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OVERVIEW OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN VIETNAM OVERVIEW OF BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AND COMSUMPTION IN VIETNAM Number of beef cattle per capita The cattle population in Vietnam was 3,117 thousand heads in 1990 and 4,128 thousand in 2000 (increasing 3.5% yearly). In 2006, this figure was 6,510 thousand heads (increasing 9.6% as compared to that of the year 2000). The buffaloes population seems to be stable at 3,000 thousand heads. In 2006, total population of buffalo was 2,920,000 heads and beef cattle reached up to 5,510,000 individuals. Vietnam had less than 0.1 cattle and buffalo per capita meanwhile this figure of the world and Asia was 0.24 and 0.16, respectively. Table 1. Average beef cattle per capita of some Asian countries Country Laos The Philippines Cambodia Vietnam Thailand Indonesia Myanmar Pakistan Bangladesh China India Population Buffalo Cattle Cattle & buffalo Per capita (2005, .000 ) (2004, .000) (2004, .000) (2004, .000) (2004) 5,918 82,809 14,825 83,585 64,081 225,313 50,696 161,151 152,593 1329,927 1096,917 1,125 3,270 650 2,869 1,737 2,403 2,650 25,500 850 22,287 96,900 1,281 2,593 3,040 4,907 5,296 11,108 11,939 23,800 24,500 112,536 185,500 2,406 5,863 3,690 7,777 7,034 13,511 14,589 49,300 25,350 134,823 283,200 0.41 0.07 0.25 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.29 0.30 0.17 0.10 0.26 Source: (FAO, 2007) Beef productivity Lai Sind (crossed Sindhi) Beef productivity of native cattle is low because of slow growth rate, small size, and low carcass percentage. Live weight at 24 months is only 150 kg (female) and 175 (male). The average pure meat is also low (32-33%) or only 50-60 kg/head (Table 2). In 2006, beef cattle population of the world was 1,537 thousand heads which produced 62,806 million kg of live weight (40.8 kg per animal). Meanwhile, Vietnam had 8.4 million animals, which produced 223 million kg live weight. This means that average live weight per head was 27.5 kg (equal to 67% of the world average). Sindhi Bull Table 2. Parameters of meat production of local cattle Item Birth weight Weight at 6 month Weight at 12 month Weight at 24 month Weight at adult Shoulder height Body length Carcass percentage % of pure meat Carcass weight Pure meat weight Unit kg kg kg kg kg cm cm % % kg/head kg/head In 2006, the average cattle and buffalo live weight per capita of Vietnam was 3.5 kg, less than 1/2 of Laos, equal to 1/6 of Mongolia and 1/30 of Australia. The average of the world in 2006 was 9.7 kg per capita (Table 3). The Female 12 65 80 150 180 103 113 43 32 64.5 48 Male 14 85 100 175 250 112 120 44 33 77 58 biggest beef production in the world is Australia (106.4 kg/cap), Argentina (76.9 kg/cap), Canada (46.7 kg/cap) and Brazil (42 kg/cap). Table 3. Live weight of cattle and buffalo per capita in some Asian countries Country Bangladesh Indonesia Vietnam Laos Mongolia 1999 1.3 1.8 2.3 7.3 36.7 2000 1.3 2.0 2.4 6.3 32.8 2004 1.2 1.9 2.6 7.5 19.6 (Source: FAO, 2007) Slow development of beef production in Vietnam is not due to the religious reason as some other countries. It is because of the husbandry tradition over thousand years with the main purpose of keeping cattle and buffaloes for draft power in agricultural production. When animal force has been replaced by machineries in recent years, cattle has just been kept for meat and milk production so far. It takes time to change long-term traditional practice. Vietnam imported 4,500 tons of beef in 1995 and 17,200 tons in 2005. The price of high quality beef imported from Argentina selling in super market was up to VND 250,000300,000/kg. Beef has become super stuff. In 2006, there was 36.5 kg meat/cap on average, of which, 81.52% was pork, 10.8% was poultry and only 7.25% was beef (Table 4). Table 4. Quantity and percentage of beef, pork and poultry meat Meat (in total) Beef Beef/total meat Pork Pork/total meat Poultry Poultry/total Unit 1000 tones 1000 tones % 1000 tones % 1000 tones % 1995 1332 118 8.9 1007 76.1 197 15.0 2000 1836 140 7.7 1409 76.7 286 15.6 2004 2506 173 7.1 2012 80.3 316 12.3 2006* 3066 222.2 7.25 2499 81.52 331 10.8 Source: Department of Agriculture (DOA) 2005, 2007 In order to increase beef production in Vietnam, both cattle population and productivity have to increase with the emphasis on productivity. During 30 years, we have been carrying out some important researches to support beef development. However, it is only the initial results and is not systematically. STUDIES ON BEEF IN VIETNAM Local cattle size improvement Sindilaizasion program Droughtmaster development Beef production Table 4 showed that from 1994-2004, growth rate of total meats increased 10.2% per year, highest in pork (11.46%) and lowest in beef (5.58%). What are the factors affected to the increase of beef? This is a big question. The answer is not only technology and science aspects but also the management and social aspects. – The history of improving native cattle by Sindhi one (which called Sindhilizasion program) started in 1920 by French. During 1960-1976, the Institute of Animal Husbandry carried out the survey on the crossbreds (which called Lai Sind cattle) and restarted the Sindhilizasion program. In 1980, Vietnam imported Zebu cattle (Red Sindhi and Sahiwal) from Pakistan to improve native population. The research on crossing native cows and Zebu bulls showed good results. The productivity of cattle with high Zebu proportion was higher than native one. From 1995-1998, a project on Sindhilizasion was carried out in the whole country, with the budget of U$10 million. The result of 40 years of Sindhilizasion program showed that the Lai Sind cattle yielded 90-100 kg/head of pure meat, 2 times higher than natives (Table 5). There was not trouble on adaptation and reproduction of the crossbreds under hot and humid climate in Vietnam. In 2003, the Lai Sind herd occupied 30% in the total cattle population. The Lai Sind cows exhibited as a good genetic material for dairy development program (started since 1985) and beef production (in recent years). Sindhilizasion program is easy and effective and it should be continued. Tropical genetic resource for stock improvement Table 5. Reproduction of crossed Sind Parameters Birth weight Weight at 6 months Weight at 12 months Weight at 24 months Weight at mature Carcass percentage Pure meat percentage Carcass weight Pure meat weight Economic crossbreeding of beef cattle Unit Female Male kg 14 16 kg 90 95 kg 150 160 kg 230 280 kg 250 320 % 46 48 % 36 37 Kg/head 105 134 Kg/head 87 106 Source: Cai 2000 (n.a) Training Center (Ben Cat, Binh Duong province) and other locations. The economic crossbreeding program started from 19751978. During this program, the semen of outstanding beef breeds was artificially inseminated to Lai Sind cows. The experiments were carried out by the Institute of Animal Husbandry at Dong Giao farm, Ninh Binh province. From 1982-1985, the experiment was carried out at Ha Tam farm, Gia Lai Province. Then, an UNDP fended project VIE 86/008 was implemented in Lam Dong, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Gia Lai, Vinh Phuc provinces and Southeast part of the country from 1997-2000. A national beef project has been conducted from 2002 at Ruminant Research and The experiment results showed that, the Lai Sind cows get pregnancy and calving normally. The F1 beef crossbreds adapt well to the local climate and nutrition conditions. With an adequate feeding and nutrition, F1 calves had a daily gain 1645% higher than that of local one. F1 Charolais grow better and more consistent than F1 of other crossbreds (Table 6). F1 Charolais calf obtains 320-330 kg at 18 months, 1.42 times higher than that of Lai Sind and it is suitable for intensive beef production. F1 Droughtmaster and Brahman are suitable for semi-intensive system. Crossed Charolais Table 6. Live weight of some F1 crossbreds in different rearing conditions Breed At birth (kg) 1/ Low nutrition level (a) F1 Charolais 23.12 F1 Limousin 20.50 F1 Hereford 22.60 F1 Simental 21.15 F1 S. Gertrudis 18.70 Lai Sind 18.50 F1 Charolais F1 S. Gertrudis F1 Hereford 2/ Medium nutrition level (b) F1 Charolais 21.30 F1 Hereford 21.10 F1 Simental 20.20 hybrid Sind 19.30 3/ High nutrition level (c) F1 Charolais 22.7 F1 Droughtmaster 18.5 F1 Brahman 16.9 Lai Sind 13.8 12 months (kg) 18 months (kg) Daily gain (g/day) 173.0 139.0 145.8 168.0 163.0 122.6 232.0 170.0 178.9 250.5 183.3 156.1 148.0 153.0 144.0 380 272 284 417 299 251 233 242 225 159.1 149.6 145.7 120.1 308.8 291.6 220.2 205.5 523 493 364 339 244.7 214.7 193.0 167.0 320.7 289.8 269.2 233.4 543 494 459 400 Note: a/ L.V. Ly et al., 1995; b/ P.V. Quyen et al., 2001; c/ Đ.V. Cai et al., 2006 After 3 months of fattening, the carcass and pure meat of crossed and single male calves were 50-51% and 41-43%, respectively. The pure meat of F1 crossbreds was 3-4 times higher as compared to the local calves. Pure meat of F1 Brahman and Lai Sind also was 2-3 times higher as compare to native one (Table 7). Even though it has undergone 30 years of researching on beef crossbreeding with many research results concluding the advantage characteristics of F1 Charolais, but there has not been currently many F1 Charolais in the intensive production system. Table 7. Meat quality of some crossbreds after fattening by high concentrate ration Lai Sind Weight before fattening Weight after fattening Carcass weight Carcass percentage Weight of pure meat Pure meat percentage kg kg Kg % kg % 216.30 284.60 136.27 47.92 109.40 38.35 F1 Brahman 307.70 407.00 199.63 49.06 162.47 39.95 F1 Charolais 349.00 452.30 240.17 53.93 194.33 43.61 F1 Drought Master 297.60 379.60 192.67 50.76 155.33 40.96 Source: Dinh Van Cai et al., 2006 Research on pure breeding of tropical beef The pure breeding of tropical beef cattle initiated in 1997 with 200 imported White Brahman from Cuba, which were initially kept in Phung Thuong farm. These cattle was moved to Binh Dinh (105 heads) and Ho Chi Minh City (50 heads) in December 2000. In May 2003, 105 White Brahman were imported from Australia to Phu Lam farm, Tuyen Quang province. In April 2004, 758 Red Brahman were imported from Australia to Yen Son farm, Tuyen Quang province. From 2002-2003, 500 Droughtmaster were imported from Australia to Ruminant Research and Training Center, An Phu farm, Ho Chi Minh City; Binh Thanh farm, Song Hau farm, Hue, Can Tho, Ba Ria Vung Tau and Binh Phuoc provinces. Research results from pure breeding showed that the live weight of White Brahman and Droughtmaster cow was 425-450 kg/head. The age of first calving was 34-36 months. Calving interval was 15-16 months. Calves were weaned at 5-6 months. Average weight gain in sucking period was 600-800 g/day depending on the nutrition level. Weight gain from birth to 18 months of White Brahman and Droughtmaster were 470-480 and 560-580 g/day, respectively (Table 8). After fattening, male calves gave 53% carcass and 44% pure meat. Pure meat was 140 kg/head, 3 times higher than that of native one. Cows and calves adapted well to local condition. Brahman and Drouhgtmaster are materials for pure breeding and kept in semi-grazing system. Table 8. Weight of pure White Brahman & Droughtmaster calves in Vietnam Indicators Unit Weight at Birth Weight at 6 months Weight at 12 months Weight at 18 months Gain (birth to 12 months) kg kg kg kg g/day White Brahman Female calve Female calve at An Phu at An Nhơn (n=19) (n=15) 23.6 22.9 137.9 128.8 207.7 223.0 286.0 280.2 504 548 Droughtmaster Male calve Female calves at Ben Cat at Ben Cat (n=23) (n=15) 23.5 20.6 152.0 140.8 244.9 239.4 343.7 329.3 614.9 607.8 Gain (birth to 18 months) g/day 480 Age of first service month 25.17 24.1 Age of first calving month 36.29 34.8 day 482 474.4 Calving interval 470 583 562 Cai et al., 2006 FUTURE RESEARCH ORIENTATION ON BEEF PRODUCTION After 30 years of beef development, we now have no real beef herd. There was no crossbred, which was regarded as key animal in beef production. Beef breeding is slower as compared to dairy cattle with the same time of breeding period (30 years). The difference between beef and dairy breeding has been resulted from beef market. The dealers decided the price of beef cattle. The price of beef crossbreds is as low as native cattle. The price of beef breeding stock and the consumption of beef stock are lower than that of dairy. Low and fluctuated price is the main constraint in beef development. After the encourage policy released by the Government on bee production and consumption, the target of beef study in this period is to improve beef productivity and quality with the emphasis to reduce production cost. The future studies should focused on 4 main topics below. a. Improving the native cattle Improving native cattle is the shortest way to increase body weight and productivity. Researches have been proved that the pure meat per head of native cattle is 50 kg, Lai Sind is 100 kg (2 times), Droughtmaster 150 kg (3 times) and Charolais 200 kg (4 times). However, researches should be done carefully to show which is the best combination or pure cattle for a specific climate and investment conditions. Study on the growth, reproduction and efficiency of crossbreds and pure cattle in different investment levels. Research on the reproduction of crossbreds aims at finding out the way to reduce the first calving age, calving interval and increase weaning rate. b. Study on feeding and nutrition Crossbreds only give high production with an adequate feeding condition. Breeding program will be failed if it is not based on an adequate nutrition and management condition. Research on the suitable forage for each ecological area is the first priority. Developing grazing pasture and finding out available feefstuff in dry season have been set up. Reseach on feed conservation and agrobyproducts treatment would be carried out to ensure feed sufficency all year round for animal with the low feed cost. Research on the resonable rations for animal at different ages and biophysical stage based on local feed resourses would be done. c. Study on farming system Production models with proper breeds and technologies have been studied with the economic evaluation for each model. Development of big beef farms, which is the shortest way to enlarge beef population, is well encouraged to improve breed quality, to prevent from epidemic diseases and to apply high technologies. d. Study on completion of legal framework for beef cattle production and development The effectiveness of concerned legal framework on beef cattle production and development was reviewed and evaluated to propose an appropriate policy and management modality in beef production. Improvement of beef sector has been mentioned in terms of (i) connecting farmers/producers with slaughters, (ii) establishing market information system, (iii) improvement of slaughter system, (iv) modern disease management.