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Recommended Websites for Animation/Demonstration Almost all website animations depend on one or more web technologies. Shockwave and Flash are available free from macromedia.com. Java is available from java.com. 1) Flash Animations for Physics – This site contains 89 animations with a description of each animation. At the end of the site is included a page with further links. 2) Best Physics Websites by Rebecca Wenning – Most of the websites were researched through The Physics Teacher. A short description follows each site and is accompanied with a rating scale. The best are labeled GEM. There is also a good review of other video material, videotape, DVD, etc. 3) Math, Physics and Engineering Applets (Falstad) – More than forty links, each has a short description of purpose. At the end of the site there is a list of additional websites. 4) PhET (Physics Education Technology) – This site contains sixty links. There is no description of the animation, but there is a ranking for each site based on user feedback. 5) General Physics Java Applets (Surendranath) – This site contains approximately sixty links. There is no description of the individual sites, only titles. 6) Victoria Junior College (Singapore) – Twenty-seven animations, titles only. Nicely done. Flash Animations for Physics We have been increasingly using Flash animations for illustrating physics content. This page provides access to those animations, which may be of general interest. The animations will appear in a separate window. The animations are sorted by category, and the file size of each animation is included in the listing. Also included is the minimum version of the Flash player that is required; the player is available free from http://www.macromedia.com/. The categories are: • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chaos Classical Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism Micrometer Caliper Miscellaneous Nuclear Optics Oscilloscope Quantum Mechanics Relativity Sound Waves Vectors Waves In addition, I have prepared a small tutorial in using Flash to do physics animations. It contains screen shots and embedded Flash animations, so the file size is a 173K. You may view it in a separate window at: http://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/Flash/Tutorial/FlashPhysics.html. These animations have been translated into Catalan, Spanish and Basque: En aquest enllaç http://ticat.ua.es/David-Harrison podeu trobar la versió al català de les animacions Flash de Física Las animaciones Flash de Física se han traducido al español, y están disponibles en esta dirección: http://ticat.ua.es/David-Harrison Fisikako Flash animazioak euskeratu dira eta helbide honetan eskura daitezke: http://ticat.ua.es/David-Harrison There are 89 animations listed below. Some are simple; others are more complex. The most recent animations added to the list are identified. Category Chaos Title Bunimovich Stadium Chaos Logistic Map Chaos Lorenz Attractor Chaos Three-Body Gravitational Interaction Classical Mechanics Displacement and Distance Classical Mechanics Classical Mechanics Constant Acceleration Motion Animation Description/Comment Illustrating the Chaotic Bunimovich Stadium. Requires Flash 6; file size is 17K. View The logistic map, which demonstrates the bifurcations of the population levels preceding the View transition to chaos. Requires Flash 6; file size is 15K. Looking at the Lorenz attractor in a chaotic regime, allowing the attractor to be rotated. Requires Flash 6; file size is 550K. View Two fixed suns and one planet. Initial conditions are controllable, and up to four different independent planets may be displayed. Requires View Flash 6 and a computer with reasonable power; file size is 50K. A simple animation showing the difference between the distance and the displacement. Requires Flash 5; file size is 5K. View One-dimensional kinematics of a body undergoing constant acceleration. Includes visually integrating the acceleration and velocity graphs, and visually View differentiating the position and velocity graphs. Requires Flash 6; file size is 30K. A car with a non-zero initial speed has a constant acceleration whose value can be controlled by the user. Requires Flash 6; file size is 27K. View Classical Mechanics Two balls falling near the Earth's surface under the Dropping Two Balls influence of gravity. The initial horizontal speed of Near the Earth's View one of the balls may be varied. Requires Flash 6; Surface file size is 11K. Classical Mechanics Illustrating Galilean relativity using his example of Galilean Relativity dropping a ball from the top of the mast of a View sailboat. Requires Flash 6; file size is 22K. Classical Mechanics Projectile Motion Firing a projectile when air resistance is negligible. The initial height and angle may be adjusted. View Requires Flash 6; file size is 36K. Classical Mechanics Kinematics of Projectile Motion A visualization exploration of the kinematics of View projectile motion. Requires Flash 6; file size is 9K. Classical Mechanics An animation of the classic lecture demonstration. The Monkey and the The actual demonstration is preferable if possible; View Hunter then this animation can be given to the students for later review. Requires Flash 6; file size is 21K. Classical Mechanics Classical Mechanics Racing Balls Two balls roll down two different low-friction tracks near the Earth's surface. The user is invited to predict which ball will reach the end of the track View first. This problem is difficult for many beginning physics students. Requires Flash 6 (Release 79); file size is 140K. Racing Skiers The "Racing Balls" animation, which is accessed via the above line, sometimes triggers cognitive dissonance and rejection in beginning students. For some of these, changing the balls to skiers helps to View clarify the situation, and that is what this animation does. The "Racing Balls" one should be used with students first. Requires Flash 6 (Release 79); file size is 145K. Classical Mechanics Elastic and inelastic collisions on an air track, with Air Track Collisions different masses for the target cart. Requires Flash View 6; file size is 70K. Classical Mechanics Newton's Cradle A small animation of Newton's Cradle, sometimes View known as Newton's Balls. Requires Flash 6; file size is 1K. Classical Mechanics Hooke's Law Classical Mechanics A simple animation illustrating Hooke's Law. Requires Flash 6; file size is 13K. View Coordinate System An unusual coordinate system for describing View for Circular Motion circular motion. Requires Flash 6; file size is 94K. Classical Mechanics Vertical Circular Motion A mass is in circular motion in the vertical plane. We show the weight and force exerted by the tension in the string. Requires Flash 6; file size is 7K. View Classical Mechanics Forces on a Pendulum The weight, force due to tension, and total force exerted on the bob of a pendulum are shown. Requires Flash 6; file size is 8K. View Classical Mechanics Rolling Disc A simple animation that traces the motion of a point on a rolling disc. Requires Flash 6; file size is 31K. View Classical Mechanics Right-Hand Screw Rule The direction of the angular velocity vector given by a right-hand screw rule. Requires Flash 6; file size is 196K. Also linked to from the Vectors section. View Classical Mechanics Direction of the Angular Velocity A simple animation of the direction of the angular View velocity vector. Requires Flash 6; file size is 125K. Vector Classical Mechanics Classical Mechanics Curling Curling rocks and tori sliding across surfaces. Requires Flash 6; file size is 601K. View How Does a Cat The saying is that cats always land on their feet. Land on its Feet? This animation explains how they do this. Requires View Flash 6; file size is 81K. Classical Mechanics Precession of a Spinning Top A simple animation of a spinning top, which precesses. Requires Flash 5; file size is 739K. View Classical Mechanics Simple Harmonic Motion I Demonstrating that one component of uniform circular motion is simple harmonic motion. Requires Flash 6; file size is 10K. View Classical Mechanics Simple Harmonic Motion II Illustrating and comparing simple harmonic motion for a spring-mass system and for an oscillating hollow cylinder. Requires Flash 5; file size is 20K. View Classical Mechanics Damped Simple Harmonic Motion The damping factor may be controlled with a slider. The maximum available damping factor of 100 corresponds to critical damping. Requires Flash 6; file size is 12K. View Classical Mechanics Driven Simple Harmonic Motion A harmonic oscillator driven by a harmonic force. The frequency and damping factor of the oscillator View may be varied. Requires Flash 6; file size is 199K. Classical Mechanics Two simple pendulums connected by a spring. The mass of one of the pendulums may be varied. Within mathematical rounding errors, the Coupled Harmonic resolution on the screen of one pixel and a frame View Oscillators rate of 12 frames per second the animation is correct, not an approximation. Requires Flash 6; file size is 47K. Electricity and Magnetism A simple DC circuit has a DC voltage source Comparing a DC lighting a light bulb. Also shown is a hydraulic Circuit to the Flow system in which water drives a turbine. The two View of Water systems are shown to be similar. Requires Flash 6; file size is 51K. Electricity and Magnetism Field Lines Electricity and Magnetism A Simple Buzzer Electricity and Magnetism Illustrating representing an electric field with field View lines. Requires Flash 5; file size is 22K. A simple buzzer consisting of a battery, a flexible metal strip, a piece of iron, and some wire. Requires Flash 6; file size is 20K. View Electric Field of an An electric charge is executing simple harmonic Oscillating Charge motion, and the animation shows the electric field View lines around it. Requires Flash 6 and a computer with reasonable power; file size is 40K. Electricity and Magnetism Electric and Magnetic Fields of an Oscillating Charge A three-dimensional animation of the "far" fields of an oscillating charge. Requires Flash 6; file size View is 120K. Circular polarization generated from a linearly Electricity and Circular Polarization polarized electromagnetic wave by a quarter-wave View Magnetism plate. Requires Flash 6; file size is 785K. Electricity and Magnetism Spinning Charges and an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field 1 A spinning charged object passes through an inhomogeneous magnetic field. This animation is also used in a discussion of the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Requires Flash 6; file size is 74K. Electricity and Magnetism Spinning Charges and an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field 2 A spinning charged object passes through an array of three magnets, each producing an inhomogeneous magnetic field. This animation is View also used in a discussion of the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Requires Flash 6; file size is 79K. Micrometer Caliper Measuring with a Micrometer A simple animation of using a micrometer to measure the width of a pencil. Requires Flash 5; file size is 13K. View Micrometer Caliper An Exercise in Reading a Micrometer Provides controls to position the micrometer, and when a button is clicked displays the reading. Requires Flash 5; file size is 30K. View View A small animation showing a piston compressing a A Simple Piston and sample of gas. As the volume of the gas goes Miscellaneous View Boyle's Law down, the density and, therefore, the pressure, goes up. Requires Flash 5; file size is 3.9K. Miscellaneous Derivative of the Sine Function An animation illustrating that the derivative of a sine function is a cosine. Requires Flash 6, file size View is 20K. Illustrating that the area of a circle is a limit of the Area of a Circle as a sum of the areas of interior triangles as the number Miscellaneous View Limit of triangles goes to infinity. Requires Flash 5; file size is 12K. Miscellaneous Integration Illustrating the meaning of the integral sign, including an example. Requires Flash 5; file size is View 124K. Nuclear Scattering Simulating nuclear scattering experiments by scattering ball bearings off targets. This is based on an experiment in the First Year Physics View Laboratory at the University of Toronto. Requires Flash 6 (Release 79); file size is 182K. Nuclear Nuclear Decays The decay of 500 atoms of the fictional element Balonium. Uses a proper Monte Carlo engine to simulate real decays. Requires Flash 6; file size is 27K. Nuclear Pair Production A simple illustration of electron-positron production and annihilation. Requires Flash 5; file View size is 21K. Nuclear Illustrating the three principle modes by which XThe Interaction of Xrays interact with matter. Requires Flash 6; file Rays with Matter size is 47K. Optics Rotating a Mirror and the Reflected Ray View View Illustrating that when a mirror is rotated by an angle, the reflected ray is rotated by twice that angle. Requires Flash 6; file size is 20K. View Optics Reflection and Refraction Illustrating reflection and refraction, including total internal reflection. Requires Flash 6; file size is 33K. View Optics Object-Image Relationships Ray tracing for a thin lens showing the formation of a real image of an object. Requires Flash 5; file size is 17K. View Optics Using an Optical Bench A simulation of an optical bench with a light source, object, thin lens and an image. The screen that displays the image is moved. Requires Flash 5; file size is 14K. View Oscilloscope The Time Base Control 1 Shows the effect of changing the time base control on the display of an oscilloscope. There is no input View voltage. Requires Flash 5; file size is 10K. Oscilloscope The Time Base Control 2 Shows the effect of changing the time base control on the display when there is an input voltage View varying in time. Requires Flash 5; file size is 12K. Oscilloscope The Time Base Control 3 Shows the effect of changing the time base control on the display when there is an input voltage View varying in time when the frequency of the voltage is high. Requires Flash 5; file size is 17K. Oscilloscope The Voltage Control Shows the effect of changing the voltage control on the display. Requires Flash 5; file size is 10K. View Oscilloscope The Trigger Shows the effect of changing the trigger level on the display. Requires Flash 5; file size is 5.9K. View Quantum The Bohr Model The photon excitation and photon emission of the View Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics electron in a hydrogen atom as described by the Bohr model. Requires Flash 6: file size is 77K. Complementarity Here we visualize a hydrogen atom, which consists of an electron in orbit around a proton. In one view the electron is a particle and in the other view it is View a probability distribution. The reality is neither view by itself, but a composite of the two. Requires Flash 5; file size is 15K. The Double-Slit Experiment 1 The famous "Feynman Double-Slit Experiment" for electrons. Here we fire one electron at a time from the electron gun, and observe the build-up of View electron positions on the screen. Requires Flash 5; file size is 15K. The Double-Slit Experiment 2 Here we illustrate Complementarity using the double-slit experiment. We view the path of the electron from the gun to the observing screen as a particle and as a wave. Requires Flash 5; file size is 33K. View Quantum Mechanics Up to three Stern-Gerlach filters with userStern-Gelach Filters controlled orientations are placed in an electron beam. Requires Flash 7; file size is 130K. View Relativity Michelson-Morley Experiment A simple analogy involving two swimmers that sets up the Michelson-Morley Experiment. Requires Flash 6; file size is 15K. View Relativity Time Dilation A demonstration that the phenomenon of time dilation from the special theory of relativity necessarily follows from the idea that the speed of View light is the same value for all observers. Requires Flash 6; file size is 55K. Relativity Deriving Length Contraction A tutorial that shows how relativistic length contraction must follow from the existence of time View dilation. Requires Flash 5; file size is 37K. Relativity This series of animations demonstrates that the Length Contraction relativistic length contraction is invisible. Requires View is Invisible Flash 5; file size is 90K. Relativity Deriving the Relativity of Simultaneity A tutorial that shows how the relative nature of the simultaneity of two events must follow from the View existence of length contraction. Requires Flash 5; file size is 39K. Relativity Twin Paradox There are many ways of approaching this classic "paradox." Here we discuss it as an example of the View relativistic Doppler effect. Requires Flash 6; file size is 116K. Relativity This began as an animation of the Foucault Foucault Pendulum Pendulum, but then I generalized it to illustrate and Mach's Principle Mach's Principle. Requires Flash 6; file size is 1.5M. View Relativity Advance of the A simple animation showing Newton's and Perihelion Einstein's predictions for the orbit of Mercury. Requires Flash 6; file size is 7K. View Sound Waves Sound Waves Beats Illustrating beats between two oscillators of nearly identical frequencies. Requires Flash 6; file size is View 215K. Doppler Effect: Illustrating the wave fronts of a wave for a moving Wave Fronts source. There are a few similar animations on the View web: this is my reinvention of that wheel. Requires Flash 6; file size is 11K. Sound Waves Doppler Effect Sound Waves Tuning Fork Illustrating the classical Doppler effect for sound waves. Requires Flash 6; file size is 43K. View A small animation of a vibrating tuning fork producing a sound wave. Requires Flash 5; file size is 2.7K. View This animation shows air molecules vibrating, with each molecule "driving" its neighbor to the right. It is used to illustrate that when the displacement Pressure and Sound Waves wave is at a maximum, then the density of the View Displacement Waves molecules, and thus the pressure wave, is at a minimum and vice versa. Requires Flash 5; file size is 30K. A very brief introduction to the physics and psychophysics of music, with an emphasis on temperament, the relationship between notes. Requires Flash 6 and sound; file size is 151K. Sound Waves Temperament Vectors Adding 2 Vectors A simple demonstration of adding two vectors graphically. Also demonstrates that vector addition View is commutative. Requires Flash 5; file size is 7K. Vectors Adding 3 Vectors A simple demonstration of adding three vectors graphically. Also demonstrates that vector addition View is associative. Requires Flash 5; file size is 10K. Vectors Subtracting 2 Vectors A simple demonstration that subtracting two vectors graphically is the same as adding the first one to the negative of the second one. Requires Flash 5; file size is 4.5K. View View Vectors Vectors Vectors A simple demonstration that to add two vectors Component Addition numerically, just add the Cartesian components. Requires Flash 5; file size is 16K. View Unit Vectors A simple animation of unit vectors and vector addition. Requires Flash 6; file size is 12K. Dot Product A simple demonstration of the relation between the dot product of 2 vectors and the angle between View them. Requires Flash 6; file size is 8K. Vectors Right-Hand Screw Rule Vectors Cross Product The direction of the angular velocity vector given by a right-hand screw rule. Requires Flash 6; file size is 196K. Also linked to from the Classical Mechanics section. View View The direction of the cross product of two vectors is demonstrated. The magnitude shown is correct but View not discussed. Requires Flash 6; file size is 44K. Traveling Waves Illustrating the sign of the time term for traveling waves, moving from left to right or right to left. Requires Flash 6; file size is 42K. View Waves Reflections from a Barrier A wave is reflected from a barrier with a phase reversal. This is the behavior for transverse waves and the displacement aspect of a longitudinal wave. Requires Flash 5; file size is 42K. View Waves Reflections from Two Barriers A wave is reflected back and forth between two barriers, setting up a standing wave. Requires Flash 5; file size is 41K. View Waves Waves The first three standing waves for nodes at both Standing Waves ends. The frequencies of the waves are with a Node on Both View proportional to one over the wavelength. Requires Ends Flash 5; file size is 11K. Waves The first three standing waves for a node at one Standing Waves end and an antinode at the other. The frequencies with a Node on One are proportional to one over the wavelength. End Requires Flash 5; file size is 18K. View This page turns out to be linked to from a number of other sites. This surprises and delights me. A few of those sites are: