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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.423 Performance of Sorghum Hybrids under Different Nitrogen Levels in Rice-Fallow Conditions of North Coastal A.P., India B. Sri Sai Siddartha Naik*, K.V. Ramana Murthy, A.V. Ramana and P. Gurumurthy Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Naira 532 185, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Rice-fallow sorghum, Hybrids, Growth parameters, Grain yield, Stover yield and Harvest index Article Info Accepted: 28 February 2018 Available Online: 10 March 2018 A field experiment entitled “Performance of Sorghum hybrids under different nitrogen levels in rice-fallow conditions of North Coastal A.P.” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira in sandy loam soil during rabi 2016-17. The treatments comprised of combination of four sorghum hybrids and four nitrogen levels laid out in Split plot design with three replications. Sorghum hybrid CSH 25 and application of 120 kg ha-1 recorded the highest growth parameters as well as leaf area index. Significantly higher grain yield was obtained with CSH 25 among hybrids and with 120 kg N ha-1. However, stover yield was highest with hybrid CSH 15R at 120 kg ha-1, harvest index was also highest with CSH 16 at the highest level of N tried (120 kg ha-1) and hence found promising for North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. Introduction Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is traditionally grown for food in semi-arid tropics of India and occupies an area of 6.32 m. ha with a total production of 6.03 m.t and a productivity of 1,004 kg ha-1 (ASG, 2011). As per the latest estimates, the crop is being grown under rice-fallows in an extent of 24,000 ha with a productivity of 6.5 t ha-1 (Chapke et al., 2014). Of late, Sorghum is emerging as a potential alternate food, fodder and bio-energy crop owing to its tolerance to high temperature and drought there by making it suitable for different agro climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh. Sorghum cultivation is an emerging scenario in rice-fallows under zero tillage. In this changed scenario, farmers are now growing maize in assured irrigated areas as rabi crop. However, there is a prospective situation especially in areas having frugal water resources in rice-fallows of this zone for taking up sorghum as an alternate crop to pulses. For any crop, standardisation of agro techniques for realizing the higher yields is a prerequisite. Therefore, to identify a suitable hybrid and to arrive at a required dose of nitrogen and to work out their best combination for achieving higher yield of Sorghum under rice fallow situation of this 3655 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 zone is considered as utmost priority and hence this study was undertaken. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2016-17 at Agricultural college, Naira The soil was sandy loam in texture with a neutral pH of 7.42 and EC of 0.064 dSm-1, medium in organic carbon (0.56%), low in available nitrogen (96 kg ha-1), low in available phosphorus (12.4 kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (151 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in Split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised combination of four sorghum hybrids viz., V1- CSH 15R, V2- CSH 16, V3CSH 25and V4- MLSH 296 and four nitrogen levels N1: 0 kg N ha-1, N2: 80 kg N ha-1, N3: 100 kg N ha-1 and N4: 120 kg N ha-1. A total rainfall of 8.0 mm was received in 2 rainy days during the growth period of rice fallow sorghum. A recommended dose 80 kg P2O5 and 80 kg K2O ha-1 was applied as basal and nitrogen was applied in the form of urea in three splits at 15 DAS, 60 DAS and at flowering. Data on growth parameters like plant height at harvest dry matter accumulation at harvest, number of panicles per m2 and leaf area index. Yield parameters like grain yield, stover yield, harvest index. Nitrogen harvest index, final N, P, K of soil was recorded. Statistical analysis of all the data collected are carried out following the analysis of variance technique for split plot design as outlined by Panse and Sukhatame, 1985. Results and Discussion The results indicated that the growth parameters (Table 1) viz., plant height data of rice fallow sorghum varied significantly with different hybrids and nitrogen levels while their interaction was found to be significant at stage of harvest. At harvest, CSH 15R (V1) was significantly taller than all other hybrids except CSH 16 (V2). Plant height recorded with CSH 25 (V3) was on par with all the hybrids except CSH 15R (V1). The lowest stature of sorghum was recorded with MLSH 296 (V4). Plant height obtained was highest with N4 (120 kg ha-1) and was significantly higher than other levels of nitrogen except N3 (100 kg ha-1) with which it was comparable. Plant height recorded with N2 (80 kg ha-1) was in parity with all the levels of nitrogen doses except N4. The lowest plant height was recorded with N1 (0 kg ha-1). Interaction effect at harvest revealed that plant height was highest with the hybrid CSH 16 at 120 kg N ha-1 (V2N4) and the lowest was recorded by MLSH 296 at 0 kg ha-1(V4N1). The variabilities in the plant height can be attributed to the variation in the genetic constitution of different hybrids Increase in plant height might be due to the fact that nitrogen promotes plant growth and increases the number and length of the internodes which results in progressive increase in plant height. The variabilities in the plant height can be attributed to the variation in the genetic constitution of different hybrids. These results were in conformity with Angadi et al., (2004). Accumulation of dry matter pertaining to CSH 25 (V3) was significantly superior to all the hybrids (Table 1). Dry matter accumulation with CSH 16 (V2) was found to be superior to all other hybrids except V3, while yield with CSH 15R (V1) was significantly superior to MLSH 296 (V4), which was thus inferior to all the sorghum hybrids taken for trial. Dry matter accumulation at the highest nitrogen level (N4) was significantly superior as compared to all the other the levels of nitrogen levels tried. Dry matter accumulation obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3) in parity with the application of 80 kg ha-1 (N2). Both these nitrogen levels were significantly inferior to N4 and significantly superior to, no application of nitrogen (N1), which recorded the 3656 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 significantly lowest dry matter production among all the four levels of nitrogen tested in this experiment. Dry matter accumulation at harvest, was highest with the combination of hybrid CSH 25 at 120 kg Nha-1 (V3N4) and the lowest plant height was recorded by CSH 16 at 0 kg N ha-1 (V2N1) but was on par with MLSH 296 at 0 kg N ha-1 (V4N1) which was significantly inferior to all other combinations. Pushpendra Singh et al., (2012) have also reported that higher leaf area has led to the higher accumulation of photosynthates in hybrid CSH 25 at harvest stage. The improvement in morphological as well as physiological parameters due to fertilizer application might have resulted into better interception of radiant energy leading to higher photosynthesis there by higher accumulation of dry matter per plant. Analysis of the data (Table 1) showed that number of panicles m-2 of rice fallow sorghum hybrids were non-significant both for hybrids as well as N levels tested in this trial. At 60 DAS (flowering stage) in rice fallow sorghum, Leaf area index of CSH 25 (V3) was significantly superior to all the hybrids (Table 1). Leaf area index with MLSH 296 (V4) was found to be superior to all other hybrids except V3, while leaf area index ratio with CSH 16 (V2) was significantly superior to CSH 15R (V1). Significantly lowest leaf area index was recorded with CSH 15R (V1) and was thus inferior to all the sorghum hybrids taken for trial and leaf area index were varied with increase in nitrogen levels from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. Leaf area index obtained was higher with N4 (120 kg ha-1) and was significantly higher than other levels of nitrogen except N3 (100 kg ha-1) with which it was comparable. Leaf area index recorded with N2 (80 kg ha-1) was in parity with all the levels of nitrogen doses except N4. The lowest leaf area index was recorded with N1 (0 kg ha-1) among the doses tried in trial. Interaction effect between the hybrids and nitrogen levels for leaf area index was found to be statistically significant. Leaf area index was highest with the hybrid CSH 15 at 120 kg N ha-1 (V1N4) which was on par with CSH 16 at 120 kg N ha-1 (V2N4) and superior over other interaction combinations. The lowest leaf area index was recorded by CSH 15R at 0 kg N ha-1 (V1N1) but was on par with CSH 16 at 0 kg N ha-1 (V2N1) which was significantly inferior to all other combinations. Maximum leaf area was recorded at 60 DAS and successively decreased afterwards. This is due to the tiller reduction and leaf senescence with arrival of maturity. The influence of applied nitrogen on the plant was reflected in the leaf area index. Successive increase of doses at rate of nitrogen has recorded significant higher leaf area index when compared to the preceding doses. As soil was low in available nitrogen content, increasing levels have recorded increased uptake resulting into better plant height and number of panicles and ultimately higher leaf area index. Similar results were found with the experiment conducted by Mishra et al., (2013) where leaf area index significantly increased from 0 to 220 kg N ha-1. Analysis of the data (Table 2) on grain yield of sorghum indicated that yield obtained with CSH 25 (V3) was significantly higher than all the other hybrids except CSH 16 (V2) with which it was statistically comparable (Table 1). Grain yield recorded with MLSH 296 (V4) was on par with all the hybrids except CSH 25 (V3). The lowest grain yield was recorded with CSH 15R (V1) among all the hybrids taken for study. Grain yield obtained at highest nitrogen level (N4) was significantly superior as compared to all the nitrogen levels tried. Yield obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3) was next best treatment but was, however, comparable with the application of 80 kg ha-1 (N2). 3657 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 Table.1 Effect of different hybrids and nitrogen levels on plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and number of panicles m-2 of rice fallow sorghum Treatments Plant Height at harvest (cm) Dry Matter production at harvest (kg ha-1) Leaf area index Number of panicles m-2 CSH 15R 240.63 9503.75 3.9 11.9 CSH 16 212.10 9872.44 4.0 12.5 CSH 25 189.16 12542.83 4.5 12.5 MLSH 296 185.60 8664.69 4.2 12.7 SEm ± 1.40 193.00 0.03 0.23 CD (P=0.05) 4.96 680.85 0.10 NS 2.35 6.59 5.5 1.03 0 170.48 6953.28 3.1 12 80 199.03 8854.39 4.1 12 100 120 218.63 239.35 11759.56 13022.48 4.5 4.9 12.4 13.2 SEm ± 1.86 157.51 0.04 0.27 CD (P=0.05) 5.47 462.49 0.13 NS CV% 3.1 5.38 7.1 3.12 SEm ± 3.72 334.19 0.08 0.36 CD (P=0.05) 10.88 1047.17 0.25 NS 2.80 386.00 0.06 0.29 11.30 987.14 0.27 NS Hybrids CV% -1 N-levels (kg ha ) H at N N at H SEm ± CD (P=0.05) 3658 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 Table.2 Effect of different hybrids and nitrogen levels on grain yield, stover yield, harvest index, nitrogen harvest index and final N, P and K of rice fallow sorghum Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Stover yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index Nitrogen harvest index Hybrids Post-harvest soil fertility status 5023 15477 24.50 60.23 Final N 148.6 6068 CSH 16 6841 CSH 25 6044 MLSH 296 294 SEm ± 1037 CD (P=0.05) 14 CV% -1 N-levels (kg ha ) 3436 0 6296 80 6751 100 7491 120 202 SEm ± 593 CD (P=0.05) 13 CV% HxN 588 SEm ± NS CD (P=0.05) NxH 498 SEm ± NS CD (P=0.05) 12873 15536 9222 169.4 598 32.04 33.57 39.59 1.25 4.41 61.85 60.61 60.16 0.89 NS 155.7 154.9 123.8 1.93 6.8 8.1 8.0 8.5 0.28 NS 184.0 193.9 194.8 9.87 NS 4.7 13.4 5.0 4.5 13.9 13.0 8872 11992 14043 16201 138.5 407 27.91 34.42 32.46 31.61 0.96 2.78 61.58 60.78 60.51 60.98 0.80 NS 88.5 147.6 159.9 187.0 2.85 8.3 5.9 7.4 9.1 10.8 0.39 1.15 137.7 256.9 198.4 187.4 7.65 22.48 8.2 10.1 4.5 6.7 14 12 294 920 3.7 NS 1.25 NS 5.3 16 0.5 NS 16.5 52 339 868 2.8 NS 1.77 NS 3.8 17.2 0.8 NS 19.7 48 CSH 15R Both these nitrogen levels were significantly superior to N4 and significantly superior to no application of nitrogen (N1), which recorded the significantly lowest grain yield among all the four levels of nitrogen tested in this experiment. The Superiority of hybrid CSH 25 (V3) in terms of yield under rice fallow conditions of sorghum can be attributed to its higher Final Final P K 8.5 207.7 number of grains per panicle, dry matter accumulation at harvest as compared to other three hybrids. It has also the ability to put up the growth under low temperature conditions at early stages. Similar observations were reported by Mishra et al., (2011) and Chapke et al., (2014). The increase in the grain yields with enhanced N application could be ascribed to better plant growth and dry matter production due to higher photosynthetic area. 3659 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 This further supported by the fact that soil of the experimental field was low in nitrogen (96 kg ha-1). These results are in corroboration with Madhukumar et al., (2013), Mishra et al., (2014) and Vara Prasad et al., (2014). Stover yield (Table 2) obtained with CSH 15R (V1) was significantly superior to all the hybrids. Yield of stover with CSH 25 (V3) was found to be superior to all other hybrids except V1, while yield with CSH 16 (V2) was significantly superior to MLSH 296 (V4). Stover yield at the highest nitrogen level (N4) was significantly superior as compared to all the other the levels of nitrogen levels tried. Stover yield obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3) was the next best treatment but was, however, significant superior to 80 kg ha-1(N2). No application of nitrogen (N1) recorded the significantly lowest yield among all the four levels of nitro gen tested in this experiment. Stover yield was highest with the hybrid CSH 15R at 120 kgha-1 (V1N4) which was superior over other interaction combinations. The lowest stover yield was produced by MLSH 296 at 0 kg N ha-1(V4N1). Higher stover yield with CSH 15R (V1) might be owing to its tall growing nature as reflected by its highest plant height and also dry matter production. The same observations made by Patil (2007) and Chapke et al., (2014). Highest stover yield recorded with the application of 120 kg N ha-1 might be due to the fact that nitrogen application increases the activity of cytokinin in plant which leads to the increased cell division and elongation. Madhukumar et al., (2013) also made similar observations. Harvest index data (Table 2) of rice fallow sorghum varied significantly among different hybrids and nitrogen levels while their interaction was found to be non-significant (Table 1). Harvest index was highest with MLSH 296 (V4) which was significantly higher as compared to all the other hybrids tried. Harvest index was highest at nitrogen level (N2) as compared to all the nitrogen levels tried. Harvest index obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3), however, was comparable with the application of 80 kg ha-1 (N2) and 120 kg ha-1 (N4). Harvest index decreased with increased levels of nitrogen. The similar observations were made by Madhukumar et al., (2013). Analysis of the data (Table 2) showed that nitrogen harvest index of rice fallow sorghum hybrids were non-significant both for hybrids as well as nitrogen levels tested for this experiment. Analysis of the data (Table 2) on post-harvest soil nitrogen of sorghum indicated that soil nitrogen content recorded with CSH 16 (V2) was significantly higher than all the other hybrids except CSH 25 (V3), while CSH 15R (V1) was on par with CSH 25 (V3). The significantly lowest soil nitrogen was recorded with MLSH 296 (V4). Soil nitrogen at the highest nitrogen level (N4) was significantly superior as compared to all the other the levels of nitrogen levels tried. Soil nitrogen obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3) was the next best treatment but was, however, significant superior to 80 kg ha-1(N2). Both these nitrogen levels were significantly inferior to N4 but were significantly superior to no application of nitrogen (N1), which recorded the significantly lowest final nitrogen among all the four levels of nitrogen tested in this experiment. Soil nitrogen was higher with the hybrid CSH 15R at120 kgha-1 (V1N4) which was superior over other interaction combinations and the lowest soil nitrogen was noticed with MLSH 296 at 0 kg N ha-1 (V4N1). The increase in post-harvest soil available nitrogen might be due to increased mineralization as a result of 3660 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3655-3662 increased nitrogen fertilization. Bhanavase et al., (2005) and Bangar et al., (2003) also reported similar results. Post-harvest soil phosphorus, did not differ with sorghum hybrids and were nonsignificant. Soil phosphorus for N levels followed the similar trend as that of soil nitrogen. The interaction was non-significant. Available phosphorus increased with increase in nitrogen level. This might be probably due to positive interaction of phosphorus with increased nitrogen application i.e., the acidifying effect of added nitrogen fertilizer which enhance the phosphorus solubility thereby increase the availability of phosphorus to the plants and leaving available phosphorus in the soil after harvest at higher nitrogen levels and vice versa (Sharma and Tandon, 1992). Analysis of the data showed that post-harvest soil potassium of rice fallow sorghum hybrids did not differ with each other and were nonsignificant. Soil potassium with 80 kg N ha-1 (N2) was significantly superior followed by application of 100 kg ha-1 (N3), which was in parity with 120 kg ha-1(N4). All these nitrogen levels were significantly superior to no application of nitrogen (N1), which recorded the significantly lowest soil potassium. Soil potassium was higher with the hybrid MLSH 296 at 80 kgha-1 (V4N2) and lowest soil potassium was noticed with MLSH 296at 120 kg Nha-1 (V4N4). Hence from the above, it can be concluded sorghum can be successfully grown by choosing sorghum hybrid CSH 25 (V3) and with application of 120 kg N ha-1 (N4) for the obtaining highest yield making it technically feasible and economically profitable proposition under the resource constrained rice fallow conditions of North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. References Angadi, V.V., Hugar, A.Y and Basavarj, B. 2004. Response of rabi sorghum genotypes to different fertility levels. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 17 (3): 559-561. ASG 2011. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2011. 4.9 (a-b): 82-84. Bangar, A.R., Tamboli, B.D., Kale, K.D., More, N. B and Bhanavase, D. B. 2003. Response of winter sorghum genotypes to nitrogen fertilization under dryland vertisols. 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In Management of Nutrient Interactions, Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, pp.1-20. Vara Prasad, P.V., George Mahama, David B. Mengel and Tesfaye T. Tesso. 2014. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of grain sorghum hybrids and inbred lines. Agronomy Journal.106 (5):1623-1630. How to cite this article: Sri Sai Siddartha Naik, B., K.V. Ramana Murthy, A.V. Ramana and Gurumurthy, P. 2018. Performance of Sorghum Hybrids under Different Nitrogen Levels in Rice-Fallow Conditions of North Coastal A.P., India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(03): 3655-3662. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.423 3662