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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.347 Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Crop Insurance to Mitigate ill Effects of Climate change - a Priority of Jammu and Kashmir State F.A. Nehvi* and Salwee Yasmin Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Insurance, Weather, Yield loss, Saffron, Jammu and Kashmir Article Info Accepted: 22 December 2018 Available Online: 10 January 2019 Climatic abnormalities observed in Kashmir over a couple of years (201417) has put saffron farming system under great distress leading to reduction in overall production from 16.5 M.T recorded in 2013 to almost 1.5 M.T recorded in 2017 and thus warrants to bring saffron cropping system under crop insurance cover so as to save saffron growers from annual exchequer loss of Rs 210 cores. Guidelines for weather based and yield based crop insurance policies for saffron have been framed but the schemes are not under operation till date and warrants prioritization of state policy makers. Introduction After implementation of National Saffron Mission in 2010 by Agriculture Production Department J and K Saffron farming system a legendary crop of Jammu and Kashmir state was on rise up till 2013, as overall Saffron production of state increased from 9.46 M.T to 16.5 M.T with an increase in average productivity from 2.5 to 4.4 kg/ha (Nehvi and Salwe, 2017). However, excess precipitation observed in 2014 by 53% (280 mm as against requirement of 183 mm) during sprouting stage (August-October) lead to decline in saffron production of J and K state by 70% (4.5 M.T as against 15 M.T recorded during 2013). Similarly, precipitation deficit during sprouting stage recorded by 56.9 % in 2016 and 100% in 2017 lead to decline in saffron production by 91% during 2017 (from 16.5 M.T recorded in 2015 to 1.5 M.T recorded in 2017). Excess summer precipitation associated with high humidity has become concern of saffron growers as during 2015 saffron growers lost about 30% of corms due to corm rot caused by fungal infestation as saffron area recorded 400% more precipitation from May to July (550 mm as against normal precipitation of 110 mm) Figure 1 and 2 (Salwe et al., 2016). All these factors have resulted in annual exchequer loss to the tune of Rs 225 cores during 2017 affecting about 2972 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 17000 saffron families involved with saffron farming system directly or indirectly. Alarming situation made farmers despondent about future of saffron and thus introduction of crop insurance policy for saffron is the only way to make saffron growers confident about future of saffron under changed climatic conditions of Kashmir. Materials and Methods Weather Based National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) For Saffron. Premium To gain the confidence of farmers dealing with any legendary cropping system it is legitimate duty of Government of that particular state to notify a crop insurance scheme. Accordingly Agriculture Production Department notified implementation of National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP)-/Rashtriya Fasal Bima Karyakram –Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme(WBCIS)-component in J and K State during the year 2014-15 as per the guidelines and operational modalities fixed by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, MOA,GOI vide letter No. 13015/02/2012Credit-II, dated 04.02.2014. Trigger points for different phonological stages of saffron were identifies as base line values for water and temperature requirements (Salwee et al, 2018).The strike values were calculated on the basis of deficit and excess rainfall and decrease and increase in day temperature. Pay out rates were calculated on the basis of cost of cultivation and the extent of damage during particular phonological stage. As per the operational guidelines of NCIP, the total premium will be shared as per details in Table 1. Adoption level The scheme will be applied to the Jammu and Kashmir and saffron crop will be taken up for insurance on pilot basis. The period of coverage for saffron crop will be from 1st August, to 31st May. All the farmers including small and marginal, women, Schedule Caste, Sharecroppers, tenant farmers growing the Notified Crops in the Notified Area are eligible and will be covered under the scheme if they availed Seasonal Agriculture Operations (SAO) loans from financial institutions (i.e. Loanee farmers) or nonloanee farmers who opt for the Scheme. About, 1000 Ha of Saffron crop area in 18 agricultural circles viz., Zantrag, Khrew, Wuyan-A. Wuyan-B, Sharshali-A, SharshaliB, Jawbehara, Lethpora-A, Lethpora-B, Lethpora-C, Samboora, Parigam, Konibal-A, Konibal-B, Chandhara, Namblabal, Drangbal and Kadlabal will be allotted to different National insurance implementing agencies. They will be made responsible for wide publicity regarding the scheme in their respective areas of jurisdiction to create awareness among the farmers and lay down of the entire requisite infrastructure of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The already installed AWS, if any, by IMD/SAUs in the notified areas will be used as RWS for implementation of the scheme Pradhan Mantri (PMFBY) Fasal Bima Yojna In 2017, State Agriculture Production Department notified Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY., 2016) for saffron Insurance to support sustainable production of saffron by way of - a) providing financial support to farmers suffering crop loss/damage arising out of unforeseen events b) stabilizing the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in saffron farming c) encouraging farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices d) ensuring flow of credit to the agriculture sector; which will contribute to saffron farming security. For assessment of yield losses crop cut experiments is mandatory to be carried by 2973 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Insurance companies in collaboration with a team of technical experts to be designated by the Nodal officer at district level. As CCEs is not available for saffron therefore SKUASTKashmir developed guidelines for Crop Cut Experiment (CCEs) for saffron. For designing CCEs in saffron following methodology was taken into consideration viz;  Basic Principles.  Steps in different activities in Crop Cut Evaluation  Procedure for Selection of saffron growers plot (experimental site) for taking crop cut  Experimental materials required  Locating an Experimental Plot for Crop Cutting Experiments (Square plot of Size 5x5m)  Flower Picking and other operations (Nehvi et al., 2018) Results and Discussion Weather Based National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) For Saffron Trigger weather In saffron availability of moisture during sprouting stage is considered the trigger weather to induce saffron flowering on account of development of adventitious roots that helps in better sprout activation. Trigger Weather is pre-defined and notified w.r.t a particular weather parameter, and is being fixed keeping in mind the broad moisture/water or other weather parameter requirement of a particular crop. During this period saffron crop should receive 2290 m3of water per hectare to ensure quick and timely sprouting leading to high productivity (Nehvi et al., 2017). Saffron flowering is another most critical phonological stage and is mostly influenced by high aerial temperatures (>200C) and low night temperatures (<60C). Although flower ontogenesis process is completed after the plant receives desired moisture but deviation of maximum and minimum temperatures from desired levels during flowering period (October) results in delayed flowering (Ist week of November) leading to flower abortion within the cataphyll shoots. In Kashmir, saffron would usually flower during 2nd week of October recording day and night temperatures within permissible limits i.e 170C -19 0C during day and 8 0C to 11 0C during night. However climate change observed in the last couple of years recorded conducive temperatures for saffron flowering only during Ist fortnight of November thereby reducing the flowering period to just 10 days. Low night temperatures recorded during flowering period of November lead to production losses due to poor flower development. Table.1 Premium details of saffron crop insurance under weather based NCIP Crop Covered Sum Insured Total Premium Farmer’s Share of Premium Central Share of Premium State Share of Premium 2974 Premium/ha(Rs) 825000 99000 49500 24750 24750 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Table.2 Revised weather based crop insurance scheme (2018-19)-Term Sheet State District Crop Jammu and Kashmir Pulwama, Budgam, Srinagar, Kishtwar Saffron Reference weather Station Pampore Unit Hectare Term Sheet S No 1 Weather Parameter Deficit Period Rainfall Volume Index Strike I (<) Strike II (<) Exit Rate I (Rs/ mm ) Rate II (Rs /mm) Maximum Payout (Rs) Total Payout (Rs) 2 Excess Rainfall Volume Period Index 3 Decrease in Day Temperature Strike I(>) Strike II(>) Exit Rate I (Rs/mm) Rate II (Rs/mm) Maximum Payout(Rs) Total Payout (Rs) Period Phase I Bud Sprouting (15th August to 2nd September Phase II Phase III Shoot Elongation Initial Vegetative and Flower Phase initiation (11th November to rd (3 September to 4th December) 2oth October) Aggregate of rainfall over respective phases 69 mm 114 mm 46 mm 30 mm 70 mm 20 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 351 390 200 2878 1612 740 1,00000 1,30,000 20,000 2,50,000 Phase I Phase II Phase III Flower Senescence Vegetative Phase initiation and Ist April to 30th (Ist March to 31st Blooming May March) (15th October to 10th November) Maximum of 3 consecutive days cumulative rainfall in respective phases 25 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 125 mm 125 mm 100 mm 150 mm 150 mm 425 240 240 50 mm 125 mm 150 mm 240 1488 480 480 480 85000 30000 30000 30000 Phase II Shoot Elongation (10th September to Phase III Flower initiation (Ist October to 10th 175000 Phase I Bud Sprouting (26th August to 2975 Phase IV. Dormancy Ist May to 31st May Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 9th September) 30th September) November) Highest of Consecutive days having day temperature less than bench mark 22 0c 22 0c 5 0c 5 0c 0 10 c 10 0c 0 15 c 15 0c 1500 1500 3500 3500 25000 25000 (DDT) Index Bench Mark Strike I(>) Strike II(>) Exit Rate I (Rs/0c) Rate II (Rs/0c) Maximum Payout(Rs) Total Payout (Rs) 4 Increase in Day Temperature (IDT) 18 0c 5 0c 10 0c 15 0c 9000 21000 1500000 200000 Period Phase I Phase II Phase III 26th August to 9th 10th September to 30th September Ist October to September 10th November Highest of Consecutive days having day temperature greater than bench mark 27 0c 25 0c 20 0c 0 0 5 c 5 c 5 0c 0 0 10 c 10 c 10 0c 0 0 15 c 15 c 15 0c 1500 1500 9000 3500 3500 21000 25000 25000 150000 Index Bench Value Strike I(>) Strike II(>) Exit Rate I (Rs/0c) Rate II (Rs/0c) Maximum Payout (Rs) Total Payout (Rs) 200000 Table.3 Dimensions of experimental plot Crop Plot Size Length 5 meter Saffron Breadth 5 meter Diagonal distance 7.07meter Area of the plot in terms of Hectare 1/400th of a hectare Table.4 Time schedule of CCEs activities Name of the Crop Saffron Randomly Selection of Village 15th July Date of Submission of Exhaustive list 25th July Randomly selection of Farmers 30th July Cut off date for receiving CCE results 20th November Table.5 CCEs format for submission of yield data Nam of the district Name of the Agri SubDivision Name of the Block Name of the Circle Name of the Village 2976 Name of the saffron Grower Date of CCE Dry weight of saffron/25m2 Experimental Plot Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Table.6 Format for reporting Crop Cutting Experiment Results Sl No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Particulars Name of the District Name of the Agri. Sub-Division Name of the Block Name of Agri. Sector Name of the Circle Name of the Gram Panchayet Name of the Cultivator where actual CCE conducted Operational size of the holding of Farmer Name of the crop System of Cultivation Corm used/Kanal Whether Manure/ FYM used in the plot If yes, quantity of manure/FYM used (in per Kani) Whether Chemical Fertilizer used in the plot If yes, quantity of Chemical fertilizer used( in per Kanal ) Time of sowing Date of last flower picking Total area under crop (kanal) in respect of cultivator for which CCE’s is under taken Age of the filed where CCE’s is under taken Length of the field (in footsteps ) Breadth of the field (in footsteps ) Pair of random number selected Fresh Weight of the Produce obtained in CCE’s in grams Moisture Percentage in the produce obtained in CCE’s Date of taking total Dry Weight of the Produce obtained in CCE’s Dry Weight of the Produce obtained in CCE’s ( in gm) Normal Average yield in ( Kgs / Kanl) where CCE’s undertaken ( as per farmer experience) Production obtained through CCE’s in respect of Normal average yield is Remarks about Production observed Whether the selected field was irrigated or un-irrigated If irrigated the source of irrigation Land type where CCE is undertaken Weather condition during Crop season Extent of damage by pests or any disease 2977 Scientific/Traditional Yes/ No Yes/ No (Early / Normal/ Late). Ist year/2nd Year /3rd Year/4th Year/Above 4 years Normal/Good/Bad Upland/ Medium Land/ Low Land Normal / Drought/flood Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Figure.1 Saffron production and productivity trend over years (2009 to 2017) 25 Productivity (Kg/ha) Production (M.T) 20 15 10 5 0 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Figure.2 Erratic precipitation pattern during critical stages of saffron crop over growth years (2014-2017) Year Sprouting Stage Dormancy +400 -100 -56.9 +53.5 2014 1 2016 2015 2 3 2978 2017 4 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Figure.3 Weather parameters recorded during flowering period-averaged over years Maximum Temp Minimum Temperature (0C) 6.85 27.7 3.325 25.65 2.15 23.35 0.65 19.25 0 Ist October to 9th October 10th October to 20th October to Ist Nov to 10th 19th October 31st October Nov Figure.4 Stratified Random Sampling BLOCK/Agri SubDivision (STRATA) VAEA Circle (FSU) Selected Villages in a Circle (SSU) Selected Saffron Growers in a Village (TSU) Selected Saffron Plots in a Village (USU) Stratified Random Sampling: Figure.5 Site selection plan under CCEs in saffron 2979 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Figure.6 Procedure: for locating an experimental plot for crop cutting experiments (Square plot of Size 5x5m) Deficit rainfall Weather data averaged over two years recorded very high day temperature during October ranging from 23.3oC to 27.7oC and was accompanied with low night temperatures ranging from 3.3oC to 6.8oC (Figure 3). High day temperatures by 3-70C above normal was observed to be responsible for delaying the process of flowering followed by anthesis. However, Ist fortnight of November recorded normal day temperature (19.2oC) but was accompanied with very low night temperature (0.65oC) (Figure 3). Deficit moisture availability once covered as trigger weather under crop insurance policy will cover the yield losses based on deviation to the maximum payout value of Rs 250,000. Water availability during sprouting stage ensures 40% yield gain over moisture stress cultivation due to activation of meristematic regions from apicular, axillary and lateral buds. Water deficit over a period of 87 days (15th August to 11th November) is categorized under two different strike rate, viz; strike 1 as < 229 mm and strike 2 as <120 mm. Out of total payout of Rs 250000 during pre and post sprouting stages maximum pay out of Rs 1, 30,000 is earmarked under phase- II(Shoot elongation and flower formation) followed by Rs 1,00000 in Phase I (Bud sprouting) and Rs 20,000 for phase III (Initial vegetative). Table 2. Insurance cover during this period will ensure financial safety against yield losses on account of rainfall deficit. Excess rainfall Similarly excess precipitation during Flower initiation and Blooming (15th October to 10th November), Vegetative Phase (Ist March to 31st March), Senescence (Ist April to 30th May) and Dormancy (Ist May to 31st May) leads to crop failure and is thus considered trigger weather. A total Payout of Rs 1, 75,000 is considered for a trigger weather covering excess rainfall to the extent of >175 mm as strike I and > 425 mm as strike II .Maximum payout of Rs 85,000 with a payout rate of Rs 425 /mm as Rate I and Rs 1488/mm as Rate II is considered during phase-1 (Flower initiation and Blooming) as excess rain during this period would lead to saffron flower loss. Whereas for other phases a uniform maximum payout of Rs 30000 is considered with Rs 240/mm as Rate I and Rs 480/mm as Rate-II for strike I and II excess rainfall (Table 2). 2980 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 2972-2984 Decrease and Increase in Day Temperature (DDT) Pradhan Mantri (PMFBY) On the basis of trigger weather for temperatures, uniform term sheets were framed based on “Adverse Weather Incidence” leading to crop loss, on account of Decrease and Increase in Day Temperature by >50c as strike I and >10 0c as strike II from a bench value for decrease in temperature of 220c during sprouting stage and 180c during flower initiation stage and bench value for increase in temperature of 27 0c during Bud Sprouting (26th August to 9th September ), 25 0 c during Shoot Elongation (10th September to 30th September ) and 20 0c during Flower initiation (Ist October to 10th November ).For yield losses on account of decrease and increase in day temperature maximum pay out of Rs 1,50,0000 is considered for flower initiation (Ist October to 10th November) associated with a pay out of Rs 9000/0c as Rate I and Rs 21000/0c as Rate II. Payout during sprouting phases is uniformly considered at Rs 25000 /phase associated with a payout rate of Rs 1500/0c as Rate I and Rs 3500/0c as Rate II. Yield losses associate with decrease and increase in day temperatures during the trigger points is valued with a total payout of Rs 2, 00000 for each trigger weather (Table 2). Basic principles Fasal Bima Yojna Sampling design The sampling design adopted in the crop cutting surveys of saffron is Multi-stage Stratified Random Sampling The traditional Agri. Sub-divisions cultivating the target crop have to be taken as strata, the selected V.A.E.A. circles, within the Block as first stage units (fsu), selected village in a circle as a second stage unit (ssu), selected cultivators in a village as a third stage units and the selected plots are the ultimate stage of sampling (Figure 4). Size of experimental plot The size and shape of the experimental plot for saffron crop is square of dimension (5m x 5m) (Table 3). Time schedule for carrying out different activities for undertaking CCE and submission of CCE result October and November months are considered critical periods of CCEs (Table 4). Payout Payout arises only in case of Adverse Weather Incidence (AWI), Which is equivalent to the deviation between “Trigger Weather” and “Actual Weather” Data recorded at a “Reference Weather Station” during the specified time period. In case of AWI all the insured cultivators growing the Notified Crop in the Reference Unit Area are deemed to have suffered the same level of AWI and the same proportion of crop-loss, and become eligible for the same rate of Payouts. Steps in different activities in crop cut evaluation Selection of crop cut experimental sites at circle level Evaluation study need to be carried over 19 saffron growing circles (11 circles in district Pulwama, 6 circles in district Budgam and 2 circles in District Srinagar) with random selection of 2 villages/Circle and 5 experimental sites in each circle village. Thus, 2981