24750-5 (hbk) ISBN 0-419-22030-5 (pbk) Contents List of figures List of tables Notes on contributors Series’ editor’s preface Dedication Foreword Note on pronunciation Map of China 1 Sport in China vii viii x xii xv xvii xix xx 1 ROBIN JONES 2 Recreation and sport in Ancient China: Primitive society to AD 960 20 MIKE SPEAK 3 The emergence of modern sport: 960–1840 45 MIKE SPEAK 4 China in the modern world: 1840–1949 70 MIKE SPEAK 5 Sport and physical education in school and university 90 ROBIN JONES 6 Elite sport 120 DENNIS WHITBY 7 Professional training DENNIS WHITBY, ZHU PEILAN AND ZHANG BAOLUO 142 vi 8 Contents Chinese women and sport 159 JAMES RIORDAN AND DONG JINXIA 9 The emergence of professional sport—the case of soccer 185 ROBIN JONES 10 China and the Olympic movement 202 HAI REN 11 Sports science 214 DENNIS WHITBY 12 Sports medicine 231 FRANK H.FU 13 Mass fitness 243 SHIRLEY REEKIE Appendix: Administration of sport 255 SHIRLEY REEKIE Index 273 Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 5.1 9.1 10.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Map of China General structure of the Chinese sports system up to 2 March 1998 Administrative sections of the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission in January1998 Structure of the Chinese sports system after 2 March 1998 The Chinese education system Graph comparing the number of Asian countries with all countries taking part in the preliminary and qualifying rounds of each World Cup, 1930–94 Comparison of research papers and introductory articles Silk painting of ‘Daoyin’ found at the grave of Emperor Ma (475–221 BC) Wu Quan Xi—postural exercises imitating animals Ban Duan Jin—postural exercises Tai Chi Quan xx 16 17 18 92 187 209 233 234 235 236 Tables 1.1 1.2 5.1 5.2 Chronology of change, 1978–98 Results of drugs tests in China, 1997 Kinds of key and non-key schools in China Transfer rates from middle schools to universities, vocational schools and work 5.3 National age group standards—female, 9 years 5.4 Points awarded for standards achieved in official competition 5.5 Middle school PE standards for ‘graduation’ 5.6 National Age Group Norms, male, 18 years 5.7 Standards for transfer from junior to senior middle school 5.8 Overall content of a key middle school timetable 5.9 Courses followed by PE students at East China Normal University 5.10 Elective courses for PE students at East China Normal University 5.11 Fitness test record for students at special sports schools 8.1 Chinese women’s and men’s contribution to China’s results in the summer Olympics, 1984–92 8.2 China’s performance at the winter Olympics, 1984–92 8.3 Numbers of male and female competitors in Olympic teams, 1988: countries with established sports traditions 8.4 Chinese women’s comparative contribution, 1988 and 1992 summer Olympics 8.5 Respective numbers of male and female professional coaches, 1990 9.1 World Cup preliminary and qualifying rounds 1930 to 1994—Asian countries taking part 9.2 FIFA-Coca Cola world soccer rankings 9.3 Structure of the Chinese professional soccer league, 1996 9.4 Soccer clubs and national teams playing in or against China in recent years 5 7 91 93 95 96 96 97 98 101 106 107 111 162 162 163 163 177 188 189 189 192 Tables 9.5 Country of origin of overseas players in Japanese J-League, August 1996 10.1 Summary of China’s participation in the 23rd, 24th, 25th and 26th Olympic Games 10.2 Content change of Olympic studies in China in different periods 13.1 Test items for young people in the National Fitness Standards 13.2 Test items for adults in the National Fitness Standards ix 198 207 209 248 249