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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 3026-3031 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 09 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.377 Seed Yield and Yield Contributing Traits of Okra As Influenced By Fruit Positions and Fruit Retention Loads Sagar Kumar Sharma*, C.P. Sachan, C.L. Maurya, Udai Singh Chaudhary and Parikshit Singh Department of Seed Science and Technology, CSA University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Okra, Seed yield, Fruit positions and fruit retention loads Article Info Accepted: 20 August 2018 Available Online: 10 September 2018 In order to evaluate the influence of fruit positions and fruit retention loads on seed yield and yield contributing traits of okra, an experiment was conducted in 2016 at Vegetable Research farm, Kalyanpur by using Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The okra variety, Arka Anamika was tested with 12 treatment combinations (consisted of two fruit retention loads as factor – I and six fruit positions as factor – II). Observations were recorded on seed yield and yield contributing traits. Results revealed the significant variation between factors and their levels. Significantly highest values for number of fruits/ plant, fruit length(cm), number of seeds/ fruit and green fruit yield were recorded in R1 (Retention of fruits borne on different nodes for seed purpose and harvesting remaining fruits for vegetable purpose) fruit retention load over R 2 ((Retaining all fruits). Among the fruit positions, P 1 (From fruits borne on 1-3 nodes) position recorded significantly maximum values for most of the yield and yield contributing traits. Thus, it is concluded from the research work that for harvesting highest fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and green fruit yield, the treatment combination R1P1 (Retention of fruits borne on 1-3 nodes for seed purpose and harvesting remaining fruits for vegetable purpose) and for getting highest seed yield, the treatment combination R 1P6 (Retention of all fruits for seed purpose) may be adopted. Introduction In India, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is one of the most important fresh vegetable crop grown in about 528.4 thousand ha area producing 6146.0 thousand tonnes green fruit under temperate to tropical regions (Horticultural statistics at a glance, 2017, DAC, GOI). In intensive commercial farming systems, seed is the most critical input that grossly determines expected returns from all other agricultural inputs. Hence, there has been growing demand for production and distribution of quality vegetable seeds. Naik and Srinivas (1984) reviewed the importance of appropriate agronomic practices, climatic conditions & season, adequate pollination and seed set, effect of fruit position, maturity and seed extraction methods on quality of developing seeds. Okra is one of the most important vegetable crops grown for its green fruits for vegetable purpose. There is a greater 3026 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 3026-3031 demand of its seeds from growers. Various factors influence the seed yield in okra among which position of fruit and green fruit pickings are of great significance. Green fruit pickings promote fruit development and higher yield as it stimulates okra fruits to produce more number of fruits per plant. Quality of seed often determines the stability of yield in vegetable crops. Nucleus seeds which are of high quality should therefore be collected from fruits harvested at physiological maturity. In indeterminate flowering plants, the fruits may vary widely in seed maturity depending on the nodal positions of the seed pod. Quality seed pays not cost, the utility of the secondary inputs directly concerned with primary input as a seed. Among the vegetable crops in which green fruits are directly used as a vegetable, the scarcity of quality seed has always been observed. Okra being an indeterminate in nature it has peculiar fruiting behaviour. The next flowering and fruiting does not take place till previous fruits are not completed. Being it, the maturity of fruits happens in different interval and directly influences the source to sink system. The present investigation has been taken to identify the judicious system of distribution of photosynthates among the fruit vis-a-vis to seed. Plucking and retention of the green fruits at different nodes could be most effective not only to harness highest vigorous seed with optimum seed yield but also fetch the purpose of green fruit marketing. Materials and Methods The present investigation was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The okra variety Arka Anamika was tested with 12 treatment combinations (consisted of two fruit retention loads as factor – I and six fruit positions as factor – II) during Kharif 2016 at Vegetable research Farm, Kalyanpur, C.S. Azad university of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The observations were recorded on days to flower initiation, fruit length (cm), number of fruits/plant, number of seeds/fruit, green fruit yield (kg/ha) and seed yield (kg/ha). The data analyzed statistically and presented in Table 2 and 3. Results and Discussion The fruit positions and fruit retention loads showed significant difference on seed yield and yield contributing traits of okra. Influence of fruit positions and fruit retention loads on growth parameters On perusal of the Table 2, it is clear that fruit length, number of fruits/ plant and number of seeds per fruit recorded significant differences due to fruit positions and fruit retention loads while, the days to flower initiation was nonsignificant. The fruit retention load R1 (Retention of fruits borne on different nodes for seed purpose and harvesting remaining fruits for vegetable purpose) recorded higher growth attributes compared to R2 load (Retaining all fruits). Significantly maximum fruit length (10.05cm), number of fruits/plant (24.16) and number of seeds per fruit (53.29) were recorded in R1 fruit retention load over R2 fruit retention load. Hence, the R1 fruit retention load can be considered as the best to achieve higher growth response in okra crop. This might be due to the fact that the enhanced food materials translocated towards the site of new pod formation and development. The results are in accordance with the findings of Mohammadi et al., (2015), Moniruzzaman and Quamruzzaman (2009), Khan and Jaiswal (1988) and Grewal et al., (1972). The days to flower initiation, fruit length, number of fruits per plant and number of seeds per fruit differed significantly due to the fruit 3027 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 3026-3031 positions. Among the different fruit positions, P1 (collection of seeds from fruits borne on 13 nodes) recorded significantly minimum days to flower initiation (40.57) and maximum number of fruits per plant (23.00) and fruit length (11.15cm) while, lowest was recorded in P3 (From fruits borne on above 8th node) (8.38 cm). P1 (59.43) fruit position recorded significantly maximum number of seeds followed by P2 (From fruits borne on 4-8 nodes) (56.90) and P4 (From fruits borne on 1-8 nodes) (54.52) and minimum was in P3 (From fruits borne on above 8th node) (42.18). Yadav et al., (2007) reported higher values of seeds per fruit from lower positions of plant closely followed by middle position and significantly lower values were observed in seeds of upper position fruits. These findings are in line with those of Prabhakar et al., (2003), Bhatt and Srinivas Rao (1998), Rao et al., (2004) and Verma et al., (1998). Influence of fruit positions and fruit retention loads on yield parameters On perusal of data given in Table 3, it is clear that significant difference in fruit yield was found due to the fruit positions. The P1 fruit position recorded maximum (3669.00 Kg/ha) green fruit yield followed by P2 (From fruits borne on 4-8 nodes) (3173.00 Kg/ha) and P3 (From fruits borne on above 8th nodes) (2492.00 Kg/ha) while the minimum was in P5 (923.00 Kg/ha). The increase in green fruit yield in case of P1 (collection of seeds from 13 nodes) may be due to the higher number of green fruits harvested for vegetable purpose. As far as the fruit retention loads are concerned, green fruits were not harvested in R2 fruit retention load (Retaining all fruits). Table.1 Weekly weather parameters recorded during crop growth of okra in kharif 2016 Standard week Temperature (0C) Relative Rainfall (mm) Humidity (%) Max. Min. 22 – 28 July 29 July- 4 Aug 5 – 11 12 – 18 19 – 25 26 Aug- 01 Sep 31.3 33.2 33.0 34.3 32.9 33.2 25.4 26.3 25.8 26.1 25.5 25.2 83 79 84.5 77 84 82.4 42.4 5.3 112.6 1.0 89.2 2.2 2–8 9 – 15 16 – 22 23 – 29 30 Sep – 06 Oct 7 – 13 14 – 20 21 – 27 October 35.1 36.2 33.7 34.2 35.3 35.8 25.5 25.7 25.3 23.3 24.3 22.9 77.5 48.16 85 75 69 63.5 3.6 0 34.5 0 0 0 35.9 34.3 19.3 15.7 77 58 0 0 3028 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 3026-3031 Table.2 Influence of fruit positions and fruit retention loads on growth parameters of okra Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Mean Comparing R P Days to flower initiation R1 R2 Mean 40.49 40.66 40.57 41.02 41.08 41.05 42.64 42.14 42.39 40.75 40.69 40.72 42.38 42.21 42.29 40.91 40.71 40.81 41.30 41.36 41.24 CD at 5% S.E. (d) N.S. 0.26 0.94 0.45 Fruit length(cm) R1 R2 Mean 11.40 10.91 11.15 10.44 9.82 10.13 8.83 7.94 8.38 10.12 9.71 9.91 9.98 9.16 9.57 9.56 9.02 9.29 9.73 10.05 9.42 CD at 5% S.E. (d) 0.49 0.23 0.86 0.41 Number of fruits /plant R1 R2 Mean 33.00 13.00 23.00 27.00 12.00 19.50 28.66 14.00 21.33 23.33 13.00 18.16 19.00 14.00 16.50 14.00 13.00 13.50 18.66 24.16 13.16 CD at 5% S.E. (d) 3.67 1.81 2.26 1.12 Number of seeds/ fruit R1 R2 Mean 61.39 57.47 59.43 57.81 55.99 56.90 45.05 39.31 42.18 55.93 53.12 54.52 50.36 47.36 48.86 49.21 49.09 49.15 51.84 53.29 50.39 CD at 5% S.E. (d) 0.67 0.33 1.17 0.58 Table.3 Influence of fruit positions and fruit retention loads on yield parameters of okra Treatments P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Mean Comparing R P Green fruit yield (Kg/ha.) R1 R2 Mean 3669.00 0.00* 3669.00 3173.00 0.00 3173.00 2492.00 0.00 2492.00 1751.00 0.00 1751.00 923.00 0.00 923.00 0.00* 0.00 0.00 2401.60 0.00 2401.60 CD at 5% S.E. (d) ----------------436.30 210.05 *In R2 and P6, green fruits were not harvested for vegetable purpose. 3029 Seed yield (Kg/ha.) R1 R2 204.00 191.00 463.00 433.00 181.00 163.00 661.00 614.00 346.00 322.00 802.00 784.00 442.83 417.83 CD at 5% 10.26 17.77 Mean 197.50 448.00 172.00 637.50 334.00 793.00 430.33 S.E. (d) 4.94 8.57 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 3026-3031 Seed yield exhibited significant differences due to fruit retention loads. Due to the superiority in growth parameters, the fruit retention load R1 recorded significantly highest seed yield (442.83 kg/ha) over the R2 fruit retention load (417.83kg/ha). Seed yield differed significantly due to fruit positions. The P6 fruit position recorded significantly maximum (793.00 kg/ha) seed yield followed by P4 (637.50 Kg/ ha.) and P2 (448.00 Kg./ha.) while, minimum (172 kg/ha) seed yield was recorded in P3 fruit position. The increase in seed yield in case of P6 (collection of seeds from all fruits) may be due to the higher number of fruits considered for collection of seeds. These findings are in line with the findings of Madalgeri, (1979), Nataraj (1988) Khan and Jaiswal (1988), Deshmukh and Tayde (1986), Moniruzzaman and Quamruzzaman (2009), Kumari et al., (2013) and Bhanuje and Raikar (2016). Fruit retention (R) R1: Retention of fruits borne on different nodes for seed purpose & harvesting remaining fruits for vegetable purpose. R2: Retaining all fruits. Collection of seeds from different fruit positions (P) P1: From fruits borne on 1-3 nodes. P2: From fruits borne on 4-8 nodes. P3: From fruits borne on above 8th nodes. P4: From fruits borne on 1-8 nodes. P5: From fruits borne on 4th node and onwards. P6: From all nodes. It is concluded from the research work that for harvesting highest fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and green fruit yield, the treatment combination R1P1 (Retention of fruits borne on 1-3 nodes for seed purpose and harvesting remaining fruits for vegetable purpose) and for getting highest seed yield, the treatment combination R1P6 (Retention of all fruits for seed purpose) may be adopted. Acknowledgement This study has been supported by Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India. References Anonymous (2017) Horticultural Statistics at a glance, DAC, GOI pp 150. Bhanuje, T., and Raikar S. D. (2016) Influence of fruit load and green fruit pickings on seed quality of brinjal. Res. Environ. Life Sci. 9(11):1313-1315. Bhatt, R. M. and Srinivasa Rao, N. K. (1998) Germination response to fruit position and temperature in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Indian J. Hort., 55(1):81-84. Deshmukh, S. 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Sci., 31, p. 2. Verma, O. P., Singh, P. V. and Kushwaha, G. D., (2004) Influence of the order of capsule on seed content and its quality in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Seed Res. (New Delhi), 26: 178-179. Yadav, S. K. and Dhankhar, B. S. (2007) Seed production and quality of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench] cv. Varsha Uphar as affected by sowing time and position of fruit on plant. Seed Res., 23(1):47-51. How to cite this article: Sagar Kumar Sharma, C.P. Sachan, C.L. Maurya, Udai Singh Chaudhary and Parikshit Singh. 2018. Seed Yield and Yield Contributing Traits of Okra As Influenced By Fruit Positions and Fruit Retention Loads. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(09): 3026-3031. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.377 3031