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KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ETHNIC MINORITY COMMUNES OF HANOI CITY Nguyen Nguyet Thu Vietnam Academy for Ethnic Minorities Email: thunn@hvdt.edu.vn Received: 11/3/2020 Reviewed: 15/3/2020 Revised: 18/3/2020 Accepted: 20/3/2020 Released: 31/3/2020 DOI: E ach ethnic minority (EM) living in Hanoi city has its own customs, cultural nuances, at the same time also inherits and is influenced by other ethnic cultures. However, all are hard-working, creative in productive labor, united together to build the city and the country. Therefore, the implementation of Hanoi's ethnic policy has achieved quite comprehensive results in all fields of social life. However, the living standards of people in this region are still quite far away from the urban areas, slow economic restructuring, labor productivity, product quality have not met market requirements... Discussing the reasons from the real life, to propose solutions to ethnic policies are really leverage for socio-economic development in the mountainous ethnic minority areas of Hanoi city to be the desires that this article is mentioned. Keywords: Ethnic policy; Socio-economic of Hanoi ethnic minorities region; Economic restructuring. 1. Introduction Hanoi currently has 107,8471 ethnic minorities belonging to 50/53 ethnic minority groups living together with Kinh people in 30/30 districts, towns, accounting for 1.3% of the city’s population. Of which, Muong people account for 57.71%, Tay people 17.81%, Thai people 6.61%, Nung people 5.85%, Dao people 4.32%, the remaining are other ethnic minorities. However, Hanoi ethnic minorities only concentrated in community living in 153 villages, in 14 communes of 5 districts2 with over 55,000 people (51% of ethnic minorities in Hanoi), most of which are Muong and Dao people. 14 communes in ethnic minority areas of the city have an area of over 30 thousand hectares (accounting for nearly 10% of the total area of the city), with an important strategic position on national defense and security, potentials and advantages for socio-economic development and ecological environment protection. At present, among 14 ethnic minority communes, there are 10 communes of region I, 4 communes of region II, there are no communes of region III and extremely According to the General Statistics Office’s report on the results of the census and housing at 0h on April 1st, 2019 (03 ethnic groups of Chu Ru, Brau and O Du are not available in the City). 2 Ba Vi (07 communes), Thach That (03 communes), Quoc Oai (02 communes), Chuong My (01 commune) and My Duc (01 commune). 1 138 difficult villages3. With the principle of “Ethnic minorities, solidarity, respect, helping each other develop” and the viewpoint “Ethnic affairs and implementation of ethnic policies are the responsibility of the entire Party, the entire people and the whole political system”, all departments, branches and unions from the city to grassroots have joined hands to realize the socio-economic development goals in the ethnic minority and mountainous areas of the Capital. The Standing Committee of the City Party Committee issued a Resolution No. 06-NQ/TU dated October 31st, 2011 on socio-economic development of ethnic minority and mountainous areas of Hanoi Capital in the period of 2011-2015. The Sixteenth City Party Congress sets specific goals and tasks regarding national affairs. Since then, the City People’s Committee has issued plans such as the Plan for implementation of the Action Program to implement the Ethnic Work Strategy to 2020 of the Prime Minister; Implementation plan of Directive No. 28/CT-TTg dated September 10th, 2014 of the Prime Minister on improving the effectiveness and efficiency of state management of ethnic affairs; Decision No.3564/QD-UBND dated June 29th, 2016 approving a number of targets for the implementation According to the Decision No. 582/QD-TTg dated April 28th, 2017 of the Prime Minister approving the list of extremely difficult hamlets, communes of Region III, Region II, Region I of ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the period of 2016-2020. 3 JOURNAL OF ETHNIC MINORITIES RESEARCH KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN of the Millennium Development Goals for ethnic minorities in association with Hanoi’s sustainable development goal after 2015; Plans No. 166 and 138 of the City People’s Committee on socioeconomic development in ethnic minority and the mountainous areas of the Capital, period 20132015 and 2015-2020... In the resolutions of the City People’s Council approved Medium-term investment plans and annual investment plans of the city have devoted considerable resources to invest in developing the ethnic minority and mountainous areas of the Capital. The City People’s Committee also assigns departments, agencies, districts, towns to implement the decisions of the Prime Minister, the plans of the People’s Council and the People’s Committee and the contents and tasks under the management of branches and localities. Departments, agencies, and localities actively coordinate in implementing. Typically, the districts of Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai and My Duc all have specialized resolutions of the District Party Committee and the People’s Committee’s plan to direct the implementation; Party committees and authorities of ethnic minority and mountainous communes organize to implement positively and effectively. Ethnic Committee the state management agency for ethnic affairs, proactively sticking to issues from the realities of the area, promptly advising the City Party Committee and People’s Committee to direct the implementation. At the 3rd Hanoi People’s Congress of Ethnic Minorities (October 3rd, 2019), the Minister and Chairman of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities Do Van Chien affirmed that the ethnic affairs and ethnic policies of Hanoi had many advantages, but there are also difficulties such as pressure on living space, cultural preservation of ethnic groups... Party Committees at all levels, Governmentt, Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations from City to grassroots has paid special attention, comprehensive development investment in ethnic minority areas. 2. Research overview The study of ethnic policies is very diverse, but basically focuses on two main issues: Researching theoretical issues on ethnic policies; Studying specific aspects related to urgent issues set out in policies to adjust and formulate ethnic policies through each stage. In Vietnam, many scholars have focused on clarifying the development of ethnic theory, the position of ethnic issues and the basic principles of ethnic policy such as: “Some issues on Vietnamese Ethnology” by Phan Huu Dat (1998); “The Party’s ethnic policy in the renewal period”, “Vietnam Communist Party: 80 years of building and growing” of Lam Ba Nam (2010), some research works of Be Viet Dang, Khong Dien... Volume 9, Issue 1 After more than 30 years of implementing the renovation policy, in the process of systematizing studies on ethnic policies, the research group of National Science and Technology Project “Systematize and evaluate the key researches. National Book of Vietnam from 1986 up to now ”(CTDT/16-20) has collected over 157 ethnic policies and over 768 ethnic policy studies through such fields as: Research policies by socio-economic fields (398 works); policy research by specific regions (210 works); policy research by ethnic group (127 works); research on ethnic policy theory (33 works)... From 1996 to now, many project topics at the Committee for Ethnic Minorities have also been implemented, directly related to the policy formulation issues in new conditions such as: “Land relations and land conflicts in the current rural and mountainous areas in the North” by Nguyen Van Huy (1998); “Evaluation of some impacts on preserving and developing the traditional culture of ethnic groups” by Chu Tuan Thanh (2000); “Some scientific bases of socio-economic development policy in ethnic minority and mountainous areas from the 12-year review of the implementation of Resolution No. 22 and Decision No. 72” of Be Truong Thanh (2001); “Renewing the contents of State management and the method of ethnic affairs” by Le Ngoc Thang (2004)... from poverty, to poverty ... to land The study of ethnic policy in the renovation period covers many fields, from theoretical issues, views to practical issues, especially emerging issues in all fields of social life, from poverty and poverty reduction to land; from resettlement when constructing key projects to livelihood solutions; from health to education; from ethnic relations to preserving and promoting cultural values; from environment to population quality; from the political system to the training of cadres... However, ethnic policies, including the implementation of ethnic policies in ethnic minority areas in Hanoi, still have many issues that need to be further studied in the new situation and context. 3. Research method The article was published after the time of accumulation, research, synthesis of documents, policy documents, reports on ethnic affairs and ethnic policies of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular. . Combined with the synthesis method, the document analysis is the knowledge gained during fieldwork and practice in the ethnic minority areas of Hanoi. 4. Research results 4.1. The economic growth rate in Hanoi’s ethnic minority communes is fast, the infrastructure is quite synchronous 139 KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN The Government’s ethnic policies have been integrated by Hanoi, integrated into resolutions and programs and plans, thereby mobilizing all resources for implementation in accordance with the conditions, circumstances and characteristics of the Hanoi’s ethnic minorities and mountains areas. Specifically as Resolution No. 06-NQ/TU, dated October 31st, 2011 of the Standing Committee of the City Party Committee on “Socio-economic development of ethnic minority areas of Hanoi Capital in the period of 2011-2015” set goals: Socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas towards sustainability, combining economic development with good settlement of social issues, protection of ecological environment and biodiversity; improve people’s lives, gradually narrowing the gap between the mountains and the plains. To restructure the economy in a positive way, gradually increasing the proportion of services, tourism and industry. Speeding up the progress of new rural construction; efficient use of land and labor resources; focus resources invested on technical infrastructure. Pay attention to the socio-cultural development in the area; building cultural life, preserving and promoting the good cultural identity of peoples... To that end, the City prioritizes infrastructure investments in 14 ethnic minority communes, including education, health, domestic water, culture, irrigation, rural transport, electricity, people’s market. Plan 166/KH-UBND of the City People’s Committee for the period of 2013 - 2015 sets out: Investing 186 project groups for 14 communes with a total of VND 2,012 billion. Although the implementation process is still difficult, especially limited resources, but from 2013 to 2015, the City allocated 837.5 billion VND for 105 projects, including 99 projects completed in 2015, 06 Project completed in 20164 approve investment funds for planned projects Plan No. 138/KH-UBND of the City People’s Committee on socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas of Hanoi Capital in the period of 2016-2020 was issued (in order to continue implementing Resolution 06 - NQ/ TU of the Party Committee and Resolution of the 16th Party Congress of Hanoi City Party on targets, tasks of ethnic affairs) has a total investment capital for 224 projects expected to be VND 2,324 billion, including 07 fields: Health 08 projects (14 billion VND); Irrigation 56 projects (491 billion VND); Daily-life water for 4 projects (VND 18 billion); Culture of 14 projects (VND 102.5 billion); School 35 projects (328 billion VND); Transportation 104 projects (1.29 billion VND); other fields 04 projects (07 billion). Based on the City People’s Committee’s Political Report at the 3rd National Congress of Ethnic Minorities in Hanoi, October 2019. 4 140 proposal, on December 6th, 2016, the City People’s Council issued Resolution No. 18/NQ-HDND on the Medium-term Investment Plan for the period of 2016-2020, in which the investment capital was approved for projects under the Plan No. 138/ KH-UBND is 1,000 billion VND with a total of 69 projects: 01 health project (7 billion VND); 40 transportation projects (716.8 billion dong); 19 school projects (VND 173 billion); 9 irrigation projects (VND 103.2 billion). Most of the projects up to now have been allocated investment capital, localities have ensured the implementation progress according to the assigned capital plan, basically completed the objectives and requirements on infrastructure investment. With the Decision No. 2085/QD-TTg dated October 31st, 2016 of the Prime Minister approving the Special Policy to support socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the period of 2017-2020, the City People’s Committee has Implemented the Plan No. 216/KHUBND dated November 23rd, 2018 with a total budget of VND 21.2 billion. On February 25th, 2019, the City People’s Committee issued Decision No. 900/ QD-UBND approving the plan of allocating capital sources entrusted by the City through the Hanoi Social Policy Bank to lenders. poor and other policy beneficiaries in the city in 2019. Of which, VND 14.8 billion is allocated to support socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas for 04 districts: Quoc Oai and Thach That, Ba Vi, My Duc from additional city budget in 2019. With the Decision No. 2085/QD-TTg dated October 31st, 2016 of the Prime Minister approving the Special Policy to support socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the period of 2017-2020, the City People’s Committee has implemented the Plan No. 216/ KH-UBND dated November 23rd, 2018 with a total budget of VND 21.2 billion. On February 25, 2019, the City People’s Committee issued Decision No. 900/QD-UBND approving the City’s budget allocation plan entrusted by the Hanoi Social Policy Bank to lend to the poor and other policy beneficiaries in the city in 2019. Of which, VND 14.8 billion is allocated to support socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas for 04 districts: Quoc Oai, Thach That, Ba Vi, My Duc from additional city budget in 2019. Implementing the policy of direct support for the poor households in difficult areas according to the decision of the Prime Minister5, due to the Decision No. 102/2009/QD-TTg dated August 7th, 2009 of the Prime Minister on direct support policies for people of poor households in disadvantaged areas, the City People’s Committee issued Decision No. 5844/QD-UBND dated September 27th, 2013 regarding the level of direct support for people of poor households in disadvantaged areas in Hanoi City. 5 JOURNAL OF ETHNIC MINORITIES RESEARCH KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN price situation in the Capital is higher than other provinces and cities, the City People’s Committee has raised the level direct support for people of poor households in the area of commune area II from the Government’s norm of 80,000 VND to 150,000 VND/person/year; Region III communes from 100,000 VND to 200,000 VND/person/year. In the period of 2014 - 2018, VND 5.79 billion has been allocated to directly support people of poor households in disadvantaged areas, of which: 2014: VND 1.32 billion; in 2015: VND 421 million; in 2016: VND 1.92 billion; in 2017: VND 1.06 billion and in 2018: VND 1.06 billion. The city has also arranged nearly VND 2,500 billion of trust through the Social Policy Bank Branch to meet the loan needs of poor, near-poor and newly-escaped households. From 2014 to now, nearly 7,300 poor and near-poor ethnic minority households, households have just escaped from poverty, pupils and students in difficult circumstances have been borrowed VND 214.2 billion for economic development and job creation. As of June 30th, 2019, in the structure of total outstanding loans, there were 07 major credit programs, accounting for 95%, including: lending to poor, near-poor and newlyescaped households: VND 42.9 billion (32%); loans to households and businesses in disadvantaged areas of 43.3 billion dong (32%); 23.5 billion VND for job creation loans (17%); loans for clean water and rural environmental sanitation 13.6 billion (10%); loans to poor households for housing of VND 6 billion (4%)6. The national target program on sustainable poverty reduction has been implemented synchronously and effectively with specific solutions to support poverty reduction and investment in infrastructure construction in 14 ethnic minority communes. By the end of 2016, Hanoi will no longer have communes of Region III and villages in extremely difficult circumstances. By the end of 2018, the poverty rate of ethnic minority and mountainous areas will reach 3.7%, by the end of 2019, the poverty rate will be 3%7. The national target program on building new rural areas is concretized in Program No. 02-CTr/ TU on agricultural development and new rural construction, step by step improving the life of peasants (2011-2015 and 2016 - 2020), communes in rural mountainous areas are prioritized by the City. Up to now, 7/14 communes in the city’s ethnic minority and mountainous areas have met the new rural standard8. With that methodical and creative way, the communes in the ethnic minority and mountainous Political Report at the 3rd National Congress of Ethnic Minorities in Hanoi, October 2019. 7 Currently the poverty rate of the whole city is 1.3%, the rural area of the city is 1.81%. 8 The city has 325/386 communes (accounting for 84.2%) recognized to meet the new rural standard. 6 Volume 9, Issue 1 areas of the Capital always have an economic growth rate of over 12%/year, essential technical infrastructure such as electricity systems, roads and schools, stations are invested effectively. Currently, 100% of communes have concrete or paved roads to the commune center; over 60% of inter-village roads and main roads of the village are concreted; 100% of households use electricity from the national grid; 53.22% of schools meet national standards; 100% of communes will reach national standards of health. The reality is recorded from life, as Mr. Lang Van Ha, Secretary of the Party Committee of Ba Vi Commune, Ba Vi District said: “The implementation of Resolution 06-NQ/TU dated October 31st, 2011 of the Board The Standing Committee of the City Party Committee and the Plan 166/KH-UBND dated November 30th, 2012 of the Hanoi People’s Committee on socio-economic development of the mountainous ethnic minority areas of Hanoi supported the Dao people in Ba Vi improve living standards and stabilize production, thus contributing to hunger eradication and poverty alleviation; infrastructure has initially met the needs of production development and life of the people, especially the system of roads, electricity, daily-life water, schools, clinics, village cultural houses”. 4.2. Culture - society flourishes The socio-cultural fields are also interested in and specified in policies appropriate to the local characteristics. Typically, the national target program brings information about mountainous, deep-lying and remote establishments to life with the plan to bring the Party newspaper, the government, the specialized newspaper to ethnic minority communes and invest upgrading the facilities of the grassroots Radio Broadcasting system; open training courses to improve the quality of grassroots information workers in ethnic minority districts. Cultural houses of villages and communal post offices in ethnic minority districts regularly receive publications of Hanoimoi, Economics and Urban, Ethnic Minorities and Development... to help people in the commune access information guidelines and policies of the Party and legal policies of the State. The project of digitizing and transmitting terrestrial television broadcasting to 2020 of the City People’s Committee has been widely implemented by the Department of Information and Communications in collaboration with the Department of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs to the communes of ethnic minority areas. Currently, the communes have fixed broadband telecommunications infrastructure to ensure access to the internet for people and mobile phone transmitters and stations to be invested and built to ensure that people can use communication services favorable news. At the request of the City People’s Committee, 141 KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN departments, branches and branches work closely with districts with ethnic minority communes to effectively implement the national target program on culture in order to improve cultural and spiritual life of the people in general and ethnic minority people in particular. In particular, urban districts also support ethnic minority and mountainous communes with 92 billion dong to build 46 village cultural houses. The districts provide local funding to organize many cultural, arts activities and exchanges of traditional sports; send athletes to participate in Sports Contest of Capital Ethnic Minorities. It is worth mentioning that the districts have developed and implemented a Project on preserving and promoting the national cultural identity, resulting in preserving cultural characteristics and improving the social and cultural life. In fact, with the project “Restoring, preserving and developing the cultural identity of ethnic minorities in An Phu commune, the period of 2016-2020”, My Duc district has recovered 04 teams of Chieng and 4 sets of Chieng and 60 traditional costumes of Muong ethnic people, organize 02 training classes, teaching techniques on Cong – Chieng playing. With the project “Conserving, restoring and promoting the values ​​of traditional cultural identity of Muong ethnic people, in the period of 2016-2020”, Thach That district organized 02 study tours to learn about conservation experiences ethnic culture in Hoa Binh, Thai Nguyen and Tuyen Quang provinces; equipped 35 sets of Muong’s Chieng and 50 traditional costumes for 35 villages in ethnic minority areas of the district. With the project “Preserving, restoring and developing ethnic cultural identities in the 2013-2015 period, with orientations toward 2020”, 7 mountainous communes of Ba Vi district have established a cultural preservation team for ethnic minorities, usually regularly collecting Cong - Chieng performances of Muong people, folk songs of Muong and Chuong dances, ethnic rites of Dao ethnic group, purchasing additional Cong - Chieng for villages. Particularly Minh Quang commune also organized two contests “Muong ethnic speaking” and three contests “Preserve and promote Muong ethnic cultural identity” (Hanoi City People’s Committee, 2019). Along with the enthusiasm to preserve the cultural identity, education policies for ethnic minorities in Hanoi are given special attention. Not only ensure adequate and timely policies for teachers and students, but also the regime of enrollment in universities, colleges and vocational training are also focused. The rate of 100% has been confirmed in practice among children in kindergarten and grade 1, in the communes where primary and secondary education is universal. Teaching and learning equipment are synchronized, schools are upgraded, 33/62 schools meet national standards 142 (53.22%) (Hanoi City People’s Committee, 2019). Ceremony for honoring outstanding pupils and students of the typical Capital City held every year is an activity that demonstrates Hanoi’s interest in training and fostering talents and creating quality human resources to develop ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the capital in the new period. Even vocational training for rural workers has many innovations. In implementing the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 1956/QD-TTg of November 27th, 2009, approving the Project “Vocational training for rural laborers until 2020”, the City attached to reviewing and identifying vocational training section with orientation, vocational advice for workers in career selection, vocational training participation and job placement after apprenticeship. 2,568 ethnic minority students have been trained from 2016 to now, 85.6% of which have jobs after training, contributing to labor restructuring to meet local economic development requirements and promoting new rural construction process in the area. Hanoi also issued Decision No. 14/QD-UBND on January 2nd, 2013, approving the Master Plan for the development of Hanoi’s craft and trade villages by 2020, with a vision to 2030. Up to now, there have been 13 communes in ethnic minority and mountainous areas have trade villages, of which 05 communes in Ba Vi district have been recognized as traditional trade villages (Hanoi City People’s Committee, 2019). Previously, health care for people in ethnic minority areas was always difficult because of lack of facilities and staff of grassroots health workers, now 14/14 communes have their own health stations. Accompanying health care activities, there are 3 more general clinics with enough equipment and medical staff. Surveys of people in Hanoi’s ethnic minority areas show that medical examination and treatment at commune health stations basically meet the initial medical examination and treatment needs of the people. 100% of the poor, near-poor and people in ethnic minority communes and villages were granted free health insurance cards. The annual free health check-up and counseling program has become a meeting place for thousands of poor people and poor students in this area. With the participation of the entire political system, ethnic affairs and implementation of Hanoi’s ethnic policy, it has made changes in all areas of social life. According to the Political Report at the 3rd Hanoi City Ethnic Minority Congress, the mountainous ethnic communes have an annual economic growth rate of over 12% and average income per capita is about 35 million VND/person/year, some communes reach over 46 million VND/person/year9, the rate of The average rural income of the city is VND 45.6 million/person/ year. 9 JOURNAL OF ETHNIC MINORITIES RESEARCH KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN poor households decreases rapidly every year, technical and social infrastructures are invested and upgraded, especially rural roads, irrigation works, schools, clinics, electricity, cultural institutions... Currently, 100% of communes have concrete or paved roads to the commune center; over 60% of inter-village roads, main roads of the village have been concreted; 100% of households use electricity from the national grid. 14/14 mountainous ethnic communes meet national standards of health; 100% of communes have radio and mobile phone and television coverage... the material and spiritual life of ethnic minorities in Hanoi is improved. These results have narrowed the development gap between the mountainous ethnic minority and the delta in the capital. However, in a general view, the development level of the ethnic minorities in the Capital, especially in terms of living standards, is still quite far from the urban plain10. Educational level and quality of human resources are still limited; The qualification of the contingent of ethnic minority officials and officials who are ethnic minorities is low; The percentage of poor households and the risk of falling back into poverty in some communes is still high. Although the economic structure has made progress, the movement is still slow, labor productivity and product quality have not met market requirements, and the application of scientific and technical advances to production is still limited. It can be realized that the demand for investment in areas belonging to communes in ethnic minority and mountainous areas is large, but the allocation of resources is limited. Socioeconomic infrastructure is not yet synchronous and quickly degraded, especially the system of roads, irrigation and domestic water. The report of the 3rd Hanoi Congress of Ethnic Minorities City pointed out that the coordination of implementation and inspection and supervision of policy implementation from city departments to branches still have some limitations. There are still some targets that the Second Representative Congress of Ethnic Minorities in 2014 set up to date to be completed at a low level, namely The New Rural Construction Program so far has only 7/14 communes - reaching 50% (60% target); the rate of schools meeting the national standard is only 53.22% (the target is 60%). In addition to the reasons for starting from the socio-economic point of view and the quality of human resources in ethnic minority and mountainous areas, it must be acknowledged that the management and administration are limited, leading to the implementation of policies still slow. Planning, In 2018, per capita income in ethnic minority areas was 35 million VND/person/year; In rural areas, the city is about VND 46.5 million/person/year, the average of the whole city is VND 117.2 million/person/year. 10 Volume 9, Issue 1 investment, socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas are not synchronized and lack coherence. Some localities still rely on their superiors, a part of the people who have not yet proactively moved out of poverty, but also rely on the support of the State. Market economy thinking, scientific - technical knowledge and understanding of laws of the people are still limited. 5. Discussion Consultation with economists and ethnologists shows that the implementation of ethnic policies fully, promptly and with the right subjects is always an important factor for the policy to be effective as a blow socio-economic development lever. Accordingly, authorities at all levels actively integrate resources to implement synchronously and effectively policies for ethnic minority and mountainous areas. Regularly reviewing and evaluating the results of issued ethnic policies, on that basis, proposing to the Government and the City to promptly adjust or promulgate specific and appropriate mechanisms and policies, especially the mechanisms and policies to support production to create conditions for the people to develop their economy, increase their incomes, improve their lives, poor and near-poor households to escape from poverty and policies to attract investment into mountainous rural areas. Along with that, it is necessary to publicize policies, programs, projects and investment capital for people to know, participate in management, supervision and suggestions; strengthen inspection and assessment of the level of completion of the objectives of the issued policies, to timely adjust, supplement or formulate new policies accordingly. What needs to be done now is to continue building plans to implement socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas according to the Central’s orientation and the guidance of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities. In particular, there is a specific solution to mobilize resources to implement ethnic work, ethnic policies; have mechanisms and policies to prioritize organizations, enterprises and individuals investing in socioeconomic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas. Promote economic restructuring in the direction of reducing the proportion of agriculture, increasing the proportion of industry and services; develop agriculture and rural mountainous areas towards commodity production, concentrated specialized farming associated with processing and consumption of products suitable to the characteristics of villages and communes; focus on guiding people to apply science and technology to production; promote the development of tourism and services to exploit the potential and strengths of mountainous ethnic minority areas. Continue to promote socialization of poverty reduction, call 143 KINH NGHIỆM THỰC TIỄN organizations and businesses to invest in production, vocational training and job creation for people in mountainous ethnic areas; support for the poor households under social protection policies in extremely difficult circumstances. And to well implement the above issues, it is impossible not to improve the quality and efficiency of the system of ethnic affairs agencies working from the City to grassroots level. Develop a synchronized database on ethnic minority and mountainous areas under the direction of the Central and instructions of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities to meet the requirements of state management of ethnic affairs. Promote international cooperation and enhance exchanges, learn experiences among localities on References Be Truong Thanh. (2001). A number of scientific bases for formulating socio-economic development policies for ethnic minority and mountainous areas from the 12-year review of the implementation of Resolution No. 22 and Decision No. 72. Hanoi City People’s Committee. (2019). Political Report at the 3rd National Congress of Ethnic Minorities Hanoi City. Hanoi. Nguyen Lam Thanh. (2013a, June 1). Progress of socio-economic development policies with our ethnic minorities. Journal of Legislative Studies. Retrieved from http://lapphap.vn. ethnic affairs and implement ethnic policies. 6. Conclusion With effective support through specific policies, socio-economic of Hanoi ethnic minority area has been improved and gradually developed, in harmony with the pace of development of the City. However, in order to erase the gap in living standards, educational level, quality of human resources, speed of economic restructuring... between this region and the urban plain, it is necessary to take steps to implement timely, sufficient and right implementation of the policies so that the policy can take effect is a lever for socio-economic development in Hanoi ethnic minority area. Nguyen Lam Thanh. (2013b, November 1st). Policy process and approaches in ethnic policy making after 1986. Journal of Ethnic Minorities. Retrieved from http:// tapchidantoc.ubdt.gov.vn. People’s Committee of Hanoi City. Decision No. 5844/QD-UBND dated September 27th, 2013 on stipulating the level of direct support for people of poor households in disadvantaged areas in Hanoi city. , (2013). Trinh Quang Canh. (2018). Studies on Ethnic Policy - Achievements and Issues. Journal of Ethnic Minorities Research, (No. 22). PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ - XÃ HỘI Ở CÁC XÃ VÙNG DÂN TỘC THIỂU SỐ CỦA THÀNH PHỐ HÀ NỘI Nguyễn Nguyệt Thu Học viện Dân tộc Email: thunn@hvdt.edu.vn Ngày nhận bài: 11/3/2020 Ngày phản biện: 15/3/2020 Ngày tác giả sửa: 18/3/2020 Ngày duyệt đăng: 20/3/2020 Ngày phát hành: 31/3/2020 DOI: 144 Tóm tắt: Mỗi dân tộc thiểu số sinh sống trên địa bàn Hà Nội đều có phong tục, tập quán, sắc thái văn hóa riêng, đồng thời cũng kế thừa và chịu ảnh hưởng của văn hóa các dân tộc khác. Song, tất cả đều cần cù, sáng tạo trong lao động sản xuất, đoàn kết thống nhất chung tay xây dựng Thủ đô và đất nước. Nhờ có sự đóng góp công sức của đồng bào mà việc thực hiện chính sách dân tộc của thành phố Hà Nội đã đạt được kết quả khá toàn diện trên tất cả các lĩnh vực của đời sống xã hội. Tuy nhiên, mức sống của người dân ở các xã vùng dân tộc thiểu số của thành phố Hà Nội vẫn còn khoảng cách khá xa so với khu vực đô thị, chuyển dịch cơ cấu kinh tế còn chậm, năng suất lao động, chất lượng sản phẩm chưa đáp ứng yêu cầu thị trường… Bàn thảo những nguyên nhân nhìn từ thực tế đời sống, từ đó đề xuất những giải pháp để chính sách dân tộc thực sự là đòn bẩy trong phát triển kinh tế - xã hội ở các xã vùng dân tộc thiểu số và miền núi Thủ đô là mong muốn mà bài viết này hướng tới. Từ khóa: Chính sách dân tộc; Kinh tế - xã hội các xã vùng dân tộc thiểu số thành phố Hà Nội; Chuyển dịch cơ cấu kinh tế. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC MINORITIES RESEARCH