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Saving Biological Diversity Robert A. Askins · Glenn D. Dreyer · Gerald R. Visgilio · Diana M. Whitelaw Editors Saving Biological Diversity Balancing Protection of Endangered Species and Ecosystems 123 Editors Robert A. Askins Connecticut College 270 Mohegan Avenue New London, CT 06320-4196 Glenn D. Dreyer Connecticut College 270 Mohegan Avenue New London, CT 06320-4196 Gerald R. Visgilio Connecticut College 270 Mohegan Avenue New London, CT 06320-4196 Diana M. Whitelaw Connecticut College 270 Mohegan Avenue New London, CT 06320-4196 ISBN: 978-0-387-09566-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-09565-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008928017 c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC  All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com Preface The Goodwin-Niering Center for Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies at Connecticut College is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program that builds on one of the nation’s leading undergraduate environmental studies programs. The Center fosters research, education, and curriculum development aimed at understanding contemporary ecological challenges. One of the major goals of the Goodwin-Niering Center is to enhance the understanding of both the College community and the general public with respect to ecological, political, social, and economic factors that affect natural resource use and preservation of natural ecosystems. To this end, the Center has offered six conferences at which academicians, representatives of federal and state government, people who depend on natural resources for their living, and individuals from non-government environmental organizations were brought together for an in-depth, interdisciplinary evaluation of important environmental issues. On April 6 and 7, 2007, the Center presented the Elizabeth Babbott Conant interdisciplinary conference on Saving Biological Diversity: Weighing the Protection of Endangered Species vs. Entire Ecosystems. The Beaver Brook Foundation; Audubon Connecticut, the state office of the National Audubon Society; the Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; Connecticut Forest and Park Association and the Connecticut Sea Grant College Program joined the Center as conference sponsors. During this two-day conference we learned about conservation and endangered species from a wide range of perspectives. Like all of the conferences sponsored by the Goodwin-Niering Center, this conference was broadly interdisciplinary, with presentations by economists, political scientists, and conservation biologists. Bryan Norton, Professor of Philosophy, Science and Technology at Georgia Institute of Technology, gave the keynote address Evaluation and Species Preservation, followed by the first session in which we examined the effectiveness and economics of endangered species protection. The second session focused on efforts to sustain biological diversity in entire ecosystems or across regional landscapes. The third session emphasized the best methods for protecting biological diversity on a global scale. The conference provided a broad overview of our current understanding of how to prevent extinction and sustain biological diversity. The audience included concerned citizens, NGO representatives and policymakers, and students and faculty from Connecticut College and other universities. This book, Saving Biological Diversity: Balancing Protection of Endangered Species and Ecosystems, is based on the papers presented at the conference. The Editors v Acknowledgements We greatly appreciate the financial support provided for the conference by Dr. Linda Lear (Elizabeth Babbott Conant Endowment); Audubon Connecticut, the state office of the National Audubon Society; the Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; Connecticut Forest and Park Association; the Connecticut Sea Grant College Program; the Marjorie Dilley Fund; the Beaver Brook Foundation; the Connecticut College departments of Anthropology, Biology, Botany, Economics, Government, Philosophy; the Connecticut College Arboretum; the Environmental Studies Program; and the Office of the Dean of Faculty. Organization of this conference was only possible thanks to the ongoing support of the A.W. Mellon Foundation for the GoodwinNiering Center. We especially thank Patrick Comins, Director of Bird Conservation, Audubon Connecticut, and Adam Whelchel, Director of Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy, for their assistance in planning and presenting the conference. We are grateful to the following faculty, staff and students of Connecticut College for their assistance in a number of ways including planning and carrying out the conference and writing, reviewing, editing and proofing chapters for this book: Robert Askins, Professor of Biology; Anne Bernhard, Assistant Professor of Biology; Jane Dawson, Professor of Government; Glenn Dreyer, Arboretum Director; Douglas Thompson, Professor of Geophysics; Derek Turner, Associate Professor of Philosophy; Gerald Visgilio, Professor of Economics; Diana Whitelaw, Associate Director of the Goodwin-Niering Center; Mary Villa, Center Assistant; and David Hecht ’07, Sara Jayanthi ’07, Christine Monahan ’07, Ceileigh Syme ’06, Jesse Taylor-Waldman ’07, Center students. During the preparation of this book, we greatly appreciate the assistance of many reviewers including: Peter Auster, Nels Barrett, MaryAnne Borrelli, Patrick Comins, John Gates, Brian Heninger, Chad Jones, Joan Trial, and John Volin. Finally, we are most grateful to all the contributing authors for their patience, understanding and professionalism during the long process of responding to comments and recommendations received during the review and editing phases of this book. vii Table of Contents 1 Saving Biological Diversity: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glenn D. Dreyer 1 Part I Protecting Populations of Particular Species 2 Toward a Policy-Relevant Definition of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Bryan G. Norton 3 Navigating for Noah: Setting New Directions for Endangered Species Protection in the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Karin P. Sheldon 4 Economics of Protecting Endangered Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Gardner M. Brown 5 The Center for Plant Conservation: Twenty Years of Recovering America’s Vanishing Flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Kathryn L. Kennedy 6 The Piping Plover as an Umbrella Species for the Barrier Beach Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Scott Hecker 7 Restoring Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to New England . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Stephen Gephard Part II Protecting Regional Ecosystems 8 Sea Change: Changing Management to Protect Ocean Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Susan E. Farady ix x Table of Contents 9 Valuing Benefits from Ecosystem Improvements using Stated Preference Methods: An Example from Reducing Acidification in the Adirondacks Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 David A. Evans, H. Spencer Banzhaf, Dallas Burtraw, Alan J. Krupnick and Juha Siikamäki 10 Conserving Forest Ecosystems: Guidelines for Size, Condition and Landscape Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Mark G. Anderson 11 Restoring America’s Everglades: A Lobbyist’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 137 April H. G. Smith Part III The Need For Global Efforts To Save Biological Diversity 12 A Wildland and Woodland Vision for the New England Landscape: Local Conservation, Biodiversity and the Global Environment . . . . . . . . 155 David R. Foster and William G. Labich 13 Creative Approaches to Preserving Biodiversity in Brazil and the Amazon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Kathryn Hochstetler and Margaret E. Keck 14 Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Ocean Acidification: The Potential Impacts on Ocean Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 William C. G. Burns 15 Advancing Conservation in a Globalized World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Jonathan M. Hoekstra 16 Protecting Biodiversity, from Flagship Species to the Global Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Robert A. Askins Contributors Mark G. Anderson is the Director of Conservation Science for the Eastern Region of The Nature Conservancy providing ecological analysis and developing landscape– scale assessment tools for conservation efforts across eight ecoregions. He received his Ph.D. in Ecology from the University of New Hampshire. A co-author of the National Vegetation Classification, his research interests are in ecosystem dynamics, population demographics, disturbance processes, spatial scale and landscape properties. Robert A. Askins is Professor of Biology and Harrison Director of the GoodwinNiering Center for Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies at Connecticut College. Askins received his B.S. from the University of Michigan, and his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. He teaches courses in ecology, animal behavior and ornithology. He is nationally recognized for his research on the ecology and conservation of birds in North America, Japan and the West Indies. H. Spencer Banzhaf is an Associate Professor of Economics at Georgia State University. He earned his Ph.D. and B.A. in economics from Duke University. Banzhaf’s research focuses on the interactions between local environmental amenities, local real estate markets, and the demographic composition and structure of cities. He applies these and other tools of benefit-cost analysis to the evaluation and design of environmental policy and to the creation of “green” index numbers and accounts. He also studies the history of welfare economics. Gardner M. Brown is a Resources for the Future University Fellow and Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Washington. He has his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley and an honorary doctorate from the University of Goteborg, Sweden. His research interests encompass dynamic models of renewable resources, non-market valuation, development of the hedonic travel cost model, optimal growth models with renewable resources, and optimal use of antibiotic resistance models. William C. G. Burns is a Senior Fellow in International Environmental Law, Santa Clara University School of Law. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of WalesCardiff School of Law. His research agenda includes climate change (focusing on the impacts on small island states and potential institutional responses, and climate change litigation) and international wildlife law (with a focus on regimes for conservation and management of cetaceans). xi xii Contributors Dallas Burtraw is a senior fellow at Resources for the Future. He has a Master in Public Policy and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Michigan. Burtraw’s research interests focus on electricity and the environment. He has concentrated on the performance of cap and trade programs in the U.S. and Europe and on integrated assessment and benefit-cost analysis of air pollution. Glenn D. Dreyer is the Charles and Sarah P. Becker ’27 Director of the Arboretum, Adjunct Associate Professor of Botany and Executive Director of the GoodwinNiering Center for Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies all at Connecticut College. Dreyer received his B.S. from the University of California-Davis, and his M.A. from Connecticut College. He specializes in vegetation management, ecology and horticulture of native plants, invasive exotic woody plants and large and historic trees. David A. Evans is an Economist in the U.S. EPA’s National Center for Environmental Economics. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, an M.A. from the University of Illinois, and a B.A. from Hiram College. His research interests include normative and positive analyses of regulatory design and the use of stated preference methods. He also performs and evaluates economic analyses that support proposed federal air quality regulations. Susan E. Farady is the Director of the Marine Affairs Institute at the Roger Williams University School of Law, where she researches and analyzes ocean and coastal legal issues, educates and trains law students in marine law, and conducts outreach to lawyers, scientists, and policy-makers. She also serves on the Vermont Law School’s Environmental Law Center Advisory Committee. Farady received her J.D. from the Vermont Law School and her B.A. in Biology from the University of Colorado. David R. Foster is an ecologist and Director of Harvard Forest at Harvard University where he has been a faculty member in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology since 1983. He has his M.S. and Ph.D. in Ecology from the University of Minnesota and was an undergraduate major in Botany and Religious Studies at Connecticut College. Foster is the Principal Investigator for the Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research program funded by the National Science Foundation. Stephen Gephard oversees Connecticut’s DEP Inland Fisheries Division’s Diadromous Fish Program with more than 28 years of experience with diadromous fish species, which migrate between fresh and salt water to spawn. Gephard serves as a U.S. Commissioner for the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization, an international fisheries management commission that regulates high seas fisheries and promotes conservation of wild Atlantic salmon. Scott Hecker is the Executive Director of the Goldenrod Foundation based in Plymouth Massachusetts. From 1987 to 2003 he directed Mass Audubon’s Coastal Waterbird Program and from 2003 to 2008 he directed National Audubon Society’s Coastal Bird Conservation Program. His work continued to focus on the conservation of endangered plovers, terns, and other threatened coastal birds throughout their breeding and non-breeding ranges in the Western Hemisphere. Hecker has his M.S. in Resource Management from Antioch University.