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A Collaborative Research Project Funded by: Implemented by: Overview on Poultry Sector and HPAI Situation for Indonesia with Special Emphasis on the Island of Java - Background Paper Bambang Sumiarto Bustanul Arifin Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper No. 3 Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Table of Contents Page PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................... V 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. VITAL COUNTRY STATISTICS .................................................................................................... 3 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS OF THE POULTRY SECTOR ................................................. 6 4. REVIEW OF THE POULTRY SECTOR AND ACTORS ...................................................................... 9 4.1 General Figures ...........................................................................................................................9 4.2 Breeding industrial poultry production in Java ...........................................................................9 4.3 Data on the commercial sector for Java......................................................................................9 4.4 The poultry industry and support actors...................................................................................10 4.5 Backyard Poultry Production.....................................................................................................13 4.6 The informal poultry sector and the egg trade .........................................................................15 4.7 Overview of poultry actors and their importance ....................................................................16 4.8 Vertical and horizontal integration with other actors ..............................................................17 4.9 Description of selected main actors ..........................................................................................18 5. BIOSECURITY, CONTROL AND SELECTED RISK FACTORS .......................................................... 24 6. THREATS AND INCIDENCES OF RELEVANT POULTRY DISEASES (EXCLUDING AI) ....................... 30 6.1 Newcastle disease .....................................................................................................................30 6.2 Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) ........................................................................................30 6.3 Pullorum disease .......................................................................................................................30 7. OCCURRENCE OF HPAI IN INDONESIA .................................................................................... 32 7.1 Situation in poultry ....................................................................................................................32 7.2 Situation of HPAI in the human population ..............................................................................33 8. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HPAI ............................................................................................... 34 9. CURRENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGAL AND REGULATORY SYSTEMS RELATED TO THE POULTRY SECTOR AND HPAI.................................................................................................. 38 10. COUNTRY-LEVEL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR HPAI MANAGEMENT ............................ 40 10.1 General considerations ...........................................................................................................40 10.2 PDS/PDR system ......................................................................................................................42 10.3 Major institutional service deliveries ......................................................................................42 10.4 Institutional overlaps and synergies .......................................................................................43 10.5 Decentralization and responsibilities (national versus sub-national) .....................................43 10.6 State of infrastructure and technologies for risk communication ..........................................44 11. RISK FACTORS/RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................... 45 11.1 Risk assessment studies of GMU .............................................................................................45 11.2 Potential, different pathways of introduction: Wild birds ......................................................45 11.3 Legal imports (Country and Java) ............................................................................................47 11.4 Illegal imports ..........................................................................................................................47 12. PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND ON-GOING RESEARCH IN INDONESIA ............................................ 49 Epidemiological studies on HPAI (CMU, 2008) ................................................................................49 Economic (and Development Studies) of HPAI (CMU, 2008):..........................................................50 Social (and anthropological studies) of HPAI (CMU, 2008): .............................................................50 13. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 51 13.1 Summary of main findings.......................................................................................................51 13.2 Current knowledge gaps .........................................................................................................52 LIST OF REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 54 ANNEX........................................................................................................................................... 57 i Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Percentage of Urban Population and their Respective Growth ................................................5 Production and Consumption of Meat, Egg, and Milk, 2004-2006 ...........................................7 Export and Import of Major livestock products, 2004-2006 .....................................................8 Industrial poultry production in Indonesia (prediction and estimations for 2006 and 2007) ..........................................................................................................................................9 Overview on commercial sector located in Java......................................................................10 Support service actors (based on own data collection)...........................................................11 Backyard poultry-keepers (Anonymous 2007a-d) (Reports from Livestock Services West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta Special Territory, and East Java, published 2007) .........14 Informal sector related to egg sellers ......................................................................................15 Informal sector poultry sellers .................................................................................................16 Poultry actors present in Indonesia & estimated total numbers for Java ...............................16 Vertical and horizontal integration with other actors (based on expert opinions and farm interviews) .......................................................................................................................17 Stability of each actor over time and space.............................................................................18 Government provision of locally produced HPAI vaccine (excluding imports) (MoA, 2008) ........................................................................................................................................25 Poultry threats and measures ..................................................................................................31 Carried out PDS interviews and confirmed cases for 2008......................................................33 Reported cases and deaths due to AI in Indonesia ..................................................................33 Results Policy Simulation Related to AI on Macro Economic Variables ..................................37 Approved Compensation Fund Operational procedures for Poultry Depopulation................39 List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Country map of Indonesia and bordering countries .................................................................. 3 Modern CSH in Java .................................................................................................................. 20 Traditional CSH, some people call Chicken Slaughter Places ................................................... 20 Flow on commercial chicken ready for slaughter..................................................................... 22 Flow on backyard chicken ready for slaughter ......................................................................... 22 Dead chickens found at a poultry market ................................................................................ 27 The Death of Poultry due to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in 2006 (Source: Directorate General of Livestock Production, 2007) ................................................................ 34 Figure 8 Routes of wild birds (Hepworth et al. 2006) ............................................................................ 46 ii Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Preface Since its re-emergence, HPAI H5N1 has attracted considerable public and media attention because the viruses involved have been shown to be capable of producing fatal disease in humans. While there is fear that the virus may mutate into a strain capable of sustained human-to-human transmission, the greatest impact to date has been on the highly diverse poultry industries in affected countries. In response to this, HPAI control measures have so far focused on implementing prevention and eradication measures in poultry populations, with more than 175 million birds culled in Southeast Asia alone. Until now, significantly less emphasis has been placed on assessing the efficacy of risk reduction measures, including their effects on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and their families. In order to improve local and global capacity for evidence-based decision making on the control of HPAI (and other diseases with epidemic potential), which inevitably has major social and economic impacts, the UK Department for International Development (DFID) has agreed to fund a collaborative, multidisciplinary HPAI research project for Southeast Asia and Africa. The specific purpose of the project is to aid decision makers in developing evidence-based, pro-poor HPAI control measures at national and international levels. These control measures should not only be cost-effective and efficient in reducing disease risk, but also protect and enhance livelihoods, particularly those of smallholder producers in developing countries, who are and will remain the majority of livestock producers in these countries for some time to come. This report is the first step of the project which has compiled and assessed the current state of knowledge of poultry systems and their place in the larger economy of the study country, the current HPAI situation and its evolution, and institutional experiences with its control (or, where it has not taken place, contingency places should it arise). This information has been written by a multidisciplinary national team in the study country highlighting the current knowledge and knowledge gaps related to the interface of poultry, HPAI, and institutional response as a crucial first step to the analytical research outputs to be generated in the course of this project. In the process of writing the background paper a variety of country-specific data and information sources on poultry systems, HPAI, and mitigation/control efforts, including published and grey literature, national statistics, journal articles, and reports from other research efforts that are ongoing in the country have been complied into a data base located at the project web site http://www.hpai-research.net/index.html. iii Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper Authors Bambang Sumiarto, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Bustanul Arifin, InterCAFE (International Center for Applied Finance and Economics), Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Pajajaran, Bogor 16151, Indonesia Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by or representative of IFPRI, or of the cosponsoring or supporting organizations. This report is intended for discussion. It has not yet undergone editing. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the valuable contributions of all colleagues who reviewed and made suggestions to the manuscript, and are grateful to DFID for funding this project. More information For more information about the project please refer to www.hpai-research.net. iv Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction List of Abbreviations AI CMU DFID DOC FAO HE HPAI HPAI H5N1 GDP ILRI IFPRI LDCC NA NAQS ND NSP PDR PDS PPE PPP SOP UGM WHO Avian Influenza Campaign Management Unit Department for International Development Day Old Chicks Food and Agriculture Organisation Hatching Eggs Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) of the subtype H5N1 Gross Domestic Product International Livestock Research Institute International Food Policy Research Institute Local Disease Control Centre Not applicable (includes also if no information was available) National Animal Quarantine Services New Castle Disease National Strategic Plan Participatory Disease Response Participatory Disease Surveillance Personal Protective Equipment Purchasing Power Parity Standard Operating Procedures Gadjah Mada University World Health Organisation v Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper 1. Introduction The emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) of the subtype H5N1 and the potential threat of a global human pandemic have been issues of great concern to the international community since its regional and global spread since 2003. At the same time, there has been less emphasis placed on the assessment of the effects of implemented mitigation strategies on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and their families in affected developing countries. While policymakers must take rapid and effective action to control the disease, some of their actions may lead to a number of direct and indirect effects that disproportionately negative impact the poor. The Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom has recently funded the Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Strategies Project that aims to help decision makers in developing countries generate evidence-based, pro-poor HPAI control measures at national and international levels. These control measures should not only be cost-effective and efficient in reducing disease risk, but also protect livelihoods, particularly of smallholder producers in developing countries. This project is being implemented in eight countries in Africa and Southeast Asia, including locations where HPAI has not yet been reported, where sporadic outbreaks have occurred, and where the disease is endemic. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) are responsible for project activities in Africa and Indonesia. HPAI, of the subtype H5N1, first appeared in Java in August 2003 (and officially declared in January 2004) and spread rapidly to other parts of the country; since 2006, it has been considered to be endemic in many parts of Indonesia (MoA, 2007; OIE, 2006; Promed-mail, 2003; Sims et al., 2005). Its persistence represents a serious risk to animals and public health in the region. Frequent outbreaks are observed in rural areas where backyard poultry are kept. Humans are rarely but consistently infected. With 108 confirmed fatal human cases since 2005, Indonesia is the country with highest number of human deaths (WHO, 2008). A first step in initiating this project is to compile and assess, in the form of a background paper, the current state of knowledge of poultry systems and their place in the larger economy, the current HPAI situation and its evolution, and institutional experiences within its control. This information is of critical importance to underline existing information, identify research gaps, and better target further research activities in the project. This background paper was jointly developed by researchers from two different universities in Indonesia; an economic scientist from the University of Bogor and a veterinary epidemiologist from the Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Due to the limited time given for the paper’s preparation and difficulties in obtaining consistent and updated data for the entire country, which covers nearly 2 million km2 and reaches from Aceh Province in the Northwest of Sumatra to the Western part of Papua, it was decided to focus on the Island of Java. Java represents 60% of the human and 70% of poultry population of Indonesia (MoA, 2007). Cases of HPAI H5N1 are continuously reported for poultry and constantly but sporadically reported for humans (see ANNEX Figure 1-3). 1 Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction In the preparation of this paper, if some of the information on the poultry sector was not available for the country, or specifically for Java, a group of experts was asked for their opinion. The expert panel consisted of a group of veterinarians: 2 epidemiologists, 1 field veterinarian and 1 veterinarian employed in a commercial farm. 2