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principles of anatomy&physiology Gerard J. Tortora / Bryan Derrickson 14th Edition Experience + Innovation start here... go anywhere Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 14th Edition Gerard J. Tortora Bergen Community College Bryan Derrickson Valencia College VP and Executive Publisher Associate Publisher Executive Editor Marketing Manager Associate Editor Developmental Editor Senior Product Designer Assistant Editor Editorial Assistant Senior Content Manager Senior Production Editor Illustration Editor Senior Photo Editor Media Specialist Design Director Senior Designer Cover Photo Kaye Pace Kevin Witt Bonnie Roesch Maria Guarascio Lauren Elfers Karen Trost Linda Muriello Brittany Cheetham Grace Bagley Juanita Thompson Erin Ault Claudia Volano Mary Ann Price Svetlana Barskaya Harry Nolan Madelyn Lesure Laguna Design/SPL/Science Source This book was set in 10.5/12.5 Times LT STD with Frutiger LT STD family by Aptara and printed and bound by Quad Graphics/Versailles. The cover was printed by Quad Graphics/Versailles. This book is printed on acid free paper. ⬁ Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000. © Gerard J. Tortora, L.L.C., Bryan Derrickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free-of-charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. 978-1-118-34500-9 (Main Book ISBN) 978-1-118-34439-2 (Binder-Ready Version ISBN) Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Jerry Tortora is Professor of Biology and former Biology Coordinator at Bergen Community College in Paramus, New Jersey, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology as well as microbiology. He received his bachelor’s degree in biology from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his master’s degree in science education from Montclair State College. He is a member of many professional organizations, including the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Metropolitan Association of College and University Biologists (MACUB). Above all, Jerry is devoted to his students and their aspirations. In recognition of this commitment, Jerry was the recipient of MACUB’s 1992 President’s Memorial Award. In 1996, he received a National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) excellence award from the University of Texas and was selected to represent Bergen Community College in a campaign to increase awareness of the contributions of community colleges to higher education. Jerry is the author of several best-selling science textbooks and laboratory manuals, a calling that often requires an additional 40 hours per week beyond his teaching responsibilities. Nevertheless, he still makes time for four or five weekly aerobic workouts that include biking and running. He also enjoys attending college basketball and professional hockey games and performances at the Metropolitan Opera House. Courtesy of Gerard J. Tortora Courtesy of Heidi Chung ABOUT THE AUTHORS To Reverend Dr. James F. Tortora, my brother, my friend, and my role model. Courtesy of Bryan Derrickson His life of dedication has inspired me in so many ways, both personally and professionally, and I honor him and pay tribute to him with this dedication. G.J.T. Bryan Derrickson is Professor of Biology at Valencia College in Orlando, Florida, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology as well as general biology and human sexuality. He received his bachelor’s degree in biology from Morehouse College and his Ph.D. in cell biology from Duke University. Bryan’s study at Duke was in the Physiology Division within the Department of Cell Biology, so while his degree is in cell biology, his training focused on physiology. At Valencia, he frequently serves on faculty hiring committees. He has served as a member of the Faculty Senate, which is the governing body of the college, and as a member of the Faculty Academy Committee (now called the Teaching and Learning Academy), which sets the standards for the acquisition of tenure by faculty members. Nationally, he is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT). Bryan has always wanted to teach. Inspired by several biology professors while in college, he decided to pursue physiology with an eye to teaching at the college level. He is completely dedicated to the success of his students. He particularly enjoys the challenges of his diverse student population, in terms of their age, ethnicity, and academic ability, and finds being able to reach all of them, despite their differences, a rewarding experience. His students continually recognize Bryan’s efforts and care by nominating him for a campus award known as the “Valencia Professor Who Makes Valencia a Better Place to Start.” Bryan has received this award three times. To my family: Rosalind, Hurley, Cherie, and Robb. Your support and motivation have been invaluable to me. B.H.D. iii PREFACE An anatomy and physiology course can be the gateway to a gratifying career in a host of health-related professions. It can also be an incredible challenge. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th edition continues to offer a balanced presentation of content under the umbrella of our primary and unifying theme of homeostasis, supported by relevant discussions of disruptions to homeostasis. Through years of collaboration with students and instructors alike, this new edition of the text—integrated with WileyPLUS with ORION—brings together deep experience and modern innovation to provide solutions for students’ greatest challenges. We have designed the organization and flow of content within these pages to provide students with an accurate, clearly written, and expertly illustrated presentation of the structure and function of the human body. We are also cognizant of the fact that the teaching and learning environment has changed significantly to rely more heavily on the ability to access the rich content in this printed text in a variety of digital ways, anytime and anywhere. We are pleased that this 14th edition meets these changing standards and offers dynamic and engaging choices to make this course more rewarding and fruitful. Students can start here, and armed with the knowledge they gain through a professor’s guidance using these materials, be ready to go anywhere with their careers. New for This Edition The 14th edition of Principles of Anatomy and Physiology has been updated throughout, paying careful attention to include the most current medical terms in use (based on Terminologia Anatomica) and including an enhanced glossary. The design has been refreshed to ensure that the content is clearly presented and easy to access. Clinical Connections that help students understand the relevance of anatomical structures and functions have been updated throughout and in some cases are now placed alongside related illustrations to strengthen these connections for students. The all-important illustrations that support this most visual of sciences have been scrutinized and revised as needed throughout. Nearly every chapter of the text has a new or revised illustration or photograph. ANTERIOR ANTERIOR PULMONARY VALVE (closed) Right coronary artery Left coronary artery PULMONARY VALVE (open) AORTIC VALVE (open) AORTIC VALVE (closed) BICUSPID VALVE (open) BICUSPID VALVE (closed) TRICUSPID VALVE (closed) TRICUSPID VALVE (open) POSTERIOR Superior view with atria removed: pulmonary and aortic valves closed, bicuspid and tricuspid valves open iv POSTERIOR Superior view with atria removed: pulmonary and aortic valves open, bicuspid and tricuspid valves closed Crista galli Axodendritic Perpendicular plate Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Axoaxonic Left orbit Superior nasal meatus Middle nasal meatus Maxillary sinus Middle nasal concha Vomer Dendrites Axon Oral cavity Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Axosomatic Cell body Inferior nasal meatus Frontal section through ethmoid bone in skull Thyroid cartilage of larynx Cricoid cartilage of larynx RIGHT LATERAL LOBE OF THYROID GLAND LEFT LATERAL LOBE OF THYROID GLAND ISTHMUS OF THYROID GLAND Trachea Brain Right lung Optic nerve Periorbital fat Ethmoidal cells Arch of aorta Superior nasal concha Superior nasal meatus Nasal septum: Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Anterior view Middle nasal concha Middle nasal meatus Maxillary sinus Vomer Inferior nasal concha Inferior nasal meatus Hard palate Tongue Frontal section showing conchae and meatuses SEM x8000 SEM x2700 SEM x4000 Extension Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Extension Flexion Flexion Hyperextension Extension Extension Hyperextension Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints Shoulder joint Elbow joint Wrist joint Lateral flexion Extension Flexion Extension Hyperextension Flexion Hip joint Knee joint Intervertebral joints v c21TheCardiovascularSystemBloodVesselsAndHemodynamics.indd Page 747 9/16/13 8:35 AM f-481 Enhancing our emphasis on the importance of homeostasis and the mechanisms that support it, we have redesigned the illustrations describing feedback diagrams throughout the text. Introduced in the first chapter, the distinctive design helps students recognize the key components of a feedback cycle, whether studying the control manBody.indd Page 10 7/11/13 11:08 AM f-481 /204/WB00924/9781118345009/ch01/text_s of blood pressure, regulation of breathing, regulation of glomerular filtration Figure 21.14 Negative feedback regulation of blood rate, or a host of other functions involving negative or positive feedback. To pressure via baroreceptor reflexes. aid visual learners, color is used consistently—green for a controlled condition, When blood pressure decreases, heart rate increases. blue for receptors, purple for the control center, and red for effectors. Figure 1.3 Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by a negative feedback system. The broken return arrow with a negative sign surrounded by a circle symbolizes negative feedback. STIMULUS Disrupts homeostasis by decreasing If the response reverses the stimulus, a system is operating by negative feedback. CONTROLLED CONDITION STIMULUS Blood pressure Disrupts homeostasis by increasing RECEPTORS CONTROLLED CONDITION Blood pressure Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and arch of aorta – RECEPTORS Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels Input – Input Nerve impulses Stretch less, which decreases rate of nerve impulses CONTROL CENTERS CV center in medulla oblongata Adrenal medulla CONTROL CENTER Brain Return to homeostasis when the response brings blood pressure back to normal Output Nerve impulses Output Increased sympathetic, decreased parasympathetic stimulation Increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla Return to homeostasis when increased cardiac output and increased vascular resistance bring blood pressure back to normal EFFECTORS Heart Blood vessels EFFECTORS Heart Blood vessels Increased stroke volume and heart rate lead to increased cardiac output (CO) Constriction of blood vessels increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR) RESPONSE Increased blood pressure RESPONSE A decrease in heart rate and the dilation (widening) of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback? vi Does this negative feedback cycle represent the changes that occur when you lie down or when you stand up?