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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.412 Soil Test Based Fertilizer Prescriptions under Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply for Hybrid Rice (cv. US – 382) in Alluvial Soils of Jorhat District of Assam, India Namrata Kashyap*, K.N. Das, Bipul Deka and Marami Dutta Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam-785 013, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Fertilizer prescription equations, Targeted yield, Basic parameters, Hybrid rice Article Info Accepted: 26 April 2018 Available Online: 10 May 2018 Field experiments were conducted during 2015-16 to gauge the fertilizer requirements for hybrid rice (cv. US-382) under Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply in Alluvial soils of Jorhat district of Assam. Following Ramamoorthy’s Inductive cum targeted yield model, the nutrient requirement per quintal of grain production and contribution from soil, fertilizer and vermicompost (CVC) were evaluated for hybrid rice. The per cent contribution of nutrients from soil (CS), fertilizer (CF) and vermicompost (CVC) were found to be 35.15, 48.65 and 26.50 for N, 47.17, 23.06 and 12.08 for P 2O5 and 60.32, 55.68 and 28.69 for K2O respectively. The fertilizer prescription equations were developed and nomograms were formulated based on the equations for a range of soil test values and desired yield target for rice. Under NPK + VC @ 10.0 t ha -1, 30, 11, 28 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively could be saved for attaining yield target of 80 q ha -1 for hybrid rice as compared to NPK fertilizers alone. Introduction Fertilizer is one of the costliest inputs in agriculture. Its application is one of the most efficient and effective means of increasing agricultural profitability. The fertilizer prices have gone up and hence the use of right amount of fertilizer is fundamental for farm profitability and environment protection. Accordingly, at present, much attention is given to the integrated use of organic and mineral nutrition for meeting the economic needs of farmers as well as for sustainability of the production system. Soil test based fertilizer approach result in proficient fertilizer use and maintenance of soil fertility. Several approaches have been used for fertilizer recommendation based on chemical soil tests so as to attain maximum yield per unit of fertilizer use. Among these, the targeted yield approach Ramamoorthy et al., (1967) gained popularity in India. The most comprehensive targeted yield approach of fertilizer application by incorporating soil test values, nutrient requirement of the crop, contribution of nutrients from soil, fertilizers and fixing yield targets is possible only through Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) approach. This method not only estimates soil test based fertilizer dose but also the level of yield the farmer can achieve with that particular dose. Targeted yield approach also provides 3570 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 scientific basis for balanced fertilization of crop by creating the balance among the nutrients from the external sources and that from the soil. In India, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food grain crop contributing about 41.5% to the total food grain production of the country. Rice is the most important and staple food crop for more than two thirds of the population in Assam. The gross and net cropped area for rice in Assam is 3.84 and 2.75 million hectare (Mha), respectively. Winter (Sali) rice is the most important variety with productivity of 2.02 t ha-1 followed by autumn (Ahu) rice with a productivity of 1.36 t ha-1in Assam. The total rice productivity in Assam is 2.11 t ha-1. Rice fulfills 43 per cent of calories requirement of more than 70 per cent of the Indian population. The productivity of hybrid rice in Assam is 65 to 100 q ha-1.One of the reasons for lower productivity is imbalanced fertilization of N, P and K nutrients. High cost of fertilizers is the persistent constraint for the farmers to apply adequate amount of fertilizers. Greater economy in fertilizer use can be made if fertilizers are applied under integrated plant nutrient supply system on the basis of soil test. Such studies are possible only through inductive-cum-targeted yield approach Ramamoorthy et al., (1967). In Assam, this type of work has not yet been initiated. Hence, it is pertinent to develop soil test–crop response relationship for giving fertilizer recommendations under IPNS for desired yield targets for hybrid rice in Alluvial soils of Assam. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted based on STCR approach with hybrid rice variety (US – 382) in Assam Agricultural University Experimental Farm, Jorhat located at a latitude of 26°48’ N and longitude of 95°50’ E during Kharif season of 2015 - 16 in an acidic Alluvial soils. The soils of experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction having pH value of 5.10 and organic carbon of 0.60 per cent. The amount of available N, P2O5 and K2O were 212.66, 32.95 and 118.47 kg ha-1, respectively. Following the inductive methodology of Ramamoorthy et al., (1967), the experiment was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, fertility gradient stabilizing experiment was conducted by raising rice (cv. Ranjit) as an exhaust crop during 2015 to minimise the interference of other soil and management factors affecting crop yield. A STCR-test crop experiment Ramamoorthy et al., (1967) composed of three gradient strips and four blocks which were fertilized with N0P0K0, N1P1K1 and N2P2K2 levels. The recommended fertilizers (N1P1K1) were 60, 20 and 40 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. Consequently, in the second phase, after harvest of the exhaust crop, test crop experiment with hybrid rice (cv. US 382) in sequence was conducted on the site of fertility gradient experiment during 2016. Hybrid rice (cv. US - 382) was transplanted on 25th July 2016 and harvested on 16th November 2016. Maximum and minimum temperature during this period ranged from 29.4 to 24.6 °C and 30.2 to 18.0 °C, respectively. Altogether 24 treatments involving various selected combination levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 N kg ha-1), phosphorus (0, 20, 40, 80 kg P2O5 ha-1), potassium (0, 40 and 80 kg K2O ha-1) and vermicompost (0, 2 and 3 t ha-1) were made (Table 1). Vermicompost was incorporated in the soil 15 days prior to transplanting of rice. Whole of SSP and MOP were applied by broadcasting at the time of transplanting whereas, urea was applied in 2 splits, viz. as basal application, and panicle initiation stage. Pre-sowing soil samples were collected from each plot, before the superimposition of the treatments and were 3571 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 analyzed for available N (alkaline potassium permanganate method), available P (Bray’s-I method) and available K (ammonium acetate method). Using the data on crop yield, nutrient uptake, pre-sowing soil available nutrients and fertilizer doses applied, the basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR), contributions of nutrient from soil (CS), fertilizer (CF) and vermicompost (CVC) were calculated as per procedure described by Ramamoorthy et al., (1967) and Santhi et al., (2002). These parameters were used for formulation of fertilizer prescription equations for deriving fertilizer doses and the soil test based fertilizer recommendations were prescribed in the form of aready reckoner for desired yield target of hybrid rice under NPK alone as well as NPK + vermicompost. Results and Discussion Soil available nutrients Strip-wise range and mean soil test values of pre-sowing stage for available nutrients are given in (Table 2). The average content of available nutrients was found to increase with increasing fertility strips and the highest content was exhibited in strip L2. The average available N content increased from 183.1 to 356.9 kg ha-1 as we move down the strips. This increase could be acceptable due to addition of double dose of NPK fertilizers resulting in higher root and shoot growth and thus increased in production of biomass. The highest available P2O5 value was found in strip L2 followed by strip L1 and it was the lowest in strip L0. Medium level of available P2O5 increased to high level indicating that fertility gradient in relation to P2O5 was created more intensely as compared to available N. Similar trend was also noted for available K2O in different strips (Table 2). There was an increase 172.1 kg and 237.5 kg in the content of available K2O ha-1 in the strip L2 over strip L0 for hybrid rice. This increase in availability could be due to graded dose of fertilizer application which has created fertility gradient in the same field. This result corroborates with the findings of Santhi et al., (2002) and Chatterjee et al., (2010). Grain yield and nutrient uptake Range and mean values of grain yield and nutrient uptake under different strips are given in (Table 3). Maximum yield for hybrid rice was obtained in strip L2 followed by strip stripL1and strip L0in order. Similarly, stripwise average nutrient uptake was in the order of strip L2> strip L1> strip L0. The results indicated that a wide variability existed in the soil test values, grain yield and nutrient uptake which is a pre-requisite for calculating the basic parameters and fertilizer prescription equations for calibrating the fertilizer doses for specific yield targets Santhi et al., (2002); Chatterjee et al., (2010). Basic parameters The basic data viz., the nutrient requirement for producing one quintal of hybrid rice the per cent contributions of nutrients from soil, fertilizer and vermicompost were calculated by using the initial soil test values, crop yield and nutrient uptake, and are furnished in (Table 4). These basic parameters were used for formulating the fertilizer prescription equation for NPK alone as well as with vermicompost. The nutrient requirements for production of one quintal of hybrid rice were computed as 2.00 kg of N, 0.31 kg of P2O5 and 2.35 kg of K2O. The results (Table 4) also indicated that the percent contribution of N from fertilizer source was higher than from soil. This might be due to split application of N at the critical stages of crop growth. Meena et al., (2001) recorded similar type of higher efficiency of N for rice. 3572 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 Table.1 Treatment details for test crop experiment S N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N t r i p K 0 O 4 P 0 P K 0 O 1 1 P 1 K 1 O 1 P 3 K 0 O 0 P K 2 O 2 0 P 0 K 0 O 0 P 1 K 0 O 2 O 2 P 1 K 1 P K O 2 2 0 P 2 K 1 O 2 P 2 K 2 O 2 P K 0 O 0 0 P 0 K 2 O 0 P 1 K 1 O 3 P K 2 O 3 2 K 0 O 3 P 3 P 3 K 1 O 3 P 0 K 0 O 0 P O 3 3 K 2 P 2 K 2 O 4 P 3 K 1 O 4 P 3 K 2 O 4 P 0 K 0 O 0 K 0 O 4 P 0 Where, N0 = 0 kg ha-1 N1 = 30 kg ha-1 N2 = 60 kg ha-1 N3 = 90 kg ha-1 N4 = 120 kg ha-1 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M I S 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 3 N t 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 4 4 4 4 0 4 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 r P 0 P 1 P 1 P 3 P 3 P 0 P 3 P 2 P 2 P 3 P 3 P 0 P 0 P 1 P 1 P 3 P 0 P 1 P 1 P 2 P 2 P 0 P 0 P 0 P0 = 0 kg ha-1 P1 = 20 kg ha-1 P2 = 40 kg ha-1 P3 = 80 kg ha-1 i p I I S t r i p O M 3 N 3 P 3 K 2 O M 3 N 4 P 2 K 1 O M 3 N 4 P 2 K 2 O M 3 N 4 P 3 K 1 O M 3 N 4 P 3 K 2 O M 3 N 0 P 0 K 0 O M 3 N 4 P 0 K 0 O M 3 N 1 P 1 K 0 O M 2 N 1 P 1 K 1 O M 2 N 0 P 3 K 0 O M 2 N 2 P 0 K 1 O M 2 N 0 P 0 K 0 O M 2 N 2 P 1 K 0 O M 2 N 2 P 1 K 1 O M 2 N 2 P 2 K 0 O M 2 N 2 P 2 K 1 O M 1 N 2 P 2 K 2 O M 1 N 0 P 0 K 0 O M 1 N 0 P 0 K 2 O M 1 N 3 P 1 K 1 O M 1 N 3 P 2 K 2 O M 1 N 3 P 3 K 0 O M 3 N 3 P 3 K 1 O M 3 N 0 P 0 K 0 K 2 K 1 K 2 K 0 K 1 K 0 K 2 K 1 K 2 K 1 K 2 K 0 K 0 K 0 K 1 K 0 K 1 K 0 K 1 K 0 K 1 K 0 K 2 K 2 K0 = 0 kg ha-1 K1 = 40 kg ha-1 K2 = 80 kg ha-1 I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I I M 3 M 3 M 3 M 3 M 3 M 3 M 3 M 3 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 2 M 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 M 1 Vermicompost (OM0) = 0.0 ha-1 Vermicompost (OM1) = 2 t ha-1 Vermicompost (OM2) = 3 t ha-1 Table.2 Initial soil test values before rice transplanting Available N (kg ha-1) Available P2O5(kg ha-1) Available K2O(kg ha-1) R R R a n g e M e a n a n g e Mean a n g e Mean Strip L 0 115.0 – 312.7 183.1 8.2 – 24.1 14.7 111.2 – 234.6 172.1 Strip L 1 140.3 – 362.9 271.0 14.4 – 32.3 25.3 142.2 – 269.4 219.9 Strip L 2 243.3 – 477.4 356.9 20.9 – 41.8 29.7 158.4 – 301.4 237.5 3573 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 Table.3 Grain yield and nutrient uptake by rice under different strips P a r t i c u l a r s S t r i p R a n g e Grain yield (q ha -1 ) 35. 3 – 67 . 9 N uptake (kg ha -1 ) 64.9-112.5 P2O5 uptake (kg ha-1) 7 . 9 – 1 7 . 9 K2O uptake (kg ha-1) 39.4 – 150.4 L 0 Mean 50.9 93.5 12.2 108.4 S t R a 34.9 73.8 9.6 70.2 r i p n g e – 74.0 – 133.6 – 26.6 – 168.7 L 1 Mean 53.7 105.3 15.7 126.9 S t R a 37.9 71.7 16.9 62.6 r i p L 2 n g e Mean – 7 4 . 7 57.3 – 1 6 6 . 1 123.8 – 2 6 . 8 20.6 – 1 6 2 . 2 135.8 Table.4 Basic parameters for hybrid rice (cv. US – 382) B a s i c d a t a 1 Nutrient requirement (kg q- ) Per cent contribution from soil (CS) Per cent contribution from fertilizer (CF) Per cent contribution from vermicompost (CVC) N 2 3 4 2 . 5 8 6 P 0 . . . 1 6 5 0 5 5 0 0 4 2 1 . 7 3 2 K 3 . . . 1 0 0 1 7 6 8 2 . 3 6 0 . 3 5 5 . 6 2 8 . 6 5 2 8 9 Table.5 Soil test based fertilizer prescription equations for targeted yield of rice P a r t i c u l a r s F N 4 F P 2 O 5 1 F K 2 O 4 F F F P K 2 H y b r i d . 1 2 . 3 3 . 2 2 * * * T T T N 4 . 1 2 * T O 5 1.33 * T O 4.22 * T 2 r i c e Fertilizer alone – 0 . 7 2 * S T V N – 2 . 0 5 * S T V P – 1 . 0 8 * S T V K Fertilizers with vermicompost – 0 . 7 2 * S T V N – 0 . 5 4 * M – 2.05 * STVP – 0.52 * M – 1.08 * STVK – 0.52 * M Note: FN, FP, FK-Fertilizer N, P2O5, K2O; T-Targeted yield; STVN, STVP, STVK - Soil test values for N, P2O5, K2O; M-vermicompost Table.6 Fertilizer recommendation (kg ha-1) for yield targets of rice under NPK and NPK + vermicompost (10 t ha-1) Soil test values N: P 2 O 5 : K 2 O (kg ha-1) 150: 10: 120 200: 15: 125 250: 20: 130 300 25: 135 350: 30: 140 N P K a l o n e NPK + vermicompost (10 t ha-1) 60 (qha-1) 70 (qha-1) 80 (qha-1) 60 (qha-1) 70 (qha-1) 80 (qha-1) 140: 56: 124 104: 45: 118 67: 34: 11 3 00 : 23: 107 00: 12: 10 2 180: 69: 166 144: 58: 160 108: 47: 155 36: 36: 150 00: 25: 144 221: 82: 208 185: 71: 203 149: 60: 197 77: 49: 19 2 41: 38: 18 6 3574 109: 45: 73: 34: 37: 23: 01 : 12: 00: 01: 86 91 85 80 74 150: 58: 138 114: 47: 133 78: 36: 127 42: 25: 122 02: 14: 117 191: 71: 180 155: 60: 175 119: 49: 170 83: 38: 16 4 47: 27: 15 9 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 The per cent contribution of nutrients from soil (CS) and fertilizer (CF) and vermicompost (CVC) were found to be 35.15, 48.65 and 26.50 for N, 47.17, 23.06 and 12.08 for P2O5 and 60.32, 55.68 and 28.69 for K2O respectively (Table 4). The per cent contribution of P2O5 from soil was 47.17, while that from fertilizer was 23.06 per cent. This increase of soil phosphorus might be due to solubilization of the native P resulting in release of various organic acids during the decomposition of organic matter. The contribution of K2O from fertilizer was high and this might be due to the interactive effect of high doses of N, P2O5 and primary effect of K2O dose in the treated plots causing the release of soil K from unavailable to available form. Santhi et al., (1999) also recorded similar potassium results in rice. The per cent contribution of N, P2O5 and K2O from vermicompost was 26.50, 12.08 and 28.69 per cent, respectively. The data showed that contribution of K2O was the highest followed by N and P2O5 (Table 4). This is because of luxury consumption of K2O. Fertilizer prescription desired yield targets equations for Based on the basic parameters, fertilizer prescription equations for targeted yield of hybrid rice under NPK alone as well as NPK + vermicompost were calculated and are furnished in (Table 5). On the basis of these equations, a ready reckoner was prepared for making fertilizer recommendations for different soil test values to meet specified yield targets of rice under NPK alone and NPK + vermicompost (Table 6). Based on the fertilizer prescription equations for hybrid rice for NPK alone, fertilizer N recommendation was found in the range from 41 to 221 kg ha-1, fertilizer P2O5 from 38 to 82 kg ha-1 and fertilizer K2O from 186 to 208 kg ha-1 for attaining a target yield of 80 q ha-1 for hybrid rice (Table 6). When vermicompost@ 10 t ha-1 was applied along with NPK fertilizers, fertilizer requirement of N, P2O5 and K2O was found in the range from 47 to 191 kg ha-1, 27 to 71 kg ha-1 and 159 to 180 kg ha-1, respectively at the same level of soil test values. Under NPK + VC @ 10.0 t ha -1, 30, 11, 28 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively could be saved for attaining yield target of 80 q ha-1 for hybrid rice as compared to NPK fertilizers alone. Similar results were also reported by Santhi et al., (2002). The findings of the study revealed that the fertilizer prescription equations developed under NPK alone and NPK + vermicompost could be used in Jorhat district of Assam as effectual guide for achieving the desired yield target of rice and maintenance of soil fertility. The fertilizer application rates could be shortened with conjoint use of NPK fertilizer with vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 over NPK fertilizer alone. Therefore, this practice of fertilizing crops on the basis of yield targets is accurate, significant and eco-friendly, and it is required to make it popular among farmers to obtain higher productivity and profitability. Acknowledgment The financial assistance of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi during the course of the study is gratefully acknowledged. References Chatterjee, D., Srivastava, A. and Singh, R.K. (2010) Fertilizer recommendations based on targeted yield concept involving integrated nutrient management for potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Tarai belt of Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80, 1048-1053. 3575 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 3570-3576 Meena, M., Ahmed, S.R., Reddy, K.C. and Rao, Prasad, B.R.C.P. (2001) Soil test crop response calibration studies on onion (Allium cepa) in Alfisols of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 49, 709713. Ramamoorthy, B., Narasimham, R.L. and Dinesh, R.S. (1967) Fertilizer application for specific targets of Sonara-64. Indian Farming 17, 43-45. Santhi, R., Nateson, R. and Selvakumari, G. (2002) Soil test crop response correlation studies under integrated plant nutrition system for onion (Allium cepa L. var. Aggregatum) in Inceptisols of Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 50, 489-492. Santhi, R., Selvakumari, G. and Perumal, R. (1999) Soil Test based fertilizer recommendations under integrated plant nutrition system for rice-rice-pulse cropping sequence. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 47, 288294. How to cite this article: Namrata Kashyap, K.N. Das, Bipul Deka and Marami Dutta. 2018. Soil Test Based Fertilizer Prescriptions under Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply for Hybrid Rice (cv. US – 382) in Alluvial Soils of Jorhat District of Assam. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(05): 3570-3576. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.412 3576