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•iiei!iyjijyjiiJj.Lf^ \ HQmH ik Yiiu^i vof m^ cm mm mn L£ PHAM ig THI SON * Tdm tiit: Bg ludt hinh su (BLHS) Vi?t Nam ddnh rieng Chuang X di quy dmh vi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tgi Trong dd, cdc nguyin tdc xir li ddc biit doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi da dicgc quy dinh ro rdng lgi Diiu 69. Tuy nhiin. su thi hiin cdc nguyen tdc ndy trong cdc dieu lugt cu the cdn cd nhung hgn chi nhdt dinh nen chua tgo ca sd phdp li day du di ddm bdo thuc hi?n cdc nguyin tdc xir li ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm tgi. Bdi viit ddnh gid cdc hgn chi ndy vd de xudt hudng khdc phuc. trong do cd ddi chieu v&i cdc vdn kien qudc ti liin quan cUng nhu tham khdo kinh nghidm lap phdp ciia mgt so qudc gia khdc ve trdch nhi^m hinh sir (TNHS) cua ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi. Tic khod: Bi^n phdp xd' li; nguyen tdc xir li; ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi; trdch nhiem hinh su. Abstract: The Criminal Code of Vietnam has reserved Chapter X for provisions on juvenile delinquents. In this Chapter, special principles for dealing with juvenile delinquents are clearly defined in Article 69. The reflections of these principles in other specific articles remain with limitations and thus do not create fully legal bases to ensure the implementation of principles for dealing with juvenile delinquents. This paper assesses those limitations and proposes directions to overcome them in which relevant international documents and some countries' experiences in lawmaking relating to criminal responsibilities of juvenile delinquents are consulted. Keywords: Measure for dealing with; principle for dealing with; juvenile delinquent; criminal responsibility. X uat phat tir ddc digm phdt trign chua hodn thidn vg the chat va tinh than ciia ngudi chua thdnh nidn, BLHS ddnh rieng Chuong X dd quy dinh ve ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tdi. Day la Chuang cd ndi dung thg hign true tigp chinh sach hinh sy cila Nha nudc ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi cung nhd'de thyc hien cam kdt trong cac van kien qudc te lign quan den ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi. Ndi dung ciia Didu 69 trong Chuang ndy cd the dugc coi la tap hop nguyen tdc xir li chung va cac nguyen tac xir li cy thi ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tpi. Nguyen tdc xu Ii chung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tdi dugc quy dinh tgi •TAP CHl LUAT HOC S O 3/2015 khodn 1 Dieu 69 nhu sau: "Viec xu li ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi chu yeu nhdm gido due, giiip da hg sira chica sai ldm, phdt triin ldnh mgnh vd trd thdnh cdng ddn cd ich cho xd hdi". Day la nguyen tdc thi hien rd muc tigu cua viec xir ii ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tdi la giao due vd giiip hp sira chiia sai ldm, phat trign ldnh mgnh ddng thdi hudng tdi mue dich phdng ngira tpi phgm d ngudi chua thanh nidn. Thdng qua viec xu Ii ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi d l giao due, giiip hp sua chiia sai ldm va phat triln lanh manh, qua do dat dugc muc dich phdng ngira viec * Tien sT luat hgc, phd giao su Trudng Dai hgc Lult H i Ndi NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI pham tdi lgi d ngudi chua thdnh nidn. Vipc trong vipc xu li ngudi chua thanh nien pham xac dinh nguygn tdc xu Ii nay hodn todn phu tdi so vdi vide xir li ngudi thanh nidn phgm hgp vdi nhdn thiic chimg cua thi gidi vl dac tpi. Trong khi vi$c xu H ngudi chua thdnh diem phdt trien cua ngum chua thdnh nidn la nign pham tpi chii yeu nhdm gido dye, giiip thudc ddi tugng "cdn non ndt ve the chdt vd da hp sua chiJa sai ldm, phat trien ldnh manh vd tri tui,... cdn dugc bdo ve vd chdm sdc dgc thi viec xii li ngudi thanh nien pham tpi biit, ke cd S{c bdo vi thich hgp ve mat phdp duoc thyc iiien theo' nguyen tdc nghiem tri //"'" cung nhu phu hgp vdi khdng dinh trong kdt hgp vdi khoan hdng, trung tq ket hgp voi vdn kien Cdc hudng ddn ciia Lien hgp qudc giao due, cdi tgo (Dilu 3 BLHS). Nhu vdy, vd phdng ngira pham phap d ngudi chua ndu nhu nguyen tdc xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien: "Cdn nhdn thirc rdng nhitng hdnh thanh nien pham tdi chii yiu mang tinh chdt vi hay xu su cua tudi tre khdng phii hgp vdi giao dye thi nguyen tdc xii li ddi vdi ngudi cdc chudn muc vd gid tri xa hdi chung thudng thdnh nien pham tdi vira mang tinh chat Id mgt phdn cua qud trinh trudng thdnh vd trimg tri, vira mang tich chat giao dye. phdt triin. chung cd xu hudng mdt di a hdu Viec xir ii ngudi chua thanh nidn pham hit mgi cd nhdn citng vdi qud trinh chuyen tdi chu ydu nhdm giao due, giiip dd hp siia sang giai dogn truang thdnh ".^^^ ebu-a sai ldm, phdt triln lanh manh la nguyen Viee thi hidn vd thyc hien nguygn tdc nay tdc chii dao, chi phdi cac nguyen tdc xii Ii cu la sy khing dinh Viet Nam thuc hign cdc i^yen thi khi truy curu TNHS, khi xet xir va khi dp tdc CO ban ve phong ngira phgm phap d ngudi dyng hinh phgt dii vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tpi dugc quy dinh tir khoan 2 din chua thanh nien da dugc qudc te xac dinh: "7. Viic phong ngica phgm phdp a ngudi khodn 6 Didu 69 BLHS. Tinh thdn chung chua thdnh nien Id mgt bg phgn chinh yeu xuygn sudt cdc nguyen tdc xir li cy thg nay Id ciia phdng ngica tgi phgm trong xa hot Bdng muc tieu giao due ngudi chua thanh nign vi$c tham gia cdc hogt dgng hgp phdp, hieu phgm tdi, giiip hp siia chiia sai ldm, phat trien ich vi mat xd hdi vd cd dinh hudng mang linh ldnh manh; uu tien dp dung bidn phdp xir li nhdn vdn ddi vdi xd hgi vd quan niem cugc phi hinh sy, bidn phap xir li hinh sy mang tinh sdng, ngudi chua thdnh nien cd the hinh thdnhchdt giao dye (bidn phap tu phap); khdng dp dung cac hinh phgt nghiem khdc nhdt (tii mgt thdi dd sdng khdng cdn den phgm tgi 2. Viec phdng ngica phgm phdp a nguai chung thdn va tit hinh) va hinh phgt bd sung; chua thdnh niin mgt cdch thdnh cdng ddi han cbl dp dung hinh phgt tii vd hinh phgt hdi phdi cd su no luc cda todn xa hgi, nhdm tidn, hgn chd hau qua mang dn tich do bi kdt bdo ddm su phdt trien hdi hod cua ngudi an ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi. chua thdnh nien, ton trgng vd phdt trien nhdn cdch cda hg ".* Vdi quy dinh nguyen tdc xir li chung tai Dilu 69, BLHS khdng dinh tinh ddc thii 56 Cac nguyen tdc xii li cu thi ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tpi bao gdm: Thie nhdt, nguyen tdc xii li ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi khi truy cihi TNHS TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015 dugc quy dinh tai cdc khoan 2 va 3 Dilu 69 BLHS cd npi dung: "2. Ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tgi cd thi dugc miin TNHS, niu ngudi do phgm tgi it nghiem trgng, gdy hgi khong ldn, cd nhiiu tinh tiit gidm nh? vd dugc gia dinh hoge ca quan. td chuc nhdn gidm sdt gido due. 3. Viec truy cuu TNHS ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi vd dp dying hinh phgt doi vai hg dugc thuc hien chi trong trudng hgp cdn thiit va phdi cdn cu vdo tinh chdt cua hdnh vi phgm tgi, vdo nhitng dgc diem vi nhdn thdn vd yeu cdu cda viic phdng ngica tgi phgm". Theo dd, viec can nhac mien TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tdi vd dp dyng bien phap giao due phi hinh su phai dugc uu tidn thuc hien; vide lua chpn bien phap xir li truy ciiu TNHS ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi chi dugc thyc hipn khi khdng thoa man cac dieu kidn midn TNHS. Viec lya chpn ndy khdng chi dya vao tinh chdt cila hanh vi pham tdi ciia ngudi chua thanh nidn ma cdn phai can cii ddc digm nhan than cua hp ciing nhu ygu cau ciia viec phdng ngira tpi pham. phai dugc coi la bipn phap sau cimg trong trudng hgp cdn thilt phdi truy ciiu TNHS ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tOi. Thir ba, nguyen tdc ban che pham vi hinh phat dugc quy dinh tai khodn 5 Didu 69 BLHS cd ndi dung: "5. Khdng xu phgt tit chung thdn hodc tic hinh... cdn hgn che dp dung hinh phgt lit... Khi xu phgt tu cd thdi hgn, tod dn cho ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm tgi dugc hudng muc dn nh? han muc dn dp dung ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nien phgm tgi tuang img. Khdng dp dung hinh phgt tien doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi a do tudi tie dil 14 tuoi den duai 16 tudi Khdng dp dung hinh phgt bd sung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi". Thir tu, nguydn tdc ban chd hdu qua mang an tich ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi bi ket dn dugc quy dinh tai khodn 6 Didu 69 BLHS cd ndi dung: "An da tuyen doi vdi nguai chua thdnh nien phgm tgi khi chua du 16 tudi thi khdng tinh de xdc dinh tdi phgm hoge tdi phgm nguy hiem. " Cac nguygn tdc xii li cy thi neu trdn Thie hai, nguygn tdc xir li ngudi chua thanh nign phgm tdi khi xet xii dugc quy dinh tai hoan toan phii hgp vdi cac nguyen tdc ca ban khoan 4 Didu 69 BLHS cd npi dung: "4. Khi cung nhu cac quy tac cila Lien hgp qudc lidn xet xii-, neu thdy khdng cdn thiet phdi dp quan den ngudi chua thanh nien. Cy the: dung hinh phgt ddi vai ngud'i chua thdnh - Cac hudng dan ciia Lien hgp qudc vl niin phgm tgi thi tod dn dp dung mgt trong phong ngira phgm phap d ngudi chua thdnh cdc bien phdp tu phdp dugc quy dinh tgi nidn nam 1990 (gpi tdt la cac Hudng dan RiDiiu 70 cua Bd ludt ndy". Theo nguydn tac at) quy dinh: "Cdn phdt triin cdc chuang nay, toa dn phai im tien dp dyng cdc bien trinh vd cdng viic dua vdo cgng ddng di phdp tu phdp Id cac bipn phap chu ygu mang phdng ngua tinh trgng phgm phdp a ngudi tinh chdt giao due, phdng ngira ddi ngudi chua thdnh niin... Chi nha tdi cdc ca quan chua thdnh nien phgm tpi. Viec ap dung hinh chinh thuc ldm cdng viec kiim sodt xd hgi phat ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi nhu Id biin phdp cudi ciing"•J'^^ TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015 NGHIEN CC;u • TRAO DOI - Cdc quy tdc chuan tdi thigu cua Lien TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham hgp qudc vg hogt dgng tu phap ddi vdi ngudi tgi kha ch^t che. Ngudi chua thanh nidn chi chua thdnh nidn nam 1985 (gpi tdt la Quy tdc cd thi dugc midn TNHS khi ddng thdi thod Bdc Kinh) quy dinh: "2.3. Trong mdi h? man nhilu dilu kien: Pham tgi it nghidm thong phdp lugt qudc gia, cdn phdi c6 ging trpng ho^c tpi nghidm trpng, gay hgi khdng xdy dung mgt hi thong cdc vdn bdn phdp ldn, CO nhilu tinh tilt gidm nhe va dugc gia ludt, nhUng quy tdc, quy dinh dp dung rieng dinh hodc co quan, td chiic nhan giam sdt, giao due. Dilu nay ddn din vide trdn thyc tg ddi v&i ngudi chua thdnh nien... 11.1. Bdt cic khi ndo thich hgp, phdi xem rdt it trudng hgp ngudi chua thanh nien xet viic xie li nguai chua thdnh nien phgm phgm tpi dugc mien trdch nhiem theo quy tgi md khdng phdi dua ra xet xu chinh thicc dinh ciia khoan 2 Dilu 69*^' dl dp dyng cac bien phdp xu li hanh chinh mang tinh chdt bdi ca quan cd thdm quyin... 19. Su dung hinh phgt giam giic a muc giao dye nhu bien phap giao dye tgi xa, phudng, thi trdn hodc bien phap dua vdo thdp nhdt cd the ".•'^' - Cdc nguydn tdc cua Lign hgp qudc ve trudng gido dudng. Thic hai, cdn thilu quy dinh cy thg de bao ve ngudi chua thdnh nien hi tudc ty do nam 1990 quy dinh: "A He thdng tu phdp dam bdo thuc hipn nguygn tdc uu tien dp doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh niin cdn neu cao dyng bign phdp tu phap mang tinh chat giao cdc quyen cung su an todn cua nguai chua d\ic, phdng ngira ngudi chua thdnh nien thdnh nien, ndng cao sue khoe vi thi chdt vd pham t^i. Cu thg, thigu quy dinh vg trudng tinh thdn cua nguai chua thdnh nien. Phgt tii hgp dugc mien hinh phat dd dp dyng bign nguai chua thdnh nien dugc sic dung Id biin phap tu phap thay the ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi khi xet thdy khdng cdn phdp cudi ciing. 2. ... Viic tudc tu do cda ngudi chua thiet phai dp dung hinh phgt. Dilu nay li giai thdnh niin chi dugc su dung nhu la biin tgi sao tren thyc tl chi cd dudi 1% ngudi phdp cuoi ciing vd trong mgt thdi gian cdn chua thanh nidn bi truy ciiu TNHS dugc dp thiit tdi thiiu vd chi nen gidi hgn ddi vdi dung bien phap tu phap.'^* nhUng truang hgp ngogi /e..."' Thu ba, khdng cd quy dinh rieng ve digu Cdc nguyen tdc xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua kien, npi dung va pham vi dp dung cac hinh thdnh nien phgm tpi ngu trdn dugc thd hidn phat (canh cao, phat tiln, cai tao khdng giam trong tdt cd cac didu lugt cua Chuong X giii-, til cd thdi hgn) doi vdi ngudi chua thanh BLHS. Tuy nhien, sy the hien trong cac dilu nien phgm tdi. Tir do dan ddn cdc he qua sau: lugt ndy cdn cd nhihig han chg nhdt dinh nen Mgt Id phai dp dyng quy dinh chung vl chua tao co sd phap li day du dg dam bao hinh phgt cdnh cdo (Dilu 29 BLHS) khi thyc hien cdc nguydn tdc xir li ddi vdi ngudi quygt dinh hinh phat ddi vdi ngudi chua chua thdnh nign phgm tdi. thanh nidn. Theo dd, hinh phat cdnh cdo chi Thie nhdt. quy dinh vd dilu kien mien dugc dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi it nghidm TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2015 NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI trpng ma ddi vdi logi tdi phgm nay thi ngudi chua thdnh nidn chua dii 16 tudi khdng phai chiu TNHS (Dilu 12 BLHS). Do vgy, hinh phgt canh cdo chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tir dii 16 tudi trd len. Ngodi ra, kha nang dp dung hinh phat cdnh cdo ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tpi cdn phy thupc vao quy dinh ve hinh phat trong dieu lugt vl tdi pham cu thi. Nhu vgy, digu kien vd phgm vi dp dyng hinh phat canh cao - hinh phgt nhe nhdt, khdng tudc ty do dugc quy dinh ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi la rdt hep. Tdng kit thuc tien xet xu cung cho thay, rdt it trudng hgp toa an dp dung hinh phat canh cao ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi.'^' Hai Id kha nang dp dung cac hinh phgt khac (phat tien, cdi tgo khdng giam giii, tii cd thdi ban) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign phgm tdi hoan toan phu thudc vao quy dinh vd hinh phat ciia digu luat vg tdi phgm cu the (ve nguyen tac day la quy dinh cho ngudi thdnh nidn pham tdi). Trong khi do, cdc didu ludt nay quy dinh hinh phat tu phd bidn hon nhieu so vdi cdc hinh phgt khdng tudc ty do. Do vdy, vd hinh trung da tgo co sd phdp li cho viec dp dung hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nien pham tdi mdt each phd bidn trdn thyc td. Thyc tien xet xir da cho thdy hinh phat cai tgo khdng giam giir dugc dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi rdt it trong khi vide dp dung hinh phat tii cd thdi ban ddi vdi hp lai phd bien.''*** Ba Id khung hinh phgt tidn ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tdi tir du 16 tudi dgn dudi 18 tudi ndu cd thu nhdp hoac tai san ridng dugc quy dinh tgi Dieu 72 BLHS la TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015 chua hgp li khi chi khdng chd tdi da "mire phgt tiin ddi vdi nguai chua thdnh nien phgm tgi khong qud mgt phdn hai mice phgt tien md dieu ludt quy dinh". Theo quy dinh nay thi khung hinh phat tign cd the dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign phgm tdi Id khung hinh phat tidn giii nguydn miic thap nhdt nhung giam 1/2 mile cao nhat ma didu luat quy dinh ap dung cho ngudi da thanh nien. Le ra khung hinh phat tien gidm nhp can quy dinh dp dung cho ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi phdi Id khimg hinh phgt tien giam cd miic thdp nhdt va mire cao nhdt so vdi khimg hinh phgt tien cd the dp dung vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn pham tdi tuang iing. Chi khi dugc quy dinh nhu vgy thi viec xu li ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi mdi dam bao dugc nguydn tdc: Viec xet xii ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tdi chu yeu la nhdm giao d\ic, giiip hp sua chiia sai lam va phat trien lanh manh. Bdn Id chua the hien dugc day du nguydn tdc cho ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi hudng miic an phgt tu nhp ban miic dn dp dung ddi vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tdi tuong iing do Dieu 74 BLHS mdi chi gidi ban miic hinh phgt til cao nhdt ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tdi tir dii 16 tudi den dudi 18 tudi la 18 nam hoac bang 3/4 miic cao nhdt cua khung hinh phat tii ma dieu ludt quy dinh va ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tir dil 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi Id 12 nam hoac bang 1/2 miic cao nhdt cua khung hinh phat til ma didu ludt quy djnh. Theo do, miic thdp nhat cua khung hinh phat tii dp dung cho ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi van giii nguydn nhu ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn. Quy dinh nhu vgy khdng thd tgo co sd phdp li ddy NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI du cho viec xii phat tu ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tdi theo nguyen tdc nhe hon ngudi da thanh nien phgm tpi tuong iing. Dd khac phuc han chi ndy cua Dilu 74 BLHS, Hdi ddng tham phdn Toa an nhan ddn tdi cao da ban hdnh Nghi quydt sd 01/2006/NQ-HDTP ngdy 12/5/2006. Trong do, ndi dung hudng dan vd quydt dinh hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien tir du 14 ddn dudi 18 tudi phgm tdi tuy khdng diing nhu quy dinh cua dieu ludt nhung lai dam bao thyc hidn dugc nguyen tdc cho ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi hudng miic an phgt tu nhe hom miic an dp dung ddi vdi ngudi dd thdnh nidn phgm tpi tucmg ling."" Ndm Id chua the hien day du nguyen tac ban chd dp dung binh phat tii ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi do khdng quy dinh gidi ban pham vi loai tgi pham dugc dp dyng hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi. Quy dinh ciia BLHS hipn hanh cho phep dp dung hinh phat tu d tdt cd cdc loai tdi (tir tdi it nghidm trpng, tdi nghiem trpng dgn tdi rat nghidm trpng vd tpi ddc biet nghiem trpng) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi ciing nhu ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn phgm tdi ndu didu lugt vd tdi pham cy the cd quy dinh hinh phgt til la chd tdi lya chpn. Tham khdo kinh nghidm lap phdp cua nhilu nudc tren thd gidi ve TNHS cua ngudi chua thanh nidn cho thdy cd hai xu hudng sau: Mdt Id cd ludt rieng quy dinh ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi;* * hai Id quy dinh ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tgi trong BLHS."^' Tuy nhidn, d cdc nudc nay dgu khdng cd didu ludt quy dinh ve nguydn tac xii li ngudi chua 60 thanh nien phgm tpi ma clii cd cac didu ludt cy thg boa cac nguygn tdc xii li ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi phu hgp vdi cac nguydn tdc va quy tdc dugc ghi n h ^ trong cdc vdn kign qudc te lien quan ddn ngudi chua thanh nien."'*' Dii dugc quy dinh trong iuat rieng hay trong BLHS thi quy dinh cua cac nudc vl TNHS d6i vdi ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi deu dgc ldp vd ridng biet, chi lien quan dgn lugt hinh sy chung (ddi vdi ngudi da thanh nidn pham tdi) d phan quy dinh vl cdc dau hieu cua tdi pham cu the va ve khung hinh phgt tu. Dd la each thiic dg cd thd thi hidn dugc ddy du va dam bao thyc hidn dugc cac nguyen tac xir li dac bidt ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tpi. Vdi cdch quy dinh ridng bidt nhu vdy, quy dinh cua cac nudc ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi ddu thi hien ddy dii nguyen tdc xu li chu yiu nhdm giao due, cai tao ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tpi thdng qua vide im tien dp dung cac bipn phap gido due, cdc hinh phat khdng tudc ty do hodc ban che ty do vd ban chi dp dyng hinh phat tudc tu do. Cac quy dinhridngbiet vl TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi bao gdm chu yeu cac quy dinh vl dilu kien dp dung cac miic dp xii li khac nhau; vl he thdng cdc bien phap xu li va vl dilu kien, ndi dung, pham vi dp dung cua timg bidn phdp xir li ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tdi. Vi dv: BLHS Lien bang Nga cd quy djnh rieng vl dilu kien dp dung cac mire dp xii li khdc nhau ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tdi nhu mien TNHS dl dp dung cdc bien phdp giao due bdt budc, midn chdp hanh hinh phat TAP CHl LUAT H O C S(5 3/2015 dl dua vdo trudng giao duang ridng biet, ap dyng hinh phat va mien chdp hanh hinh phgt til cd didu kien trudc thdi han.*'^* Cac quy dinh ndy the hien rd nguyen tdc xii li chu ydu nhdm giao due, cai tgo ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tpi thdng qua viec uu tien dp dung cdc bien phap giao dye. Cdc quy dinh rigng ve hp thdng bidn phap xu ll ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi cd thd bao gdm nhieu bien phdp gido dye, nhieu hinh phgt khdng tudc tu do vd hinh phat tudc ty do duy nhat Id hinh phat tu cd thdi hgn. Vi du, BLHS Lien bang Nga quy dinh cdc bidn phdp xd li ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tdi gdm b6n loai bien phdp gido due bat budc (canh cdo; chuydn cho bd me bode nhiing ngudi thay thd bd me hodc CO quan chiic nang nhd nudc gidm sdt; giao trdch nhipm sira chiia, ddn bu thiet hai gay ra; ban cbl thdi gian rdnh roi; ddt ra nhiing ydu cdu rigng ddi vdi hanh vi cua ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tdi) va 6 loai hinh phgt trong dd cd 5 loai hinh phat khdng tudc ty do vd hgn chd tu do (phat tien; tudc quydn Idm cdng viec nhdt dinh; lao ddng bdt budc; lao dOng cdi tgo; hgn che ty do va tu cd thdi ban). Ludt vd toa dn ngudi chua thanh nidn ciia Cpng boa Lien bang Diic quy dinh he thdng bien phap xii li ngudi chua thanh nign pham tpi chu ygu bao gdm cac bien phdp xir li mang tinh chat giao due vd chi cd hinh phat duy nhdt Id hinh phgt tudc ty do cd thdi hgn. Thudc vd he thdng nay la ba nhdm bien phdp khdc nhau.*'^* Thic nhdt la cac bien phdp xir ii giao due gdm bien phap ra cdc lenh (9 loai lenh: lenh ve noi cu tni; ldnh sdng trong gia dinh hodc trong mdt cu xa; TAP CHi LUAT H O C S6 3/2015 lenh tilp nhan mdt vi tri lam vide hodc mdt CO sd dao tao; lenh mang lai hieu qua lao ddng; lenh chiu sy hudng dan va giam sat ciia mdt ngudi nhdt dinh; Ipnh tham gia mdt khda budn luydn; Ipnh cd gdng boa giai vdi ngudi bi xam hai; ldnh khdng dugc giao tiep vdi mdt sd ngudi nhdt dinh hodc khdng dugc ddn nhung cua hang dn udng vd nhimg noi vui choi gidi tri; lenh tham gia gid hgc ve giao thdng) va bidn phdp trg giiip giao dye. Thir hai id cac bien phdp gido due nghidm khdc, bao gdm canh cdo; giao cac trach nhiem (bdi thudng thidt hai;ty xin Idi ngudi hi xdm hgi; mang lgi hieu qua lao dgng; trd mdt khodn tiln cho mdt co sd cdng ich) va giam giii ngudi chua thanh nidn (giam giir trong thdi gian rdnh roi - cua mdt hoac hai tudn; giam gifi ngdn hgn - trong 2 ngay; giam giiJ ddi ban - tir mdt tudn den bdn tudn). Thic ba Id hinh phat tudc ty do cd thdi hgn (thap nhat la 6 thang va cao nhat la 5 nam hoac cd the len tdi iO nam neu la tpi nghiem trgng ma mire cao nhat cua hinh phgt tudc ty do dugc quy dinh cho tdi dd Id tren 10 nam). Quy dinh ciia cac nudc vl digu kien, npi dung vd phgm vi dp dung cila timg bien phdp xii li hinh sy (bien phdp giao dye hodc hinh phat) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi ciing Id quy dinh ridng va mang tinh dgc thil. Chi dya vao cac quy dinh nay cd thi lya chgn vd quydt dinh bien phap xii li vdi muc cu thd dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nign phgm tdi ma khdng can dya vao quy dinh cua ludt hinh sy chung vl cac bien phap xii li hinh sy va ve hinh phat ciia cdc tdi phgm cu thi (ddi vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tpi). O mdt sd nudc, mpt s6 bidn phap xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tuy trung vdi bien phdp xu Ii ddi vdi ngudi dd thdnh nien phgm tpi nhung dugc quy dinh rieng ve didu kidn, ndi dung, pham vi va miic dp dp dung ciia timg bien phap xu li. Vi du, BLHS Lien bang Nga quy dinh gidi ban ciia 5 logi hinh phgt khi dp dyng cho ngudi chua thanh nidn (phat tidn; lao dgng bat budc; lao ddng cdi tao; hgn che ty do; hinh phgt tu). Trong do, miic thdp nhdt ciia hinh phgt dugc quy dinh bang hoac thap hon miic thdp nhdt cua loai hinh phgt da dugc xdc dinh, edn miic cao nhdt ciia hinh phgt dugc quy dinh thdp hon nhidu so vdi miic cao nhdt ciia hinh phat dp dung ddi vdi ngudi da thanh nign pham tdi. Ddc biet vdi quy dinh rieng biet ve dieu kidn, ndi dung vd pham vi dp dung hinh phat tii ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi, BLHS Lidn bang Nga dd the hien rat ro rang nguygn tac hgn chg dp dung hinh phgt tii va xii phat tii nhe hon ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nign pham tpi so vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tdi tuong ung. Khoan 6 Didu 88 BLHS Lien bang Nga quy djnh: "6 Hinh phgt tii duge dp dung vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tgi a do tudi dudi 16 tudi trong thdi hgn khong qud 6 ndm. Ddi vdi nguai chua thdnh niin thuc hien tgi phgm dgc biit nghiim trgng vd doi vdi nhitng ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tgi cdn lgi. hinh phat se dugc dp dung trong thdi hgn khong qud 10 ndm vd se chdp hdnh trong cdc trgi cdi tgo. Hinh phgt tii khdng dp dmg ^di vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm cdc tgi it nghiem trgng vd nghiim trgng a do tudi dudi 16 tudi vd cd nhitng trudng hgp ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm tgi ldn ddu cdc tgi it nghiem trgng. 6-1. Khi dp dmg hinh phgt tii doi vai ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi do phgm toi rdt nghiem trgng vd dgc biit nghiem trgng thi muc hinh phgt thdp nhdt dugc quy dinh tgi dieu lugt tuang irng a Phdn rieng Bg ludt ndy se dugc gidm di mgt nira ". *'" Nhu vay, BLHS Lidn bang Nga khdng chi gidi hgn miic cao nhat cila hinh phat tii (6 nam hoac 10 ndm so vdi 20 nam)*'^' dupe ap dyng ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien md con xdc dinh logi tpi pham khdng dugc dp dung hinh phat tii (tpi it nghidm trpng va tdi nghidm trgng ddi vdi ngudi dudi 16 tudi, tdi it nghiem trgng vd pham tgi ldn ddu ddi voi ngudi tir dil 16 ddn 18 tudi). Nguyen tdc xuphgt til nhe hon ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tgi so vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tpi tuang iing the hidn d khung hinh phgt til gidm nhp dac bipt dugc ap dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi, trong' do miic thap nhat cua khung hinh phgt tii dugc gidm xudng mdt nira so vdi mire thap nhat cua khung hinh phgt tuang iing dugc dp dung cho ngudi dd thanh nidn phgm tdi. Dinh hudng sira ddi nhiing quy dinh ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi phai dugc xac dinh trdn co sd nhan thiic diing y nghTa cua cac quy dinh nay trong viec thi hien va tgo co sd phap If cho viec thyc hien cdc nguyen tdc xir li ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi phii hgp vdi cde nguygn tdc, quy tac dugc khang dinh trong cdc vdn kien qudc te lien quan den ngudi chua thanh nien. Viec tham khao kinh nghiem lap phdp cua cac nudc tren t h i gidi khi siia ddi cdc quy dinh vd ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi cung hit TAP CHi LUAT H O C S O 3/2015 NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI sire can thidt. Theo do, nhiing quy dinh doi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi cua Chuong X BLHS Viet Nam nen dugc hoan thien theo hudng hinh thanh cdc quy dinh ddc lap dugc dp dung ridng biet ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi. Qua dd cung de BLHS Viet Nam thd hidn day du horn quy dinh cua Quy tac Bdc Kinh; "Trong mdi hi thdng phdp ludt qudc gia, cdn phdi CO gdng xdy dung mgt he thong cdc vdn hdn phdp ludt, nhirng quy tdc, quy dinh dp dung riing doi vdi nguai chua thdnh «ie«... ".''^' Chi khi quy dinh theo cdch ndy thi mdi cd thg thg hign dugc day du va diing ddn cac nguygn tac xir li dac thu ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tgi. Cu the, can sira ddi: Thie nhdt, nen cd dieu lugt ridng (khdng trong didu ludt quy dinh vd nguyen tac xir Ii) quy djnh vg digu kien mign TNHS dg ap dung cac bien phap giao due, trong dd khdng ndn quy djnh didu kidn miln TNHS chat che nhu quy dinh hien hanh vd bd sung quy dinh ve dieu kien mien hinh phat dd dp dung bien phdp tu phap mang tinh gido due, phdng ngira ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi. Cdc quy djnh ndy phdi the hipn day dii nguygn tac xii li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi chii ydu nhdm giao due, giiip hp siia chiia sai lam, phdt trien ldnh mgnh thdng qua vide uu tign dp dung cac bien phap mang tinh giao due. Thu hai, sira ddi cac didu ludt vd phgt tidn, cai tgo khdng giam giu" vd bd sung didu ludt vd hinh phat canh cdo thanh cac didu ludt quy djnh ridng biet ve dieu kien, ndi dung va pham vi dp dyng timg hinh phat khdng tirdc ty do ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2015 nien phgm tdi. Trong dd, cdn quy dinh ro didu kien dp dung timg hinh phgt (khdng nen gidi hgn d mpt sd logi tdi), ndi dung ddc bidt vd xac dinh miic thdp nhat, cao nhat cila hinh phat tidn vd cai tgo khdng giam giu dugc dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tpi md khdng phu thugc vdo quy dinh vd hinh phat trong Phdn chung vd Phdn cac tdi phgm cila BLHS. Thu ba, cdn sira ddi quy dinh vd hinh phat til cd thdi hgn ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi theo budng the hien ro hon nguyen tdc ban chd dp dyng hinh phgt tu cung nhu nguyen tdc xii phgt tii ngudi chua thanh nign phgm tdi nhe hon ngudi da thanh nign pham tdi tuong ling. Cy thg nen sura ddi nhu sau: - Bd sung quy ^inh khdng dp dung hinh phgt til ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi it nghigm trpng va nghiem trpng. - Sira ddi quy dinh ve miic cao nhat cua hinh phgt tu tir 18 nam xudng 15 nam ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi tir du 16 tudi den dudi 18 tudi vd tir 12 nam gidm xudng 9 nam ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi tir du 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi. Hien nay, mdc cao nhdt ciia hinh phat tii dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tdi dugc quy dinh trong BLHS la qua cao so vdi quy dinh cua nhigu nudc trgn thg gidi (18 nam so vdi 10 nam). Viec sira ddi nay la dg boa nhgp vdi quy djnh cua nhigu nudc trgn the gidi vd de thg hien rd rang hon Quy tac Bdc Kinh "su dung hinh phgt giam giir a mire thdp nhdt cd ^^^"(20) ^0j^g j^jj nguydn tdc: "Viec luac tu do cug ngudi chua thdnh nien chi dugc su dung nhu Id biin phdp cudi ciing vd trong mgt thai gian cdn thiet toi thieu".^'^^^ NGHIEN ClJU-TRAO 001 - Quy dinh bd sung npi dimg giam mdc thap nhdt ciia khung hinh phgt xudng bdng 3/4 muG hmh phgt thdp nhdt cua hinh phat tii ma didu ludt quy dinh khi dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi rdt nghidm trpng vd ddc biet nghiem trgng tir du 16 tudi din dudi 18 tudi va gidm xudng bdng 1/2 muc hinh phat thdp nhat ciia hinh phgt tii ma dilu ludt quy dinh khi dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi rdt nghiemti-gngva ddc biet nghidm trpng tir du 14 tudi dgn dudi 16 tudi./. (l).Xem: Cdng udc cua Lifin hgp quic vl quyin tr^ em. Theo Dilu 1 ciia Cdng udc niy, bi em la mgi ngudi dudi 18 tudi. (2).Xem: Myc I.1.5.C Cic hudng dSn ciia Lien hgp qudc vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi chua thinh nien nim 1990 (cic Hudng dan Ri-it). (3).Xem: Myc 1.1, 1.2 Cac hudng dkn ciia Lien hgp qudc vl phdng ngira pham phap d ngudi chua thinh nien nim 1990 (cic Hudng din Ri-it). (4).Xem: myc 1.6 Cic hudng din cua Lien hgp quic vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi chua thanh nifin nim 1990 (cic Hudng dan Ri-it). (5).Xem:Muc2.3.. 11.1., 19. Quy tic Bic Kinh. (6).Xem: Myc 1.1. vi 1.2. Cic nguyln tic cua Lifin hgp qudc vl bio v^ ngudi chua thinh nien bj tudc ty do nim 1990. (7).Xem: Trin Quang Huy, Th\fc liin xel xic nguai chira ihdnh nien phgm ipi, Cdng If - Co quan cOa toi in nhan din tdi cao, ngiy 10/8/2014. (8).Xem: Vien nghien ciiu khoa hgc phap li, BO tu phip, "Ting cudng ning Iyc h? thdng tu phip ngudi chua thinh nien tai Vi^t Nam", Thong lin khoa hpc phdpli. sd 1/2000, tr. 149, 183. (9).Xem: Vien nghifin cdu khoa hgc phip Ii, Bg tu phip, tldd, tr. 149. (lO).Xem: Vi6n nghien ciiu khoa hgc phip H, BO tu phip, tldd, tr. 27, 149. (1 l).Xem: Muc 11 Nghj quyit quy djnh vl vi^c quyit dinh hinh phat tti ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh nign ttr dii 14 tudi din dudi 18 tudi pheun tgi nhu sau: "//./. Khi quyit dinh hinh phgt lii ddi vdi nguai chua thdnh nien phgm tpi cdn ihifc hien nhu sau: a Xdc dinh muc hinh phgt tuang x&ng v&i tinh chdt vd muc dp nghiem trong cua hdnh vi phgm tpi nhu doi vai ngudi phgm lgi Id ngu&i da thanh niin: b. Trudng hgp ngu&i chua thdnh nien phgm tpi la ngu&i lit da 16 tudi din du&i 18 tudi thi hinh phgt dp dgng doi v&i hg Id 3/4 mice hinh phgt dp dung ddi v&i ngu&i dd thanh nien phgm tpi dugc xdc dfnh hu&ng ddn tgi diem a tieu mvc II. I ndy; c. Tru&ng hgp ngu&i chua thdnh nien phgm tpi Id ngu&i fie du 14 ludi din du&i 16 luoi ihi hinh phgt dp dgng ddi vai hg Id 1/2 muc hinh phgt ap dgng dSi v&i ngu&i dd thdnh niin phgm lgi dugc xdc djnh hu&ng ddn Igi diem a lieu muc ll.l ndy ". (12). Vi dy nhir d NhSt Ban, Hi Un, Cdng hoi Lien bang Due... & COng hoa Li€n bang Dure, vi^c xd li ngudi chua thinh nifin ph^m tOi dugc quy djnh trong Lu§t vl toi in ngudi chua thinh ni€n. (13). VI dy: BLHS cda Lifin bang Nga cd m^t chuang quy dinh vl TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh ni£n. (14). Ddlicicvinki^nqudctlsau: Cdng udc cua Li6n hgp qudc vl quyin tre em; Cic quy tic chuin tli thilu cua LiSn hgp qudc ve ho^t d^ng tu phap doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nian nim 1985 (Quy tic Bic Kinh); Cic nguygn tic cua Lign hgp quoc vl bao ve ngudi chua thinh niSn bj tudc ty do nim 1990; Cac hudng din cua Lien hgp qudc vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi chua thinh nien nim 1990 (cac Hudng din Ri-it). (15).Xem: Cac dilu 90, 92, 93 BLHS Lien bang Nga Nguin: Trudng Dai hgc Luat Hi NOi, Bp ludt hinh su Lien bang Nga (bdn tiing Vi^t). Nxb. C AND, Hi NOi, 2011. (16).Xem: Dilu 9 din Dilu 18 Luit vl toi in ngudi chua thinh nien COng hoi Lien bang Due. (17).Xem: Khoan 6 Dilu 88 BLHS Lien bang Nga. Nguon; Trudng D?i hgc Lusit Hi NOi, sdd. (18). Trong khi miic cao nhit ciia hinh ph^it tO dugc quy djnh ip dyng doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien ph?im tOi d Lien bang Nga li 6 nim ho?lc 10 nim, d COng hoi Lign bang Ddc li 5 nim hoic 10 nim, cdn d Vi^t Nam li 12 nim ho$c 18 nim. (19).Xem: Muc 2.3 Quy tic Bic Kinh. (20).Xem: Muc 19 Quy tic Bic Kinh. (2l).Xem: Muc 1.2 Cic nguyen tic cda Lign hgp quOc vl bio ve ngudi chua thinh nign bj tudc tu do nim 1990. TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2015