Nội dung

NORDIC RADIOECOLOGY THE TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES THROUGH NORDIC ECOSYSTEMS TO MAN This Page Intentionally Left Blank Studies in Environmental Science 62 NORDIC RADIOECOLOGY THE TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES THROUGH NORDIC ECOSYSTEMS TO MAN Edited by H. Dahlgaard R i s National ~ Laboratory Roskilde, Denmark ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Tokyo 1994 ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. B o x 21 1,1000 AE Amsterdam,The Netherlands ISBN1 0-444-8 16 17-8 0 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, withoutthe prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science B.V., Copyright & Permissions Department, P.O. B o x 521,1000 AM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from theCCCaboutconditionsunderwhichphotocopiesofpartsofthispublication may bemadeinthe USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the copyright owner, Elsevier Science B.V., unless otherwise specified. No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in The Netherlands V PREFACE The present book is the final milestone in the radioecology programme, RAD, carried out from 1990 to 1993 under the Nordic Committee for Nuclear Safety Research, NKS. This work was done in parallel to three other NKS programmes: Reactor safety (SIK), Waste and decommissioning (KAN), and Emergency preparedness (BER). The NKS was established in 1966 and was financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers from 1977 to 1989. It is now a joint Nordic committee financed by the Danish Emergency Management Agency, the Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry, Iceland's National Institute of Radiation Protection, the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, and the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate. The NKS is further co-sponsored by a number of Finnish and Swedish companies working in the field of civil nuclear energy and protection of the population. The preparation of this book involved much painstaking effort by the authors, the participants in the working groups and the four project leaders, Manuela Notter, Per Strand, Aino Rantavaara and Elis Holm. I would like here to express my gratitude for their contribution. The guidance and inspiration given by the RAD reference group is furthermore acknowledged. Finally, it should be mentioned that there would have been no Nordic collaboration on Nuclear Safety without the energetic, persistent, diplomatic and occasionally maddening efforts of our travelling "ambassador", Franz Marcus, executive secretary of the NKS from 1976 to 1994. Henning Dahlgaard Co-ordinator of the RAD programme This Page Intentionally Left Blank vii CONTENTS PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS Chapter 1 V XI NORDIC RADIOECOLOGY 1990 -1993 1 1.1 The aims and justification of Nordic radioecology. H. Dahlgaard 3 1.2 General summary and conclusions. H. Dahlgaard, M. Notter, J. Brittain, P. Strand, A. Rantavaara and E. Holm Chapter 2 2.1 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 23 The characterization of radiocaesium transport and retention in Nordic lakes. H.E. Bjernstad, J.E. Brittain, R. SaxBn and B. Sundblad 2.3 21 Introduction to aquatic ecosystems. M. Notter, J. Brittain and U. Bergstrom 2.2 7 29 The distribution and characterization of 137Csin lake sediments. A. Broberg 45 ... Vlll 2.4 Transport of 137Csin large Finnish drainage basins. R. Saxtn 2.5 The role of lake-specific abiotic and biotic factors for the transfer of radiocaesium fallout to fish. T. Anderson and M. Meili 2.6 105 Polonium-210 and radiocaesium in muscle tissue of fish from different Nordic marine areas. E. Holm 2.9 93 Radiocaesium in algae from Nordic coastal waters. L. Carlson and P. Snoeijs 2.8 79 Models for predicting radiocaesium levels in lake water and fish. U. Bergstrom, B. Sundblad and S. Nordlinder 2.7 63 119 Radiocaesium as ecological tracer in aquatic systems - a review. M. Meili 127 AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS 141 3.1 Introduction to radioecology of the agricultural ecosystem. P. Strand 143 3.2 Direct contamination - seasonality. A. Aarkrog 149 3.3 Influence of physico-chemical forms on transfer. Chapter 3 D.H. Oughton and B. Salbu 1 65 3.4 Contamination of annual crops. M. Strandberg 185 3.5 Transfer of 137Csto cows’ milk in the Nordic countries. H.S. Hansen and LAndersson 3.6 197 Radiocaesium transfer to grazing sheep in Nordic environments. K. Hove, H. Lijnsjo et al. 211 ix 3.7 Dynamic model for the transfer of 137Csthrough the soil-grass-lamb foodchain. S.P. Nielsen 3.8 229 Studies on countermeasures after radioactive depositions in Nordic agriculture. K. RosCn 239 FOREST AND ALPINE ECOSYSTEMS 26 1 4.1 Introduction to terrestrial seminatural ecosystems. A. Rantavaara 263 4.2 The transfer of radiocaesium from soil to plants and fungi Chapter 4 in seminatural ecosystems. R.A. Olsen 265 4.3 Radiocaesium in game animals in the Nordic countries. K.J. Johanson 287 4.4 Pathways of fallout radiocaesium via reindeer to man. E. Gaare and H. Staaland 4.5 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 303 The distribution of radioactive caesium in boreal forest ecosystems. R. Bergman 335 METHODOLOGY, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND DOSES 381 Introduction to intercalibration / analytical quality control and doses. E. Holm 383 Intercomparison of large stationary air samplers. I. Vintersved 3 85