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PERFORMATIVE ARCHITECTURE BEYOND INSTRUMENTALITY EDITED BY BRANKO KOLAREVIC & ALI M. MALKAWI First published 2005 by Spon Press 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Simultaneously published in the UK by Spon Press 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk." Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2005 Branko Kolarevic and Ali Malkawi, selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kolarevic, Branko, 1963Performative architecture : beyond instrumentality / Branko Kolarevic and Ali Malkawi. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-70083-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 0-203-53685-1 (ebook) 1. Buildings--Performance. 2. Buildings--Energy conservation. 3. Architecture--Decision making. I. Malkawi, Ali. II. Title. TH453.K65 2004 720--dc22 2004014235 ISBN 0-203-01782-X Master e-book ISBN CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. v PROLOGUE (Kolarevic) ................................................................................. 1 1 ARCHITECTURE'S UNSCRIPTED PERFORMANCE (Leatherbarrow) ......... 5 2 PRODUCT AND PROCESS: PERFORMANCE-BASED ARCHITECTURE (Whalley) ............................... 21 3 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE (Raman) ......... 41 4 BIOTECHNIQUES: REMARKS ON THE INTENSITY OF CONDITIONING (Braham) ................................................ 55 5 PERFORMANCE FORM (Herzog) ............................................................... 71 6 PERFORMANCE SIMULATION: RESEARCH AND TOOLS (Malkawi) ...... 85 7 A FRAMEWORK FOR RATIONAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE DIALOGUES (Augenbroe) ............................. 97 8 ENGINEERING COMPLEXITY: PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN IN USE (Schwitter) ........................... 111 9 ENGINEERING IN A PERFORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT (Blassel) ......... 123 10 NON-STANDARD STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR NON-STANDARD ARCHITECTURE (Kloft) .............................................. 135 11 COMMUNICATIVE DISPLAY SKIN FOR BUILDINGS: BIX AT THE KUNSTHAUS GRAZ (Edler) ................................................. 149 12 THE STRUCTURE OF VAGUENESS (Spuybroek) .................................... 161 13 PERFORMATIVITY: BEYOND EFFICIENCY AND OPTIMIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE (Rahim) ......................................... 177 14 COMPUTING THE PERFORMATIVE (Kolarevic) ..................................... 193 15 TOWARDS THE PERFORMATIVE IN ARCHITECTURE (Kolarevic) ....... 203 16 PERFORMANCE (AND PERFORMERS): IN SEARCH OF DIRECTION (AND A DIRECTOR) (McCleary) ................ 215 17 CONCEPTUAL PERFORMATIVITY (panel discussion) .............................. 225 18 OPERATIVE PERFORMATIVITY (panel discussion) .................................. 237 EPILOGUE (Malkawi) ............................................................................... 247 APPENDIX ................................................................................................. 251 AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES ....................................................................... 253 IMAGE CREDITS ...................................................................................... 261 INDEX ....................................................................................................... 263 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the contributors of this book for the time and effort they have devoted to writing the chapters and for putting up with the various editorial demands. We are grateful to the sponsors of the symposium “Performative Architecture,” which was held at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in October 2003, and which led to this book. The symposium was organized by the Digital Design Research Lab (DDRL) and the Building Simulation Group (BSG) in the School of Design at Penn (PennDesign). It was sponsored by McGraw-Hill Construction, Turner Construction, Autodesk, Bentley Systems, Flomerics, the Department of Facilities and Real Estate Services, the Department of Architecture at Penn and by PennDesign. We would like to thank the University of Pennsylvania and the School of Design for providing an exceptional environment for teaching and research. We are particularly grateful to Professor Gary Hack, Dean of PennDesign, Professor Detlef Mertins, Chair of the Department of Architecture, and Professor Richard Wesley, former Head of the Department of Architecture, for their support of our endeavors. Finally, we want to thank our students and our colleagues for the stimulating conversations about the subject of this book. v PROLOGUE BRANKO KOLAREVIC 1 PROLOGUE BRANKO KOLAREVIC 2 This book discusses an emerging approach to architecture in which building performance is a guiding design principle. This architecture places broadly defined performance above, or on a par with, form-making; it utilizes digital technologies of quantitative and qualitative performance-based simulation to offer a comprehensive new approach to the design of the built environment. In this new information- and simulation-driven design context, the paradigm of performance-based design can be approached very broadly — its meaning spans multiple realms, from spatial, social and cultural to purely technical (structural, thermal, acoustical, etc.). The increasing emphasis on building performance — from the cultural and social context to building physics — is influencing building design, its processes and practices, by blurring the distinctions between geometry and analysis, between appearance and performance. By integrating the design and analysis of buildings around digital technologies of modeling and simulation, the architect’s and engineer’s roles are increasingly being integrated into a relatively seamless digital collaborative enterprise from the earliest, conceptual stages of design. The contents of this book emerged out of the symposium on “Performative Architecture” held at the University of Pennsylvania in October 2003. That event brought together some of the leading individuals from different realms — architects, engineers, theoreticians, technologists — who comprise the contributors to this book, with the aim of providing informed views of what is meant by performances in architecture and of architecture. The idea for the symposium was based on discussions between Ali Malkawi and myself about the apparent “disconnect” between geometry and analysis in the currently available digital tools. Our initial scrutiny of the tools (the instruments) that are used to digitally simulate the performance of buildings — the tools that are increasingly accessible to architects and their consultants — provoked broader questions, such as to what extent performance actually influences design and what performance means in architecture. As we engaged the theme in its broader dimensions, we discovered that little has been written about performance in architecture. Yet this term — performance — has been widely used by owners, designers, engineers, cultural theorists, etc. Performance in architecture increasingly matters; however, it means different things to different people. The chapters in this book provide a diverse set of ideas as to how building performance is relevant today and how it might be relevant tomorrow for architectural and engineering design practices. The projects discussed provide snapshots of different approaches, grounded in actual practices already taking place. As readers will notice, the meanings of performance in architecture are indeed multiple and intertwined, and are irreducible to a simple, succinct definition. Performance, however, will increasingly underlie discussions about architecture in the future. 3