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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.158 Productivity and Economics under Varying Sowing Time of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Varieties in Central Uttar Pradesh Naresh Chand1, A. P. Dubey1, Thaneshwar2, Jai Prakash2 and Vipin Kumar Sagar2* 1 Department of Agronomy, C.S.A.U.A.&T. Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)-208002, India Department of Agronomy, S.V.P.U.A.&T. Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)-250110, India 2 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Mustard, Sowing time, Crop growth, Seed yield Article Info Accepted: 12 September 2019 Available Online: 10 October 2019 A field experiment was conducted at Student Instructional Farm, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur with three dates of sowing viz. November, 03, 10 and November, 17, 2011 and used three varieties of mustard viz. Vaibhav, Vardan and Varuna with four replication under Split Plot Design. Plant height, number of branches, number of siliquae, number of seed/siliquae, dry matter, seeds weight and yield were recorded at different growth stages. All the biometric parameters decreased with delay in sowing. Among the different varieties of mustard, Varuna showed higher plant height, more primary, secondary and tertiary branches, more dry weight and yield as compared to Vardan and Vaibhav. Higher seed yield (21.05 q/ha) was recorded under November, 03 date of sowing, when maximum and minimum temperature was 32.8 and 13.00C respectively as compare to November, 17 (Maximum 30.2 0C and Minimum 13.40C) sown crop. Subsequently, sowing there was 12 and 22% increases in seed yield at November, 03 sowing over one and two week delayed sown crop. Among the varieties mean yield of Varuna yielded 20.06 q/ha and performed 8.3 and 12.3% higher yield than Vardan and Vaibhav, respectively. Net profit was calculated maximum (Rs 66265/ha) under 3 rd Nov. of sowing (D1) over to 10th Nov.(D2) and 17th Nov. (D3) as well as the net profit was received among the varieties Varuna was produces maximum (Rs.61621/ha) over to Vardan (Rs 54266.00/ha) and Vaibhav (Rs 50596/ha). Introduction Rapeseed mustard (Brassica Spp.) group of crops is the second most important oil seed crop of the country after groundnut contributing nearly 25-28% of total oil seeds production. Oil and fats are essential ingredients of balanced food and constituent of human body. These have medicinal and therapeutic value (Krishna Murthy and Bhatnagar, 1998). The oil seed scenario in the country has undergone a sea of change in the last fifteen years. India was importing edible oil and fats till mid 1980’s; started exporting during the early 1990’s and thereafter status importing more than 40 % of annual edible oil needs (Hundal et al., 2004). Oilseed crop held a sizeable share of the country’s gross cropped 1355 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 area (14%) and contributed around 1.4% of the value of all agricultural commodities. Presently, India is playing a vital role in global demand spectrum of oilseed through accounting for about 12-13 per cent of world oilseed area, 6-7 per cent of world oilseed output, 6-7 per cent of world oil meal production, 5-6 per cent of world oil meal export, 6-7 per cent of world vegetable oil production, 15-17 per cent of world vegetable oil import and 10 per cent of the world edible oil consumption. In India, it is mainly cultivated in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana and West Bengal in varied situation. In Uttar Pradesh rapeseed mustard is grown in an area of 6.2 lakh hectare with the production of 0.73 million tones and the productivity is 11.58 q/ha.. Rape seed mustard oil is used primarily for edible purpose and in the principal cooking oil in the mustard growing area of the country. Besides, seeds are used as condiments and in preparation of salad, juice curries and pickles. The meal cake left after oil extraction form important cattle feed and may also be as organic manure. In spite of fact that Indian mustard plays such a prominent role in agriculture economy. It has very low yield. There are several factors responsible for low yield. The important ones are delayed sowing, inadequate fertilizer application and various biotic and abiotic stresses. There situation are further aggravated by the fact that mustard is cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands and also predominantly as mixed crop under rainfed condition. The limited improvement in this crop has been mainly due to narrow genetic base arbitrary choice of parents without understanding their genetic architecture and combing ability. During the past research efforts were made to evolve high yielding varieties to meet the growing demand of edible oil. Specially mustard oil which have been developed and oil seed production has also increased but due to growing demand of edible oil. There is a necessity the productivity of this crop at national level rapeseed and mustard covered 7.06 million hectare area and produced 4.7 million tonnes with productivity 1013 kg per hectare. Agriculture production is most sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, as climate is the primary determinants of agriculture productivity is projected to decrease for the increase of local temperature (1-2 0C) at lower latitudes, especially in seasonal dry and tropical/sub-tropical regions of the world (Anonymous,2007). Mustard is considerably sensitive to weather as evidenced from the variable response to different dates of sowing (Kumar et al., 1998; Kar and Chakravarty 2000; Yadav et al., 2007), one month delay in sowing from mid of October resulted losses of 40.6 % in seed yield (Lallu, et al., 2010). The temperature is major factor that directly affects insect development, reproduction and survival. Although the behavior of individual insect may vary to global climate change (rise in temperature) the impact of global warming on plant insect interaction has been predicted to increase the intensity of herbivore pressure on plants (Dhaliwal, 2002). Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate Productivity and economics under varying sowing time of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties in Central Uttar Pradesh Materials and Methods The field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2011-12 at Student’s Instructional Farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). Geographically, Kanpur is situated in 1356 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 subtropical region. It is situated at an elevation of 125.9 meter above mean sea level, 26020'' 35'' North latitude and 80018'35'' East longitude. The mean annual rainfall is about 868 mm mainly through south-west monsoon rains confined within June to last week of September with occasional frost and shower in winter season from North-East monsoon during December and January. During the experiment, the mean minimum and maximum temperature varied in between 4.1 to 15.9 and 18.0 to 32.10C, respectively.. As far as total amount of rainfall is concerned, 67.6 mm rains were recorded during whole growth period. The sunshine hours ranged from 0 to 9.3 hours during experiment. The crop received cumulative sunshine hours of about 109.5 hours during the experiment. Soil samples from a depth of 0-15 cm were collected from each plot of the experiment with the help of soil auger prior to fertilizer application and composite sample was drawn for determining its physical and chemical properties. The soil of experimental site was sandy loam in texture (51.2 % sand, 23.6% silt and 25.2% clay), low in organic carbon (0.47%) and available nitrogen (223 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (12.6 kg/ha) and medium in available potassium (155 kg/ha) with near to neutral (7.70 pH) in reaction. The experiment was conducted in split plot design (SPD). Nine treatments combination comprised of three sowing date/sowing temperature viz. crop sown on November 03 at sowing mean temperature 22.9 0C (D1). Crop sown on November 10 at sowing mean temperature 21.8 0C (D2) and crop sown on November 17 at sowing temperature 21.8 0C (D3) along with three varieties i.e. Vaibhav, Vardan, and Varuna were used under investigation, keeping dates of sowing in main plots and variety of mustard in sub plots with 3 replications. The preparation of field by ploughing once with tractor drawn mould board plough, twice by cultivator which followed by planking. Each operation was followed by planking to have smooth clod free seed bed. After land preparation the layout of all the experiment was marked and sub-plots were demarcated within each main plot. Fertilizers were applied during last operation of field. The experimental crop was fertilized @ 120 kg N/ha, 60 kg P2O5/ha, 60 kg K2O and 25 kg S /ha only half of the nitrogen was applied at the time of sowing while rest half amount of nitrogen was applied in two equal splits, each at optimum soil moisture after first irrigation and 60 days after sowing through urea and phosphorus and potash full doses were applied in deep furrows at the time of sowing. On next day after sowing, lay out was prepared with help of hand karha by separating the sub plots. Sowing was done date wise as treatment in row 45 cm apart using seed rate 0f 5 kg ha-1. Later on plant spacing of 15 cm was maintained by thinning extra plants. Only manual one weeding and hoeing operation were done in the experimental first weeding was done with the help of khurpi after 15-20 days of sowing and second was done after crop after first irrigation at optimum moisture, to remove the weed and to provide aeration for plant rhizosphere for proper root development of experimental crop. Extra plants were uprooted periodically right from it attains complete emergence as to maintain uniform crop geometry and represented plant population. Two irrigation was given during the crop span, first irrigation after 30-35 days of sowing and second just before the flowering stage to harvest maximum potential yield. Plant protection measures were adopted against different insect-pests and diseases. It appeared the incidence off Alternaria blight, this disease is caused by fungus (Alternaria brassicae) affect all the aerial parts of the plant including the inflorescence and capsules. For the control of this fungal disease spray 1357 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 Mancozeb-75 WP @ 2.0kg is 1000 liters o water per hectare at 10 days interval as soon as the symptoms start appearing on the plants. In the beginning mustard saw fly larvae became active caused on the leaves, it appears in the month of October and November. 298.30, 74.69 respectively), Seed weight / plant (3.09 g), seed yield (16.50 q/ha), straw yield (62.35q/ha), harvest index (20.81 %),net return (Rs 45551.0), B:C ratio(2.47). Higher values of all attributes were recorded in the result when crop was sown on November 3. Mustard aphid is a very serious pest, both nymph and adult suck the sap of the tender leaves, twigs stem inflorescence and pods. For control of Aphids spray 0.05% malathion 50EC was twice during crop season. Since yield attributes of these treatments rely on the performance of vegetative growth viz. higher number of primary, secondary and tertiary branch/plant, dry matter accumulation and higher photosynthetic efficiency, which ultimately may reflect higher translocation of photosynthetic from source to sink, resulted in the terms of maximum yield. Similar results reported by Dhaliwal et al., (2005), Ray and Chakavarty (2007) Patel et al., (2010). The aphid population per 10 cm of terminal shoot per plant was counted in each main and sub plots at meteorological week wise. It was summed up, averaged and correlated variety wise worked out infestation of aphid. Effect of varieties Results and Discussion Effect of date of sowing The results revealed that final plant population (20.10), (Table 1) length of siliqua (5.20 cm) and number of seeds per siliqua (11.93) were superior with sowing date D1 being at par with sowing date D2 while Plant height at different stages, number of primary, secondary, tertiary branches / plant, dry matter production (g/m2), number of siliquae / plant at primary, secondary, tertiary branch, seed weight / plant (g), seed yield (q/ha), straw yield (q/ha), harvest index (%),net return, B:C ratio varied significantly among different date of sowing. The sowing date D1 recorded significantly higher Plant height at bolting (13.38 cm), branching (33.33 cm), 50% flowering (62.88 cm), silqua initial (104.76 cm), maturity stage (154.66 cm) number of primary, secondary, tertiary branches / plant (6.57, 13.58, 11.27 respectively), dry matter production (g/m2) at bolting, pod development, maturity (35.72, 67.49, 75.43 respectively),number of siliquae at primary, secondary, tertiary branch (151.30, The observation recorded revealed that the (Table 2) mortality per cent were observed in Vaibhav followed by Varuna and lowest in Vardan whereas mustard variety V3 recorded significantly higher Plant height at bolting (15.86 cm), branching (36.68 cm), 50% flowering (81.13 cm), silqua initial (135.15 cm), maturity stage (196.48 cm) number of primary, secondary, tertiary branches / plant (8.30, 16.55, 13.83 respectively), number of siliquae per plant at primary, secondary, tertiary branch (202.48, 345.64, 93.81 respectively), length of siliquae (5.49 cm),dry matter production (g/m2) at bolting, pod development, maturity (44.22), 83.29, 92.40 respectively. Seed weight / plant (3.95 g), seed yield (20.06 q/ha), (Table 3) straw yield (71.75/ha), harvest index (21.80 %), net return (Rs 1558.88), B:C ratio(3.00). This may be attributes due to better use of photosynthetic efficiency in presence of higher foliage by the Varuna as compared to other two tested variety. The results obtained are in accordance with Saha and Khan (2008). 1358 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 Table.1 Effect of date of sowing and different varieties of mustard on growth of mustard Treatment Number of plant population(m2) Initial Final Morta lity % Plant height Number of branches / plant primary secondary tertiary Bolting Branching 50% Flowering Siliqua initial Maturity Interaction D1V 1 D1V 2 D1V 3 D2V 1 22.60 21.20 22.93 21.70 19.99 19.97 20.35 19.21 13 06 13 13 14.17 14.62 17.09 13.40 36.47 37.11 38.51 35.31 81.27 85.99 92.71 71.77 135.47 145.44 154.95 122.47 175.910 185.813 221.558 174.005 8.1 8.7 9.2 7.5 16.16 17.33 19.91 14.83 15.3 15.2 16.4 13.2 D2V 2 D2V 3 D3V 1 D3V 2 D3V 3 SE + (D X V) 22.09 22.70 21.76 21.96 21.80 2.20 19.85 19.95 17.98 18.65 18.90 1.95 11 14 21 18 15 - 13.66 15.61 12.90 12.36 14.89 0.62 36.39 38.26 32.51 33.33 34.16 0.70 75.39 82.88 57.17 63.69 67.80 1.31 129.91 134.67 93.56 104.89 115.84 1.41 184.743 196.040 143.040 149.083 171.868 1.88 7.7 8.3 5.2 7.0 7.5 0.56 15.50 15.58 13.17 13.41 14.17 0.68 12.2 13.2 11.2 10.7 11.8 0.61 CD 5% NS NS - 1.29 2.94 3.91 1.17 1.42 1.27 3 Nov. (D1) 10 Nov. (D2) 17 Nov. (D3) SE + (D) CD 5% Variety Vaibhav (V1) Vardan (V2) 22.24 20.83 21.85 0.51 NS 20.10 19.67 18.35 0.33 0.83 11 06 19 - 15.29 14.22 13.38 0.34 0.84 1.45 2.72 Date of Sowing 37.36 86.66 36.65 76.68 33.33 62.88 0.26 0.71 0.66 1.78 145.29 129.01 104.76 0.66 1.65 194.42 184.92 154.66 1.40 3.50 8.66 7.83 6.57 0.35 0.89 17.80 15.30 13.58 0.24 0.62 15.66 12.85 11.27 0.46 1.15 21.69 21.09 19.06 19.49 14 08 13.49 13.55 34.76 35.61 70.07 75.02 117.17 126.74 164.31 173.21 6.93 7.73 13.16 15.41 13.24 12.71 Varuna (V3) SE + (V) CD 5% 22.15 0.52 NS 19.58 0.21 NS 13 - 15.86 0.36 0.77 36.68 0.44 0.93 81.13 0.77 1.63 135.15 0.86 1.82 196.48 0.95 2.03 8.30 0.31 0.66 16.55 0.43 0.91 13.83 0.30 0.65 1359 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 Table.2 Effect of date of sowing and different varieties of mustard on growth and yield attributes of mustard Treatment Number of Siliquae / plant Primary Secondary Tertiary length of siliquae Number of seeds/ siliquae Total Dry matter production (g/m2) Fresh weight (g/m2) Bolting Pod dev. Maturity Dry weight (g/m2) Bolting Pod dev. Maturity Interaction D1V 1 D1V 2 210.48 215.46 329.68 336.59 92.58 93.21 632.8 645.3 5.08 5.11 11.98 13.60 279.7 282.6 454.66 459.67 509.12 516.62 41.94 42.03 83.02 84.13 91.87 93.67 D1V 3 D2V 1 237.65 181.85 374.28 318.39 105.20 79.11 717.1 579.4 5.42 4.56 13.75 11.90 323.5 275.8 474.02 430.62 533.46 474.58 50.48 38.06 91.47 75.79 103.29 83.82 186.70 208.32 144.10 148.35 161.45 1.91 NS 320.48 357.65 294.69 295.23 304.99 2.04 NS 82.2 96.83 71.32 73.35 79.39 1.77 NS 589.4 662.8 510.1 516.9 545.8 - 4.95 5.47 4.01 4.57 5.58 0.37 NS 12.20 13.40 10.95 11.85 13.00 0.79 NS 287.2 319.9 234.9 236.0 241.5 1.87 NS 441.46 470.42 474.53 374.62 381.06 1.99 NS 486.69 518.97 405.03 412.41 421.45 2.84 NS 39.98 44.78 34.05 35.70 37.42 1.30 NS 80.36 88.60 65.00 67.66 69.82 1.32 NS 85.36 96.07 73.07 75.39 77.85 1.10 NS 221.20 192.29 151.30 2.11 5.2 346.85 332.17 298.30 0.92 2.31 96.99 86.05 74.69 1.32 3.31 665.04 610.51 524.29 - 178.81 183.51 202.48 1.32 2.79 314.26 317.44 345.64 1.84 3.91 81.01 82.92 93.81 1.48 3.15 574.08 583.87 641.93 - D2V 2 D2V 3 D3V 1 D3V 2 D3V 3 SE + (D X V) CD 5% Date of sowing 3 Nov. (D1) 10 Nov. (D2) 17 Nov. (D3) SE + (D) CD 5% Variety Vaibhav (V1) Vardan (V2) Varuna (V3) SE + (V) CD 5% 5.20 4.99 4.72 0.11 0.28 4.55 4.87 5.49 0.21 0.45 13.11 12.52 11.93 0.24 0.61 11.61 12.55 13.38 0.45 0.96 1360 295.27 294.29 237.42 1.13 2.82 462.78 447.50 410.06 1.26 3.14 519.73 493.41 412.96 1.19 2.97 44.81 40.94 35.72 1.09 2.72 86.20 81.58 67.49 1.14 2.86 96.27 88.41 75.43 0.98 2.46 263.45 268.59 294.9 1.63 3.46 453.27 425.25 441.83 1.73 3.67 462.91 471.91 491.29 2.58 5.48 38.02 39.24 44.22 1.05 2.23 74.60 77.38 83.29 1.05 2.24 82.92 84.80 92.40 0.87 1.85 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 Table.3 Yield and economics of production of mustard as influenced by different treatments Treatment Interaction D1V 1 D1V 2 D1V 3 D2V 1 D2V 2 D2V 3 D3V 1 D3V 2 D3V 3 SE + (D X V) CD 5% Date of sowing 3 Nov. (D1) 10 Nov. (D2) 17 Nov. (D3) SE + (D) CD 5% Variety Vaibhav (V1) Vardan (V2) Varuna (V3) SE + (V) CD 5% Seed weight / plant (g) Seed yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%) Net return B:C ratio 4.35 4.50 4.67 3.42 20.02 20.97 22.17 17.60 73.80 77.25 77.30 65.67 21.33 21.43 22.25 21.39 61689.5 66086.00 71186.00 50561.00 3.00 3.14 3.31 2.64 3.52 3.85 2.90 3.05 3.32 0.18 N.S. 18.00 19.97 15.20 16.25 18.05 0.79 NS 67.00 71.60 58.7 62.02 66.35 1.75 NS 21.25 22.01 20.48 20.82 21.13 0.34 N.S. 52391.00 61266.00 39661.00 44453.50 52543.00 1342.18 2786.62 2.70 2.98 2.28 2.44 2.70 0.19 2.69 4.50 3.60 3.09 0.10 0.27 21.05 18.52 16.50 0.22 0.55 76.11 68.09 62.35 1.79 4.46 21.67 21.55 20.81 0.22 0.56 66264.00 54710.00 45551.00 880.64 2196.75 3.15 2.77 2.47 0.12 0.30 3.55 3.69 3.95 0.10 0.22 17.60 18.40 20.06 0.46 0.97 66.05 68.75 71.75 1.01 2.14 21.07 21.16 21.8 0.19 0.41 50596.00 54266.00 61621.00 736.29 1558.88 2.64 2.76 3.00 0.10 0.22 1361 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 1355-1363 Interaction effect The interaction of date of sowing and varieties were significant with respect to plant height at bolting, 50% flowering, siliqua initial, maturity stage, No. of secondary branch per plant, net return, B:C ratio. The combination of D1V3 i.e., mustard variety vaibhav sown on date 3 Nov. recorded significantly higher plant height at bolting, 50% flowering, siliqua initial, maturity stage (17.09, 92.71, 154.95, 221.558 respectively), No. of secondary branch per plant (19.91), net return (Rs 71186.0), B:C ratio (3.31). Similar findings were reported by Mall et al., (2004) and Mandal and Sinha (2002). Based on the study it is calculated that 3rd Nov. sowing date and variety Varuna proved beneficial for farmers and better option for realizing higher productivity of mustard in irrigated condition under Central Plain Zone of U.P. References Anonymous, 2007.Statistical analysis of Himachal Pradesh. Department of Economics and Statistics, Himachal Pradesh, pp. 69-71. Dhaliwal, L.K. 2002. Crop weather aphid interaction in Raya (Brassica juncea L.)Under different hydrothermal environment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 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