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RADIOISOTOPES – APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES Edited by Nirmal Singh Radioisotopes – Applications in Physical Sciences Edited by Nirmal Singh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright dpaint, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Radioisotopes – Applications in Physical Sciences, Edited by Nirmal Singh p. cm. 978-953-307-510-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Radioisotopes and Some Physical Aspects 1 Chapter 1 Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials Raad Obid Hussain and Hayder Hamza Hussain 3 Chapter 2 Research Reactor Fuel Fabrication to Produce Radioisotopes 21 A. M. Saliba-Silva, E. F. Urano de Carvalho, H. G. Riella and M. Durazzo Chapter 3 Application of Enriched Stable Isotopes in Element Uptake and Translocation in Plant 55 Shinsuke Mori, Akira Kawasaki, Satoru Ishikawa and Tomohito Arao Chapter 4 Diffusion Experiment in Lithium Ionic 8 Conductors with the Radiotracer of Li 69 Sun-Chan Jeong Chapter 5 Determination of Chemical State and External Magnetic Field Effect on the Energy Shifts and X-Ray Intensity Ratios of Yttrium and Its Compounds 89 Sevil Porikli and Yakup Kurucu Chapter 6 Angular Dependence of Fluorescence X-Rays and Alignment of Vacancy State Induced by Radioisotopes 115 İbrahim Han Chapter 7 Determination of Actinides Using Digital Pulse Processing Analysis 125 B. de Celis, V. del Canto, R. de la Fuente, J.M. Lumbreras, J. Mundo and B. de Celis Alonso VI Contents Chapter 8 The Newly Calculations of Production Cross Sections for Some Positron Emitting and Single Photon Emitting Radioisotopes in Proton Cyclotrons 141 E. Tel, M. Sahan, A. Aydin, H. Sahan, F. A.Ugur and A. Kaplan Chapter 9 History of Applications of Radioactive Sources in Analytical Instruments for Planetary Exploration 155 Thanasis E. Economou Part 2 Chapter 10 Radioisotopes in Environment Environmental Dosimetry – Measurements and Calculations Mats Isaksson 173 175 Chapter 11 Radiological Survey in Soil of South America 197 María Luciana Montes and Judith Desimoni Chapter 12 Radioactivity in Marine Salts and Sediments 225 Manuel Navarrete, José Golzarri, Guillermo Espinosa, Graciela Müller, Miguel Angel Zúñiga and Michelle Camacho Chapter 13 Utilizing Radioisotopes for Trace Metal Speciation Measurements in Seawater 247 P.L. Croot, M.I. Heller, C. Schlosser and K. Wuttig Chapter 14 137 133 Cesium ( Cs and Cs), Potassium and Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and Sphagnum Plants 279 Mykhailo Vinichuk, Anders Dahlberg and Klas Rosén Chapter 15 Body Composition Analyzer Based on PGNAA Method 311 Hamed Panjeh and Reza Izadi-Najafabadi Chapter 16 Transportation Pathway of Potassium and Phosphorous in Grape Fruit 325 Zhenming Niu, Yi Wang, Yanqing Lu, Xuefeng Xu and Zhenhai Han Chapter 17 Intercellular Communication in Response to Radiation Induced Stress: Bystander Effects in Vitro and in Vivo and Their Possible Clinical Implications 335 Maria Widel Chapter 18 The Potential Of I-129 as an Environmental Tracer 367 Andrej Osterc and Vekoslava Stibilj Chapter 19 Hydrodynamic Characterization of Industrial Flotation Machines Using Radioisotopes Juan Yianatos and Francisco Díaz 391 Contents Part 3 Radioisotopes in Power System Applications 417 Chapter 20 Radioisotope Power: A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration 419 George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski Chapter 21 Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications Antonio Sanchez-Torres Chapter 22 U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems and Applications: Past, Present and Future 473 Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett 457 VII Preface Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass because they have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei with the identical number of protons. Some isotopes are unstable due to a specific combination of neutrons and protons which occurs naturally or can be artificially produced by bombarding the target atoms with neutrons in a nuclear reactor or with charged particles in an accelerator. These unstable nuclei attain their stability by emitting nuclear radiations such as neutrons, alpha particles, beta (positron/electron) or gamma rays and are termed as radioisotopes, while the term radioactivity is used to describe these spontaneous, energy emitting, atomic transitions that involve changes in the state of the nucleus of an atom. Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in l896 when he was investigating the fluorescence of a double sulphate of uranium and potassium, using a photographic plate. Marie Curie coined the word radioactivitè, investigated this property in a number of minerals containing uranium, which she found to be more active and subsequently polonium was discovered. Readers are referred to read more in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements and Procedures. Radiation from radioisotopes plays a very important role in all fields, useful in our life such as soil and earth science, radioactive dating, environment, archeology, agriculture, biochemical analysis, radiotherapy and cancer treatment, medical diagnosis, nuclear medicine, biological sciences, sterilization of medical products, non‐destructive elemental analysis and testing of materials, oceanography, pharmaceutical, radioisotope power systems for space applications and many more. The basic aim of this book is to present a very comprehensive review. Applications of radioisotopes have been reviewed and compiled in chapters contributed by world known authors in their respective specialized fields of research. The book contains three sections; Radioisotopes and some physical aspects, Radioisotopes in environment and Radioisotopes in power system for space applications. In Tech Open Access Publisher has put in a lot of effort to complete the task of publishing this book for the immense benefit of the scientific and technical X Preface community, to discharge their social obligation and serve mankind all over the world. With this background I acknowledge the contributions put in these volumes by my expert colleagues and I endorse my special thanks to In Tech Open Access Publisher to assign me the job as an editor and for giving me an opportunity to review the all chapters published in the book. Nirmal Singh Emeritus Professor, Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India