Nội dung

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 03 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.247 Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars to Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients Bharat Lal Kushwaha*, V. K. Singh, Kaptan Baboo, Satya Dev and Hari Prakash Namdev Department of Agronomy, Brahmanand P.G.College, Rath, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Chickpeam Cicer arietinum, Plant nutrients Article Info Accepted: 18 February 2021 Available Online: 10 March 2021 The present investigation was conducted with the objective to know the effect of nutrient management modules on nutrient uptake, quality and economics of high yielding varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The study comprised six treatments of nutrient management modules (a) F1- FYM@10 t ha-1, (b) F2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, (c) F3Poultry manure @ 5t ha-1, (d) F4- Chemical check 20+60+20+20 kg NPKS ha-1 as basal application, (e) F5- Vitormone @125ml ha-1 as foliar application, (f) F6- Control and four varieties (a) V1- Pragati (K-3256), (b) V2- Pusa- 256, (c) V3- Avrodhi, (d) V4- Pant G-186. The study revealed that the nutrient management modules F 2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1) found suitable for maximum biometric parameters, yield and quality of chickpea with variety V3- Avrodhi. However, the higher B:C ratio was higher with F5- Vitormone @125ml ha-1 as foliar application, which was statistically at par with F 2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 and significantly higher than the other fertilizer modules. The maximum B: C ratio found with V3- Avrodhi which was significantly superior over V1- Pragati (K-3256), and V4- Pant G -186. It remained at par with V2- Pusa- 256. Thus it may be concluded that V 3Avrodhi fertilized with F5- Vitormone @125ml ha-1 as foliar application may be found highest economic value of chickpea in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume crop in the world which was globally, total production is approximately 14.2 million tons from an area of 14.8 million ha and a productivity of 0.96 t ha-1 FAOSTAT, (2014). South East Asia, led by India is leading producers, while in East Africa, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, and Kenya are leading chickpea producers. Worldwide chickpea is largely grown as a rain fed crop (> 90%) in the arid and semiarid environments in Asia and Africa. Chickpea, almost in all regions, is grown on marginal soils and the good soils are used for growing other more favored crops. For obtaining high grain yields proper management of the crop is must and proper nutrient management is one of the important factors contributing towards high productivity. Though chickpea, being a grain legume, is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, a starter dose of nitrogen is essential 1948 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 for proper growth and development of the plant. Chickpea grain yields are known to improve with the application of nitrogen Namvar et al., (2011), Yagmur and Kaydan, (2011). Phosphorus plays an important role in nodulation, nitrogen fixation, growth and yield of chickpea Singh et al., (2010). There was, therefore, a need to study the effect of nutrient application through various sources on the productivity of chickpea. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of application of farmyard manure, vermicompost and chemical fertilizers in chickpea. Low soil fertility is one of the major factors responsible for low yield of crops including chickpea. Inadequate supply of nutrients aggravates nutrient depletion of soils. Higher chemical fertilizers price coupled with the low affordability by small farmers is the biggest obstacle for fertilizer use in the marginal lands. Furthermore, global warming is the major threat for the depletion of the soil organic carbon i.e. the main skeleton of soil fertility and productivity. Farmers of the region now realize the importance of soil organic carbon. This scenario drives the use of organic manures, which are environmentally friendly and at the same time improves and maintains soil fertility. However, sole application of farmyard manure is constrained by access to sufficient organic inputs, low nutrient content of manures, high labor demand for preparation and transportation. These constraints can be solved by the substitution of organic sources containing higher amount of plant nutrients, which can improve and sustain crop yields while improving soil fertility status. Though chickpea meets 80% of its nitrogen requirement from symbiotic nitrogen fixation, application of fertilizer is important as starter until the nodulation operates synchronously to fix the atmospheric N (Gaur et al., 2010). The crop also requires balanced and optimum amounts of other nutrient elements such as phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and micro nutrients (Dhakal et al., 2016). So, it is necessary to apply balanced nutrients from easily available sources of organic to sustainably improve the productivity of chickpea. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Brahmanand P.G. College, Rath, Hamirpur situated in the vicinity of Kanpur city. Geographically experimental site situated in the longitude and latitude range of 79.7o East and 25.2o North, respectively. The altitude of Rath is 165 m above mean sea level. The climate of Rath is semi-arid and subtropical type. Among the 15 broad agroclimatic zones identified by Indian Planning Commission of India, Rath (Hamirpur) falls in Central Plateau and Hill region. This, region receives an average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm. The rainfall is erratically distributed. Major rains are received from mid-June to end of September. Summer is hot and dry. Westerly hot winds start from the month of March and continue up to onset of monsoon. Winter months are cold and occasional frost occurs during this period. And during the crop season, the minimum and maximum temperature varied from 6.4 to 23.6 °C and 19.7 to 42.8 °C, respectively. Total rainfall received during the crop period was 45.7 mm. Relative humidity was the maximum in the month of February during the crop period. The sunshine ranged from 0.5-10.2 hours. The soil is sandy to sandy loam with a pH of 7.8 and 0.52% organic C. Soil low in available N (218.03 kg ha-1), medium in available P (21.59 kg ha-1) and medium in available K (205.57 kg ha-1). The treatment was carried out with 24 treatment combination formed 1949 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 with six nutrient management levels and four varieties of chickpea which were allocated in RBD with three replications. The six nutrient management modules (a) F1- FYM@10 t ha-1, (b) F2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, (c) F3Poultry manure @ 5t ha-1, (d) F4- Chemical check 20+60+20+20 kg NPKS ha-1 as basal application, (e) F5- Vitormone @125ml ha-1 as foliar application, (f) F6- Control and four varieties (a) V1- Pragati (K-3256), (b) V2Pusa- 256, (c) V3- Avrodhi, (d) V4- Pant G 186. The crop sowing was done @ 80Kg seed ha-1. The crop was shown on 18th Nov. 2015 and 25th Oct. 2016. The seeds were sown by hand hoe at the depth of 6-8 cm. The distance between two rows was maintained 45 cm. Irrigations was scheduled on the basis of critical stages i.e. pre-flowering stage. The crop was harvested 140 days after sowing. The biometric observations such as plant height (cm), branches plant-1 and number of pods plant-1 were measured at maturity, were recorded from five randomly selected plants. From the total produce of each plot, 1000 seeds were counted to record data as test weight (g). Whereas, the yield were recorded on net plot basis and converted to q ha-1. However, protein content in grain was calculated by multiplying nitrogen content in grain with the factor of 6.25. MicroKjeldahl’s method was followed for determination of nitrogen content in grain. The statistical analysis was done by using Randomized Block Design suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Results and Discussion The plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher with the application of vermicompost 5 t ha-1, followed by Vitormone 125 ml ha-1 which might be due to the increase in plant growth which attributed to the increase in the availability of nutrients with application of inorganic fertilizer, continuous supply of macro and micro nutrients from vermicompost, which helped in acceleration of various metabolic processes viz., photosynthesis, might have energy transfer reaction and symbiotic biological N– fixation process, which resulted in better growth attributes. Whereas, vitormone is combination of plant growth hormones in combination of micro organisms absorbed through stomata openings. Which is directly enters into the plant physiological process and made other nutrient available for plant growth (Singh et al., 2010). Plant height increased progressively with the progression of plant growth. Avrodhi variety produced the taller plant at harvest stage, year, and pooled in which varieties showed significant differences. Karasu et al., (2009) showed maximum plant height was recorded on popular local genotype of chickpea named Yearly, Canıtez-87 cultivar and ILC-114 line had shorter plant height. Application of micronutrients, plant growth hormones, organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of chickpea, showed significant effect on yield attributing characters i.e. pods plant-1, seeds plant-1, test weight etc. Application of vermicompost 5 t ha-1 produced significantly higher value of this parameter over other treatments. But, it was noticed at par with vitormone 125 ml ha-1. Enhancement in yield attributes may be because of ideal conditions for soil microflora with the application of vermicompost, vitormone and maintenance of good tilth, resulted in better response. Results are also in close agreement with the findings of Amiri et al., (2017) (Table 1 and 2). 1950 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 Table.1 Effect of varieties and organic sources of nutrient on plant height (cm) and yield attributes of chickpea Plant height (cm) Branches plant-1 Number of pods plant-1 Test weight (g) 201516 201617 Pooled 201516 201617 Pooled 201516 201617 Pooled 201516 201617 Pooled Pragati (K-3256) 53.46 52.61 53.03 5.78 5.80 5.79 101.22 100.53 100.87 193.67 194.50 194.08 Pusa-256 55.00 55.90 55.45 5.95 5.95 5.95 103.11 105.68 104.40 195.00 195.83 195.42 Avrodhi 55.67 58.67 57.17 6.00 5.88 5.94 106.72 109.81 108.26 196.50 195.50 196.00 Pant G -186 54.17 55.12 54.65 5.86 5.92 5.89 103.79 105.00 104.40 194.89 195.50 195.19 S. E(m)± 0.15 0.66 0.59 0.03 0.09 0.08 1.40 0.75 1.37 0.25 0.23 0.29 C.D. (p=0.05) 0.41 1.85 1.68 0.09 0.24 0.23 3.91 2.10 3.92 0.71 0.64 0.84 Control 50.43 45.43 47.93 5.45 5.50 5.48 94.60 94.34 94.47 188.50 186.75 187.63 FYM 10 t ha-1 55.00 57.58 56.29 5.98 6.00 5.99 105.17 109.04 107.10 196.00 196.75 196.38 Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 57.25 61.73 59.49 6.10 6.15 6.13 111.36 113.68 112.52 200.50 201.50 201.00 Poultry Manure 5 t ha- 55.00 55.50 55.25 5.95 5.98 5.96 102.08 103.36 102.72 194.58 195.00 194.79 20, 60, 20 kg NPK ha-1 53.50 53.32 53.41 5.89 5.90 5.90 100.01 99.76 99.89 192.00 192.50 192.25 Vitormone 125 ml ha-1 (Foliar) 56.25 59.91 58.08 6.03 5.80 5.91 109.04 111.36 110.20 198.50 199.50 199.00 S. E(m)± 0.18 0.81 0.52 0.04 0.11 0.07 1.71 0.92 1.23 0.31 0.28 0.26 C.D. (p=0.05) 0.51 2.26 1.50 0.11 0.30 0.21 4.78 2.57 3.51 0.87 0.78 0.75 Varieties Nutrient Management 1 1951 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 Table.2 Effect of varieties and organic sources of nutrient on yield, quality B: C ratio of chickpea Seed yield q ha-1 20152016- Pooled 16 17 Varieties 18.28 Pragati (K3256) 19.67 Pusa-256 20.68 Avrodhi 19.40 Pant G -186 0.13 S. E(m)± 0.36 C.D. (p=0.05) Nutrient Management 16.77 Control -1 20.09 FYM 10 t ha 20.43 Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 19.86 Poultry Manure 5 t ha-1 20.09 20, 60, 20 kg NPK ha-1 Vitormone 125 20.93 ml ha-1 (Foliar) 0.04 S. E(m)± 0.10 C.D. (p=0.05) Stover yield q ha-1 20152016- Pooled 16 17 Protein content (%) 20152016- Pooled 16 17 B:C ratio 20152016- Pooled 16 17 18.77 18.52 21.02 22.46 21.74 17.42 16.66 17.04 1.70 1.75 1.72 20.39 21.67 20.20 0.03 0.08 20.03 21.17 19.80 0.12 0.33 21.59 22.31 21.76 0.04 0.10 23.06 23.82 23.16 0.03 0.09 22.32 23.07 22.46 0.04 0.12 18.13 18.38 17.83 0.05 0.13 19.07 19.87 18.38 0.35 0.97 18.60 19.12 18.11 0.30 0.87 1.82 1.91 1.80 0.01 0.03 1.89 2.01 1.87 0.003 0.007 1.86 1.96 1.84 0.010 0.029 17.92 20.66 21.31 17.34 20.37 20.87 19.77 22.17 22.73 21.17 23.67 24.20 20.47 22.92 23.47 15.94 18.25 19.21 13.16 18.83 22.46 14.55 18.54 20.83 1.75 1.68 1.79 1.87 1.73 1.87 1.81 1.71 1.83 20.62 20.24 21.42 22.93 22.18 17.71 18.20 17.95 1.76 1.83 1.79 19.86 21.21 22.72 21.96 17.44 16.79 17.11 1.84 1.89 1.86 192.25 20.61 22.71 24.05 23.38 19.08 21.54 20.31 2.02 2.09 2.06 199.00 0.10 0.30 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.06 0.16 0.43 1.19 0.27 0.78 0.01 0.04 0.003 0.009 0.009 0.026 0.26 0.75 1952 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 There was significant variation among gram cultivars regarding the parameters of number of pods plant-1, seed weight plant-1 and test weight. Among cultivars, Avrodhi produced significantly highest all the parameters than other cultivars. Ali et al., (2010) showed that among the performance of six brown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. 90261, 93127, 97086, 98004, 98154, genotype 98004 expressed comparatively more pods plant-1 (77.58). Kabir et al., (2009) said the highest number of seeds within individual pod was found in BARI Chhola-4 and it was closely followed by BARI Chhola2. The lowest number of seeds pod-1 was found in BARI Chhola-6. BINA (2012) showed in Magura, highest 1000 seed weight produced form BINA Chhola-6 (148.05 g). Karasu et al., (2009) showed that the effects of cultivars were statistically significant at 1% probability level on the 1000 seed weight. While maximum 1000 seed weight was obtained from Canıtez- 87 cultivar (498.2 g) and popular local genotype Yerli (497.9 g), ILC-114 line had fewer 1000 seed weight (446.8 g). superior; it may be ascribed due to better plant growth and yields such as grain, stover and biological. The increment in supply of essential elements through organic and inorganic sources, their availability, mobilization and influx into the plant tissues increased and thus, improved growth and yield components and finally the grain yield of chickpea. The results are also corroborated the findings of Amiri et al., (2017). Chickpea is one of the most important pulses crops of India. The production of any crop can be increase and optimum production can only be obtained by judicious use of suitable genotype with environment and agronomic management practices. Physiological phenomenon and plant growth pattern form an important basis in crop management and productivity maintenance by proper soil moisture, reduction of crop weed competition and supply of adequate amount of required nutrients through organic and inorganic plant nutrient approaches in the soil is essential for obtaining high yield of crop. Micronutrients, biofertilizers, organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on protein content in seeds was noticed significantly higher in vermicompost 5 t ha-1 in seed (19.21, 22.46 and 20.83% during 2015-16, 2016-17 and pooled, respectively) statistically at par with vitormone 125 ml ha-1 (19.08, 21.54 and 20.31% during 2015-16, 2016-17 and pooled, respectively, and both were significantly superior over the rest of the treatments. This might be due to increased in biological nitrogen fixation under these treatments due to supplementation of Mo which favored nitrogenase activity thereby increased N fixation and uptake by plants which resulted in higher N and crude protein in compared to the other treatments. N content because protein content was computed by multiplying the N content in Plant growth hormone, organic and inorganic sources of nutrients significantly influenced the grain yield of chickpea. Application vermicompost 5 t ha-1 was significantly Seed and stover yields varied significantly among the four varieties V1 Pragati (K-3256), V2 (Pusa-256), V3 (Avrodhi) and V4 (Pant G186). The highest seed and stover yields were found in Avrodhi, which was significantly superior over rest of the varieties. It is attributed due to the increased the number of primary and secondary branches per plant, increased number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000-seed weight, the grain and biological yield ultimately increased of chickpea yields. Kabir et al., (2009) observed seed yield per hectare BARI Chhola-4 produced the highest seed yield. The second highest yield was recorded in BARI Chhola-6. 1953 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 seeds with 6.25.The results of similar kind were also reported by Quddus et al., (2018). Protein content varied significantly among the varieties V1 Pragati (K-3256), V2 (Pusa-256), V3 (Avrodhi) and V4 (Pant G-186). The highest protein content was found in V3 (Avrodhi), which was statistically similar with V3 (Avrodhi), it was significantly superior over rest of the varieties. The results are also corroborated with the findings of Quddus et al., (2018). B:C ratio is the ratio of gross return and cost of cultivation. The maximum net return and B:C ratios was obtained with vitormone 125 ml ha-1 and was significantly higher over rest of the treatment. Vitormone is growth enhancer which contains combinations of growth hormones and beneficial microorganisms with cheaper price. The treatment has ability to produce at par yield of the vermicompost 5 t ha-1 and higher yield over other treatments. The combination of cheaper price and higher yields might be the reason for maximum return with higher B:C ratios and proving the beneficial response of these inputs for Bundelkhand soils. Chickpea variety Avrodhi (V3) showed maximum B:C ratio which was significantly superior over rest of the varieties. It was followed by V2 (Pusa-256) and was significantly superior over rest of the two varieties V1 Pragati (K-3256) and V4 (Pant G186). It was attributed due to the yield potential of the tested varieties were differ significantly and thus the cost of produce varies significantly. Whereas, the cost of cultivation for all the tested varieties was same might be the basic reason for variation in economics of varietal treatments. The results are also in support of findings of Nagarajaiah et al., (2005). On the basis of overall results obtained from the present investigation it is concluded that organic and inorganic fertilizers played an important role on growth, yield, quality and its benefit cost ratio of chickpea production. Variety Avrodhi produce higher yields with when it is fertilized with vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1. However, it’s B:C ratio may be augmented by the application of vitormone @ 125 ml ha-1. References Ali, M. A., Abbas, G., Mohy-ud-Din Q., Ullah, K Abbas, G. and Aslam, M. (2010). Response of Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) to phosphatic fertilizer under arid climate. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 20 (2): 83-86. Amiri, H., Ismaili, A. and Hosseinzadeh, S. R. (2017). Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Compost Science and Utilization, 25(3):152-165. Dhakal,Y., R. M. Meena and Kumar S. (2016). Effect of INM on nodulation, yield, quality and available nutrient status in soil after harvest of green gram. Legume Research, 39 (4):590594. Faostat. (2014). http://faostat.fao.org/ default.aspx. Accessed on September, 2020. Gaur PM, Tripathi S, Gowda CLL, Ranga Rao GV, Sharma HC, Pande S, Sharma M (2010). Chickpea Seed Production Manual. Patancheru, India: ICRISA (20) (PDF) Zn-use efficiency for optimization of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2 ed.). John wiley and sons, New York, 680p. Kabir, A. H. M. Fazlul., Bari, M. N., Karim, Md. Abdul., Khaliq, Qazi, Abdul. and Ahmed, Jalal, Uddin. (2009). Effect of 1954 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1948-1955 sowing time and cultivars on the growth and yield of chickpea under rainfed condition. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res., 34(2):335-342. Karasu, A., Oz, M. and Dogan, R. (2009). The effect of bacterial inoculation and different nitrogen doses on yield and yield components of some chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8(1):59-64. Nagarajaiah,K.M., Palled, Y.B., Patil, B.N. and Khot, A.B. (2005). Responce of Chickpea Varieties to Seed Rate and Time of Sowing Under Late Sown Conditions in Malaprabha Command Area. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 18 (3):609-612. Namvar, A., R.S. Sharifi, M. Sedghi, R.A. Zakaria, T. Khandan and B. Eskandarpour, (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 42: 1097-1109. Quddus M. A., Hossain, M. A., Naser, H. M., Naher, N. and Khatun, F. (2018). Response of chickpea varieties to boron application in calcareous and terrace soils of Bangladesh. Bangladesh j. agril. Res. 43(4): 543-556. Singh, Guriqbal, H.S. Sekhon, H. Ram and P. Sharma, (2010). Effect of farmyard manure, phosphorus and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on nodulation, growth and yield of kabuli chickpea. J. Food Legumes, 23: 226-229. Tolessa, D., Tesfa, B., Wakene, N., Tenaw, W., Min Ale, L., Tewodros, M., Burtukan, M. and Waga, M., (2002). A review of fertilizer management research on maize in Ethiopia. In. N. Mandefiro, D. Tanner and S. TwumasiAfriyie (eds.). Proceedings of the Second National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Yagmur, M. and D. Kaydan, (2011). Plant growth and protein ratio of spring sown chickpea with various combinations of rhizobium inoculation, nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation under rainfed condition. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6: 26482654. How to cite this article: Bharat Lal Kushwaha, V. K. Singh, Kaptan Baboo, Satya Dev and Hari Prakash Namdev. 2021. Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars to Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 1948-1955. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.247 1955