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Science and Football VI Science and Football VI showcases the very latest scientific research into the variety of sports known as football. These include the games of association football, the rugby codes (union and league) and the national codes (American, Australian and Gaelic). The book aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice in football studies and presents important new work in key areas such as: • • • • • • • • • biomechanics sports medicine paediatric exercise science match analysis environmental physiology physiology of training fitness assessment psychology social sciences. Sports scientists, trainers, coaches, physiotherapists, medical doctors, psychologists, educational officers and professionals working in the range of football codes will find this in-depth, comprehensive text an essential and up-todate resource of scientific information for their respective fields. Thomas Reilly is Director of the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University. He is President of the World Commission of Science and Sports and Chair of the International Steering Group on Science and Football. Feza Korkusuz is Director of the Medical Centre and Chair of the Department of Physical Education and Sports at Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. He is corresponding editor for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research and is on the International Education Board of Technology and Health Care Journal. The papers contained within this volume were first presented at the Sixth World Congress on Science and Football, held in January 2007 in Antalya, Turkey. Science and Football VI The Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress on Science and Football Edited by Thomas Reilly and Feza Korkusuz First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Thomas Reilly and Feza Korkusuz, selectuion and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-89368-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–42909–9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–203–89368–9 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–42909–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–89368–5 (ebk) Contents List of figures List of tables Preface Introduction Part I Introductory keynote address 1 Science and football: an update xv xx xxiv xxvi 1 3 T. Re i l ly Part II Biomechanics 2 The biomechanics of football skills 9 11 A. Lees 3 Body segment orientations for curved running in soccer players 18 P. B r i ce , N. S m i th an d R . Dyso n 4 Player perceptions of soccer ball performance 24 J. Rob e rts, P. N e ilso n, A. Harlan d an d R . J ones 5 Development of a mechanical kicking simulator 29 C . E . H ol m e s, R . J o ne s, A. Harlan d an d D. Ward 6 Foot interaction during kicking in Australian Rules Football K. Ball 36 vi Contents 7 Ball–foot interaction in impact phase of instep soccer kicking 41 H. S hi nka i , H. N uno m e , Y. Ike gam i an d M. Isokawa 8 Effect of approach velocity in soccer kicking 47 L . B o K r i stense n an d T. B ull Ande rse n 9 Kicking velocity: barefoot kicking superior to shod kicking? 50 T. S t e r z i n g, J. K ro i h e r an d E . M. Hennig 10 Kinematic analysis of high-performance rugby props during scrum training 57 M. S ay e r s 11 A study of the knuckle effect in football 64 T. A sai , K . Se o, O. Ko bayas h i an d H. N unome 12 Ground reaction force of a drop jump on different kinds of artificial turf 70 R . Ve r he l st, P. Malco lm, P. Ve rle ysen, J. Deg rieck , D. De Clercq and R . P hi li ppae rts 13 Development of a sliding tester 76 R . V er h e lst, P. Ve r leys e n, J. Degr ieck , S. R am b our and G. S chou k ens Part III Sports medicine 83 14 Acute and chronic spinal injuries in soccer 85 Ö. S e r dal Alti nsöz , Y. Salci an d F. Ko rk usu z 15 Enthesis pain and height growth velocity curve in junior high school soccer players 92 R . Naka zawa, M. S aka mo to, T. Ya m aji, K . N akagawa, N. Inom ata , S. i. Sakura i an d Y. K usa m a 16 Sports injuries in female soccer players 96 H. H or i n o 17 A comparison of injury in professional and non-professional male graduate youth soccer players 100 F. L e Gal l , C. Car li ng an d T. R e illy Contents 18 The effect of a succession of matches on the activity profiles of professional soccer players vii 105 K . O d e t oy i nb o, B. Wo o st e r an d A. Lan e 19 Effects of whole-body vibration and PNF stretching on the flexibility and range of movement in elite Australian Rules football players 111 B. H i nt on, J. Quinn, M. N ewto n an d M. M c Gu igan Part IV Paediatric exercise science 117 20 Heart rate and match analysis of Finnish junior football players 119 T. Vantt i n e n, M. B lo m q vist, H. Leh to an d K . Hakkinen 21 Influence of age, maturity and body dimensions on selection of under-17 Algerian soccer players 125 S. Ch i bane , C. Haut ie r , C . Gaudi n o, R . Massar elli and N. M i m ou ni 22 Chronological versus skeletal bone age in schoolboy footballers 132 A . J ohnson, P. Do h e rty an d A. F re e m o nt 23 A cross-cultural comparison of the participation histories of English and French elite youth soccer players 138 P. R . F or d, F. Le Gall , C. Car li ng an d A. M. Williams 24 Physical loading, stress and recovery in a youth soccer tournament 143 P. Lu htan e n, A. N um m ela an d K . Lippo nen 25 Differences in muscularity of psoas major and thigh muscles in relation to sprint and vertical jump performances between elite young and professional soccer players 149 Y. Hos hi kawa , J. M. Ca m pe iz , K . Sh ibukawa , K . Chu man, T. Iida, M. M u ra m atsu an d Y. N akaj im a 26 Relationship between the ability to repeat sprints and maximal aerobic power in young soccer players C. Castag na , S. D’ Ottav io, M. Vi n ce n zo and J. C . B arb e r o Álvare z 155 viii Contents Part V Match analysis 159 27 Team kinematics of small-sided soccer games: a systematic approach 161 W. G. P. F r e ncken an d K . A. P. M. Lem m ink 28 Has soccer changed in the last three World Cups? 167 J. Cast e l l ano Paulis, A. Pe re a Rod ríguez and Á . B l anco -Villas eñ o r 29 Influence of playing in the European Champions League on performance in the Spanish Football League 171 C . Lag o -P e ñas an d J. Lago -B alle st ero s 30 Deceleration and turning movements performed during FA Premier League soccer matches 174 J. B l oom f i eld, R . Po lm an an d P. O’ Do no ghu e 31 Comparative analysis of the high-intensity activity of soccer players in top-level competition 182 A . Z u b i l l aga, G. Go ro sp e , A. He rnández- Mendo an d A . B l anco -Vi llas e ñ o r 32 An intelligent system for analysis of tactics in soccer 186 M. S h estakov, A. Ta lal ae v, N. Ko silova, N. Zas enko, A . Z u bkova, A. Le ksakov, A. Averk i n an d A. Gu sev 33 Activity profile, heart rate and blood lactate of futsal referees during competitive games 191 A . Re b e l o, A. Asce nção, J. Magalh ãe s and P. Kru stru p 34 Analysis of actions ending with shots at goal in the Women’s European Football Championship (England 2005) 197 J. B e r g i e r , A. So ro ka an d T. B uracz e wski 35 Game characteristics of Asian women’s rugby J. K uro iwa , I . Kameyam a,  M. Ku ro su, T. It oh, M. Yamada, K . Kom ats u, T. Tsubakih ara,  I . Watanab e an d Y. Ueno 202 ix Contents 36 Match activities and fatigue development of elite female soccer players at different levels of competition 205 P. K r u str u p, H. Ande rsso n, M. Mo h r , M. B redsgaard Ran ders, J. Majgaar d Je nse n, M. Ze bis, D. K irk endal an d J. Ban g sb o 37 Diachronic analysis of interaction contexts in the 2006 World Cup 212 J. Cast e l l an o Paulis, A. Pe re a Rod ríguez and A . H e rnán d e z Me ndo 38 The impact of individualism on the outcome of penalty shoot-outs in international football tournaments 218 J. B i l l sb e rry, P. N elso n an d G. Edwards 39 Match analyses of Australian international female soccer players using an athlete tracking device 224 A . H e w i tt, R . Wi th e rs an d K . Lyo ns 40 Performance profiles of soccer players in the 2006 UEFA Champions League and the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournaments 229 M. Row l i nson an d P. O’ Do no gh ue 41 Analysis of goals scored in the 2006 World Cup 235 M. F. Acar , B. Yapi ci o glu, N. Arikan, S. Yalcin, N. Ates an d M. Er g u n Part VI Environmental physiology 243 42 Thermoregulatory response to base-layer garments during intermittent treadmill exercise 245 B. C . Rob e rts, T. Walle r an d M. P. Ca ine 43 The impact of pre-cooling on soccer-specific exercise performed in the heat 251 N. D. C l ark e , B. Dr ust, D. P. M. MacLar en and T. Reilly 44 Effect of leg cooling at half-time breaks on performance of soccer-simulated exercise in a hot environment M. Yas u m ats u, O. Miyagi , J. Oh as h i , H. To gari, S. Nishikawa, H. Has e gawa , S. Is h iz aki an d T. Yo da 255