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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 2174-2183 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.256 Physiological Evaluation of Genotypes for Drought Tolerance on Receding Soil Moisture U.D. Chavan*, S.V. Nirmal, S.R. Gadakh, M.S. Shinde, V.R. Patil, V.R. Awari and U.S. Dalvi All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Sorghum genotypes, physiological characteristics, RLWC, SPAD value, Medium soil, Harvest index, Leaf temperature. Article Info Accepted: 26 May 2017 Available Online: 10 June 2017 Thirteen new Rabi sorghum genotypes and three checks were evaluated for their physiological characterization under medium and shallow soils during Rabi season viz., 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 in randomized block design with three replications. The grain yield was positively correlated with leaf area, leaf area index, biomass at harvest, HI %, 1000 grain weight, RLWC %, stay green at physiological maturity, while per day production of grain and fodder yield negatively correlated with leaf temperature differences. While considering all physiological parameters on medium soil genotype RSSV 1640 was found significantly superior over the checks. On shallow soil, none of the new genotype was found significantly superior over the check Phule Anuradha. Introduction Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is the king of cereals and is one of the important food crops in dry lands of tropical Africa, India and China (Shobha et al., 2008). India ranks second in the world for sorghum production and first with respect to many regionally important crops like millets and pseudo-cereals. Sorghum is the principal staple food of Maharashtra, and is also an important food of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Sorghum can be milled to produce starch or grits (semolina) from which many ethnic and traditional dishes can be made. The most common products are leavened and unleavened breads, porridges, boiled grains and steam cooked products such as couscous. Sorghum flour also makes an excellent fry coating for fish, chicken and beef. Sorghum is also used in the preparation of several snacks and for popping, chewing, and malting (Rao and Murty, 1981). There is a considerable 2174 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 variation in sorghum for levels of proteins, lysine, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, and niacin (Chavan et al., 2009). Sorghum has chemical composition similar to or better than rice and wheat in some respects. The grains contain high fiber and non-starchy polysaccharides and starch with some unique characteristics. Protein quality and essential amino acid profile of sorghum is better than many of the cereals. Sorghum in general is rich source of B-complex vitamins (Chavan et al., 1988; 2010; 2015). Sorghum roti is very popular in villages and small towns as an accompaniment to gravy meat and vegetable curries and is one of the traditional recipes of India. It is round, flat; unleavened bread often used in the cuisine of western and central India, especially in the states of Gujarat, Sorghum roti is known by various names in the different languages of India: chapati (Hindi), bhakri (Marathi), rotla (Gujarati), rotte (Telugu), etc. (Subramanian and Jambunathan, 1981). Because sorghum flour is gluten-free flour, it is very tough to spread the dough without breaking the shape and one really needs hands-on experience and many failed attempts to get the skill. No leavening agents, oil/ghee are added. Just fresh sorghum flour, warm water and touch of fire - pure grain power in its glory. Arabinoxylans have been isolated from different cereals and responsible to play important role in maintaining water balance and rheological properties of dough (Michniewicz et al., 1991; Vietor et al., 1992; Nandini et al., 2001). Typically bhakri is accompanied by various curries, chutney (thecha – a thick paste of really hot green or red chilies) and raw onion (Murty and Subramanian, 1981). Bhakri has its own advantages from dietary point of view. Being made from cereals, it is high in dietary fiber but at the same time very easy to digest (Chavan et al., 1989, Chavan and Patil, 2010 and Chavan and Salunkhe, 1984). However it was necessary to study the effect different locations on the nutritional and roti quality therefore, present study was under taken to identify superior genotype for future development. Materials and Methods Thirteen new Rabi sorghum genotypes and three checks were evaluated for their physiological characterization under medium and shallow soils at Sorghum Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during Rabi season viz., 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 in randomized block design with three replications. The gross and net plot size was 4.50 x 2.70 m and 4.10 x 1.80 m, respectively and the sowing was done by keeping 45 x 15 cm spacing. All agronomic practices were followed as a when required. Goth and physiological parameters were recorded at 50% flowering and grain yield data was recorded after the harvest of the crop. Plant height (cm) Plant height of five randomly selected plants from each plot was recorded in cm by measuring from the base of the plant near the ground up to the tip of the panicle. Leaf area (dm2) The leaf area of the plant was calculated by taking maximum length and width at the broadest point of the green leaves and multiplying by the factor 0.747 (Stickler et al., 1961). Leaf area index (LAI) From the data of leaf area per plant the leaf index was calculated according to the 2175 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 following formula by Watson (1947). Total heat unit (sowing to maturity) Leaf area per plant (dm2) LA LAI = --------------------------------- = ---------Land area (dm2) P Dry matter (g) Heat unit efficiency (Dry matter yield) = -----------------------------Total heat unit (sowing to maturity) Relative leaf water content (RLWC, %) Thousand grain weight (g) The relative leaf water content was determined according to the procedure given by Barrs and Weatherly (1962) at flowing stage and it was expressed in percent (%). Fresh weight (Wf) – Dry weight (Wd) RLWC (%) = ------------------------------- x 100 Turgid weight (Wt) – Dry weight (Wd) Thousand grains of each genotype were counted and weight (g) was recorded by electronic balance. Harvest index (%) Dry matter (%) The harvest index (HI) expressed in (%) was calculated by using the formula given by Donald (1962). The dry matter at 50% flowering, of leaf, stem and panicle were recorded using standard methods. Economic yield (g/plant) Harvest index (%) = ----------------------- x 100 Biological yield (g/plant) Heat unit Other parameters The total heat units required from sowing to panicle ignition, panicle flowing, flowering to physiological maturity worked by the total submission of the degree days above the base temperature with the help of formula suggested by Iwata (1984) Base temperature taken as 10 0C (Klages, 1958). The standard methods given in the AOAC (1990) were used to record the observations and yield of the crop. n Max tem. + Min. tem. Heat unit = ∑ -------------------------- - Base 0C i=1 2 temperature Heat unit efficiency (HUF) The heat unit efficiency calculated for grain and dry matter per plant at maturity by the formula given by Rajput (1980). Grain yield (g) Heat unit efficiency (grain yield) = ------------------------------------- Statistical analysis The statistical analysis of the data was carried out by Analysis of variance method suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). Results and Discussion Sorghum crop is included in the C-4 plants which have high capacity of photosynthesis. The photosynthesis is mostly depends on the leaf area of that plant. The leaf area and leaf area index showed positive correlation to yield parameters (Table 1a). The genotype RSV 1640 gave highest leaf area and leaf area index which governs the final yield of the crop for medium soil type. But for shallow 2176 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 soil type Phule Anuradha showed higher level of yield. LAI helps in intercepting more solar radiation and thereby enhancing photosynthetic rate and resulting in higher total dry matter production and grain yield. Leaf area index is an important parameter which governs dry matter production and thus yields (Kulkarni et al., 1981). Similar findings were also reported by Haremath and Parvatikar (1985). The genotype RSV 1640 recorded higher RLWC (90.00%) as compared with all checks in medium soil (Table 1a). But for shallow soil the check genotype Phule Anuradha showed lowest RLWC than other genotypes studied (Table 2a). Nirmal et al., (2013) reported that the RLWC % under rainfed condition and irrigated conditions ranged from 49-76% and 48-76% respectively. The SPAD value of RSV 1640 was medium but their leaf temperature difference was highest (-7.1) as compared to other all genotypes studied in medium soil type. This indicated that more energy is used for the development of yield component during their growth development. In shallow soil Phule Anuradha showed highest SPAD value than other genotypes studied (Table 2a). Similar results are also reported by several researchers. The heat unit and heat unit efficiency also play important role in the directly utilization energy for growth and yield components. The new genotype RSV 1640 showed 89% energy efficiency in medium soil (Table 1a). In shallow soil also Phule Anuradha check genotype showed 74% efficiency in the utilization of heat energy in to yield production in Rabi sorghum (Table 2a). Similar results also reported by Nirmal et al., (2013). Shinde and Narkhede (1998) studied the heat unit required of parental lines during kharif, rabi and summer season. The results revealed that heat units were lower in rabi season and higher in summer flowed by kharif. For yield contributing characters it was indicated that highest biomass at flowering was produced by the genotype BRJ 341 (6395 kg/ha) and at harvest 9280 (kg/ha) on medium soil and the BRJ 235 produced highest biomass at flowering (287 (kg/ha) and at harvest 4776 (kg/ha) on shallow soil (Table 2 a, b). As regards per day production (kg/ha/day) the genotype RSV 1640 produced higher grain 28.35 (kg/ha/day) and fodder 42.47 (kg/ha/day) on medium soil and genotype Phule Anuradha produced higher grains (8.20 (kg/ha/day) and fodder 22.70 (kg/ha/day) on shallow soil (Table 1b and 2b). Kusalkar et al., (2003) also reported similar results. The dry matter yield at harvest is mostly based on the harvest index. For medium soil type genotype RSV 1640 showed highest harvest index (40) than other new genotypes, while for shallow soil type the genotype Phule Anuradha showed highest harvest index 27 (Table 2a). The genotype Phule Suchitra produced higher 1000-seed weight (40/1000 grains) on medium soil and BRJ 341 and Phule Suchitra gave highest 100-seed weight (34/1000 grains) on shallow soil. These genotypes also showed 5-6 range for the stay green at physiological maturity stage on both medium and shallow soil (Table 1b and 2b). Narkhede et al., (1998) and Nirmal and Patil (2008) also reported similar results. 2177 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 Table.1a Physiological traits associated with grain and fodder yield (Medium soil) Entry Leaf area (dm2) LAI RLWC SPAD (%) at flow. Heat Unit 54.9 58.2 63.6 56.9 53.7 54.2 55.4 52.9 53.0 53.6 54.7 52.5 54.7 51.8 53.7 56.8 Leaf temp. Diff. (0C) -6.7 -6.2 -6.2 -7.1 -5.2 -6.1 -6.6 -6.0 -6.4 -5.5 -7.1 -6.5 -6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 RSV1544 RSV1572 RSV1620 RSV1640 RSSV167 CRS 49 CRS 50 PVR 930 BRJ 229 BRJ 343 BRJ 235 BRJ 376 BRJ 341 M-35-1 (C) P. Suchitra (C) P. Anuradha (C) 33.8 25.7 29.9 34.6 30.6 24.0 29.9 29.9 33.8 34.6 25.4 28.8 26.4 26.7 29.8 22.6 5.02 3.81 4.43 5.11 4.54 3.57 4.43 4.43 5.02 5.11 3.76 4.24 3.92 3.96 4.42 3.36 86 90 86 90 88 86 85 83 87 86 86 75 86 81 83 76 SE + CD at 5 % CV % Correlation +0.38 +0.26 +0.32 EE (%) Biologic HI al Yield kg/ha Yield (kg ha-1) Grain Fodder 1395 1395 1435 1413 1484 1413 1484 1421 1484 1472 1489 1472 1460 1441 1472 1403 Heat Unit Efficie ncy 2.209 1.928 2.291 2.388 2.123 1.778 1.811 2.082 1.953 2.163 2.074 1.708 1.993 1.986 2.213 1.964 85 69 77 89 81 83 72 77 79 83 74 82 79 85 76 81 8731 6804 9518 8428 10467 8396 9645 7732 8807 9508 8915 9141 9280 7205 8980 6134 35 40 35 40 30 30 28 38 33 33 35 28 31 40 36 45 +0.38 +0.45 +0.18 +0.45 +0.53 3082 2690 3287 3374 3150 2513 2687 2958 2898 3184 3088 2514 2910 2862 3258 2755 126.8 366.1 7.44 - +0.48 -0.67 2178 5649 4114 6231 5054 7317 5883 6958 4774 5909 6324 5827 6627 6370 4343 5722 3379 271.3 783.4 8.31 +0.43 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 Table.1b Physiological traits associated with grain and fodder yield (Medium soil) Entry RSV1544 RSV1572 RSV1620 RSV1640 RSSV167 CRS 49 CRS 50 PVR 930 BRJ 229 BRJ 343 BRJ 235 BRJ 376 BRJ 341 M-35-1 (C) P. Suchitra (C) P. Anuradha (C) Correlation Plant height (cm) 232 208 232 230 227 206 214 201 226 230 209 216 224 217 221 198 +0.648 Biomass at 50 % flow. (kg/ha) 4888 5419 4864 4321 4851 3975 5370 4160 5000 5543 5172 4185 6395 5555 5666 4358 +0.531 1000 grain weight (g) 33 32 32 32 36 37 38 33 35 33 31 32 39 35 40 35 +0.367 Days to 50 % flow. 75 75 80 77 85 77 85 77 85 84 86 84 83 81 84 76 +0.289 Phy. maturity 115 115 123 119 126 115 126 118 124 124 125 124 119 120 125 108 +0.063 2179 Per days Dry matter at 50% flow. Stay green at production (g/m2) phy. maturity kg/ha/day (1-9 scale) Grain Fodder Leaves Stem Panicle 26.80 23.39 26.72 28.35 25.00 21.85 21.33 25.07 23.37 25.68 24.70 20.27 24.45 23.85 26.06 24.17 +0.319 49.12 35.77 50.66 42.47 58.07 51.16 55.22 40.46 47.65 51.00 46.62 53.44 53.53 36.19 45.78 29.64 +0.068 79 78 78 80 79 77 97 81 95 99 97 92 86 81 94 73 +0.238 253 300 256 209 261 189 272 189 247 283 255 185 367 319 298 222 +0.489 64 61 60 61 52 56 65 68 64 67 67 62 65 49 67 58 +0.639 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 5-6 - Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 Table.2a Physiological traits associated with grain and fodder yield (Shallow soil) Entry RSV1544 RSV1572 RSV1620 RSV1640 RSSV167 CRS 49 CRS 50 PVR 930 BRJ 229 BRJ 343 BRJ 235 BRJ 376 BRJ 341 M-35-1 (C) P. Suchitra (C) P. Anuradha (C) SE + CD at 5 % CV % Correlation Leaf area (dm2) LAI RLW SPAD C (%) at flow. 20.2 20.2 17.1 17.8 20.5 14.3 14.0 15.3 18.7 17.6 13.2 15.4 15.6 17.1 18.5 18.9 2.99 2.99 2.54 2.57 3.03 2.13 2.07 2.27 2.78 2.60 1.96 2.27 2.31 2.53 2.74 2.78 84 89 81 89 81 79 83 77 82 81 84 77 81 81 72 68 +0.89 +0.36 +0.37 Heat Unit 39.9 44.2 33.4 40.1 40.6 40.8 39.2 34.6 38.9 44.1 41.5 39.0 35.2 42.2 37.1 44.4 Leaf temp. Diff. (0C) -3.9 -3.9 -3.4 -3.4 -3.5 -3.8 -3.2 -2.8 -2.7 -3.9 -3.3 -3.4 -2.8 -3.4 -3.3 -4.0 +0.67 -0.29 +0.349 +0.272 +0.72 2180 1385 1395 1413 1395 1429 1385 1435 1395 1435 1435 1421 1441 1429 1429 1435 1385 Heat Unit Efficie ncy 0.675 0.518 0.585 0.524 0.624 0.624 0.594 0.652 0.620 0.576 0.643 0.609 0.304 0.452 0.484 0.675 EE (%) 75 70 52 65 51 63 55 55 47 64 61 50 50 62 59 74 Biolo gical Yield kg/ha 4775 4756 4773 3101 3732 4456 3525 2928 3179 3453 4776 3559 2812 3774 3982 3523 HI +0.09 +0.27 20 15 17 24 24 19 24 31 28 24 19 25 15 17 17 27 Yield (kg ha-1) Grain Fodder 905 723 827 731 891 864 853 909 889 827 914 878 434 646 694 935 61.60 177.9 13.18 - 3840 4033 3946 2370 2841 3592 2672 2019 2290 2626 3862 2681 2378 3128 3288 2588 96.00 277.3 5.52 +0.25 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 Table.2b Physiological traits associated with grain and fodder yield (Shallow soil) Entry RSV1544 RSV1572 RSV1620 RSV1640 RSSV167 CRS 49 CRS 50 PVR 930 BRJ 229 BRJ 343 BRJ 235 BRJ 376 BRJ 341 M 35-1(C) P. Suchitra (C) P. Anuradha (C) Correlation Plant (cm) 142 152 163 161 137 135 132 135 141 164 138 103 139 152 151 120 +0.48 height Biomass at 1000 grain Days to 50 % flow. weight (g) (kg/ha) 50 % flowering 199 28 74 207 27 75 201 27 77 244 27 75 225 30 79 225 32 74 236 33 80 190 28 75 197 31 80 200 28 80 287 25 78 276 26 81 228 34 79 184 29 79 241 34 80 197 29 74 +0.29 +0.69 +0.09 2181 Phy. Maturity 114 115 117 115 119 114 120 115 120 120 118 121 119 119 120 108 Per days Dry matter at 50% flow. production (g/m2) kg/ha/day Grain Fodder Leave Stem Panic s le 8.01 33.68 50 111 38 6.29 35.07 49 120 38 7.07 33.73 62 104 35 6.36 20.61 50 164 30 7.49 23.87 64 124 37 7.58 31.51 44 146 35 7.11 22.27 63 132 41 7.90 17.56 52 102 36 7.41 19.08 53 112 33 6.89 21.88 61 101 38 7.75 32.73 63 184 41 7.26 22.16 68 168 40 3.65 19.98 63 119 46 5.43 26.29 51 102 31 5.78 27.40 75 122 45 8.20 22.70 46 113 38 Stay green at phy. maturity (19 scale) +0.33 +0.67 - +0.582 +0.36 +0.639 +0.24 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 5-6 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 2174-2183 For the final yield genotype RSV 1640 gave 3374 kg/ha grain yield and 5054 kg/ha fodder yield on medium soil. While Phule Anuradha gave highest grain yield 935 kg/ha and 2588 kg/ha fodder yield on shallow soil. Chavan et al., (2012) studied the seven rabi genotypes and reported that the grain yield ranged from 17.3 to 26.8 q/ha on medium soil. Similar results are reported by Shinde and Narkhede (1998). The grain yield was positively correlated with biomass at harvest, HI %, 1000 grain weight, RLWC %, stay green at physiological maturity, while per day production of grain and fodder yield negatively correlated with leaf temperature differences. On medium soil genotype RSSV 1640 was found significantly superior over the checks. On shallow soil, none of the genotype was found significantly superior over the check Phule Anuradha. For medium soil new Rabi sorghum genotype RSV 1640 is the best one while for shallow soil Phule Anuradha is the best Rabi sorghum genotype which gives higher grain and fodder yield on the basis of the physiological parameters. References AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, pp.113-127. 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I. variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties and within years. Ann. Bot. 11: 41-76. How to cite this article: Chavan, U.D., S.V. Nirmal, S.R. Gadakh, M.S. Shinde, V.R. Patil, V.R. Awari and Dalvi, U.S. 2017. Physiological Evaluation of Genotypes for Drought Tolerance on Receding Soil Moisture. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(6): 2174-2183. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.256 2183