Nội dung

Shamim I. Ahmad Syed Khalid Imam Editors Obesity A Practical Guide 123 Obesity Shamim I. Ahmad • Syed Khalid Imam Editors Obesity A Practical Guide Editors Shamim I. Ahmad School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK Syed Khalid Imam Al Mouwasat Hospital Jubail, Saudi Arabia ISBN 978-3-319-19820-0 ISBN 978-3-319-19821-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19821-7 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015954076 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) The editor (SIA) wishes to dedicate this book to his wife Riasat Jan for her patience, love and persistent encouragement during the production of this book and to his children, Alisha Ahmad and Arsalan Mujtaba Ahmad, who have been giving him so much pleasure with their innocent interceptions and resulting recovery from the loss of energy. Also dedication goes to those obese subjects, who may not be fully aware about the seriousness of this disease and hence may be suffering from various complications and bravely fighting them. Also to the caregivers, nurses and medics who painstakingly look after them throughout their suffering period. The editor (SKI) wishes to dedicate this book to his parents, Ahmad Imam and Mah Jabeen, for their constant support, patronage and guidance in his career; his children, Abdullah, Maham and Ebadullah, whose voices and gestures were never boring and from them he has learned a love and enjoyed flavour of life; his wife, Uzma, the key family member, who lifted his heart and encouraged him a lot because of her spiritual wholeness, inexhaustible hope and strong personality. Lastly, to all patients who have been suffering from various kind of illnesses and fight against the ailment with great courage and hope. Preface Although obesity is an age-old problem, existing probably ever since the humans came into existence, recent studies show that this problem is on increase with an alarming rate, especially in the industrialised and affluent countries. The reasons put forward for this increase include the life style, over-eating, consumption of commercially processed food especially with high-caloric value and high levels of sugar and fat, addiction for fast food, lack of exercise and sedentary life style. Also genetic makeup has been associated with the obesity. It is estimated that currently in industrialised countries, about 20–40 % of the population is obese and by 2030, if the trend will continue, this may increase up to 50 %. Current studies show that in the USA around 1 in 3 persons is obese, and by 2040 it is predicted that obesity in most industrialised and oil producing countries may reach to the pandemic level if no serious control measures are taken. We do not know when the word obesity was coined but whenever was, it was defined as a condition and a manifestation of consumer society. In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognised obesity as a disease, and the recognition is mainly based on several important developments including epidemiological data, progress in pathological concept and increase in health expenditure due to obesity, as well as obesity-associated health problems. In the past, obesity was considered to be a disease of the middle- to late-aged groups of the people, but in the last one or two decades, obesity among children has been increasing with an alarming rate. Sedentary life style and consumption of high amount of sugar and fast food may be the two most important reasons for this increase. Interestingly in a recent research report, it has been shown that in developing countries such as in Middle East and North Africa, the gender difference in obesity is prevailing, in that there are more obese women than men. Several reasons including consumption of food, laden with sugar, among women is greater there. Also the cultural values favouring larger body size among women is considered as a sign of fertility; healthfulness and prosperity are the additional reasons for increased obesity in women than men. Obesity on its own is not a lethal disease, but it can give rise to a number of lethal and non-lethal ailments. Coronary heart disease and stroke, dyslipidemia contributing to a number of metabolic syndromes, high blood pressure and hypertension, certain cancers and insulin resistance in diabetes are vii viii some of the important examples. These diseases account to highest number of human death amongst all other causes. Amongst non-lethal conditions are included osteoarthritis, pancreatitis, diseases of digestive organs, sleep apnoea, gout, asthma, dementia, increased stress, loss of intelligentsia, effect on human sexual development, difficulty in management in pregnancy and premature birth. Chronic and low-grade inflammation is also associated with obesity due to high-level accumulation of adipose tissue. In other words, obesity not only can lead to premature death but the quality of life of the obese people, for various reasons, may be significantly less pleasurable than their counterpart with normal body weight. Whereas, at present, little can be done if obesity is due to genetic makeup such as a reduction in brown adipose tissue, for other reasons effective measures are required to be taken to eradicate or at least reduce obesity. If not, the prediction is that the disease soon may reach to the pandemic levels. In recent years, media have been playing important roles in highlighting the importance of damage caused by the obesity including premature death; nevertheless, little or no significant effects can be seen in the population and the obesity remains on increase, especially amongst children. Hence it is important that more education, campaign and research are needed to stop this increasing curse. The editors believe that obesity is one of the most important health problems of the twenty-first century, yet money spent on obesity research is notoriously low in comparison to those diseases where drug companies can make substantial profits. If serious measures not taken, as soon as possible, this disease not only will become a huge burden over the health services but a huge number of population will suffer due to the lack of knowledge. The editors believe that gaining knowledge about obesity is indeed a treatment. Although the CONTENTS in the book do not show the chapters sectionalized, it may not be inappropriate for the reader’s guidance to divide them in sections. Section 1 includes the Chaps. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 describing the basic biochemistry including enzymes and hormones assisting in driving the biochemical reaction, functional impairment, the consequences and the pathophysiology of obesity. Emphasis has been given on hormones playing key roles in obesity such as white and brown adipose tissues, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and leptin. These have been addressed employing up-to-date research data for the readers to fill any gap left in their knowledge. Section 2 includes genetic aspects of obesity and the oxidative stress which play equally important roles in determining the diseases as well other syndromes (as shown above). Section 3 embraces the consequences of obesity which includes fatal diseases leading to premature deaths such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Among non-fatal syndromes, include sleep apnoea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and gastrointestinal disorder in children which may be taken relatively easily in the medical field. Other consequences of obesity include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease, which can become fatal and require more research. Polycystic ovary syndrome develop- Preface Preface ix ing due to obesity is another medical condition usually leading to infertility. Obesity can also lead to certain types of cancer including thyroid cancer which has been described in detail in this book. A non-fatal but equally important effect of obesity is suffering from depression. This is another important consequence of obesity, and guidance has been provided in the chapter on how to handle this syndrome. Section 4 explains the technologies available in the assessment and treatment of obesity including orthopaedic and trauma surgery, obstetrical risk in obesity and bariatric surgery including its underlying physiological mechanisms. Surgeons specialised in the field have been participating to update the readers from the current technology and most popular methods employed in the processes. Section 5 covers another set of important subject associated with obesity, namely, the infant nutrition, their caloric importance and the formulae which can contribute towards the development of obesity. The section also discuss the roles of eating disorders, specially consumption of high- calorie food and sugar enriched drinks, plays in obesity. Nottingham, UK Jubail, Saudi, Arabia Shamim I. Ahmad Syed Khalid Imam