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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 03 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.299 Microbial Population and Soil Health under Organic Cotton Production System Rudragouda F. Channagouda* Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamoga, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Yield, Fibre length, Energy use efficiency, Available NPK, PSM, N-fixers Article Info Accepted: 26 February 2019 Available Online: 10 March 2019 A field experiment was carried out at MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during Kharif, 2010 -11 and 2011-12 to study the “Nutrient management options for sustainable organic cotton production” The results of the two years pooled data revealed integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly available soil N, P2O5 and K2O (284, 29.7, 330 kg ha-1, respectively), soil organic carbon (5.7 g kg-1, respectively), bacteria (71.63 cfuX106/g of soil), fungi (23.71 cfuX103/g of soil), actinomycetes (37.32 cfuX102/g of soil), N2-fixers (34.55cfuX103/g of soil), P-solubilizer (27.1 cfuX103/g of soil), phosphatase (24.52µg pnpTPF/g of soil/hr) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (10.88 µg TPF/g of soil/day) and soil respiration rate (10.95 mg of CO2/hr/100 g soil) over FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. Introduction The continuous use of chemical fertilizers for attaining main goal of maximum yield but not considered sustainable yield in long term and restless monocropping deplete the inherent fertility of the soil much faster than it can be replenished and reduce yield. Exclusive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture not only shattered the hope of farmers, but also received sever criticism from environmentally conscious people who opined that increase in agricultural production achieved at the cost of soil health. To the maximum extent organic production rely on crop green manures, organic manures, biofertilizers and other nutrient sources like use of fermented organic nutrients mainly panchagavya, jeevamruth, cow urine, vermiwash, bio-digester etc, are being popular among the farmers for sustainable crop production and maintain soil health on sustainable basis. In India, cotton is grown over an area of about 11.25 m.ha with a total production of 34.23 m. bales (Anon., 2016). India ranks fifth in area and third in production of cotton after USA 2519 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 and China. The productivity of cotton is 510 kg of lint ha-1 which is much lower than the world average of 621 kg ha-1. World organic cotton production is 241276 MT (1.1 million bales) grown on 0.46 million ha of land. The Organic Cotton Farm and Fiber Report reveals that India, Syria, and Turkey are the leading organic cotton producers in the world. India remains the top producer of organic cotton, out of the twenty-three organic cottonproducing cowntries, growing 80% of the fiber grown worldwide. In India, organic cotton is grown over an area of about 57,705 ha with a production of 2,58,823 bales which is 25% of world share. The global retail market of organic cotton has increased from 583 million to 4.3 billion in 2009 with an annual growth rate of 3.5% (Anon., 2014). The information on nutrient management practices through organics for sustainable organic cotton production is very much limited which is a need of the hour. The proposed study aims at developing integrated organic nutrient management practices which is one of the important components to sustain the cotton production and soil productivity in terms of fertility and beneficial microorganism load. Materials and Methods A Field experiment was conducted at MARS, Dharwad during 2010 and 2011 to study the “Nutrient management practices for organic cotton production”. The soil of the experiment site was clay, having medium carbon (0.41%) and available NPK (264.70:24.80:285.30 NPK kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replication. The main plot comprises of five manurial treatments as M1: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)(80:40:40 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1+ FYM @5 t ha-1), M2: Crop residues equivalent to 50% RDN with compost culture + vermicompost equivalent to 50% RDN M3: Crop residues equivalent to 50% RDF with Compost culture + vermicompost equivalent to 50% RDF, M4: Compost equivalent to 50% RDN + vermicompost equivalent to 50% RDN, M5: Compost equivalent to 50% RDF + vermicompost equivalent to 50% RDF and sub plot consists of six green manures treatments are S1: Gliricidia GLM mulch @ 7.5 t ha-1, S2: Gliricidia GLM mulch @ 7.5 t ha-1+ Soil application of jeevamrutha @ 500 lit ha-1 at sowing, 30, 60 and 90 DAS, S3: Lucerne GM alone as inter crop (1:2 row proportion), S4: Lucerne GM as inter crop + Soil application of Jeevamrutha @ 500 lit ha-1, S5: Sunnhemp GM alone as inter crop (1:2 row proportion), S6: Sunnhemp GM as inter crop + Soil application of jeevamrutha @ 500 lit ha-1, two control treatments are T1: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)(80:40:40 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1) and T2: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)(80:40:40 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) only. The seeds were treated with cow urine, Azospirilum, Phosphate solubalizing bacteria, Pseudomonas striata, Trichoderma and cow dung slurry before sowing. The seeds were hand dibbled with two cotton seeds per hill on 12, july, 2010 and 15 june, 2011. Nitrogen estimation was done by Kjeldahl’s method, phosphorus by vanado molybdate phosphoric yellow colour method and potassium by flame photometric method. The soil adhering to the roots was carefully collected and used for enumeration of actinomycetes, by Kusters agar for actinomycetes. The microbial populations were expressed as number of colony farming units per gram dry weight of soil. Results and Discussion The uptake of major nutrients mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium differed significantly due to organic manures. Among the organic manurial treatments, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded significantly higher uptake of N, P2O5 and K2O (72.53, 2520 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 14.26 and 77.3 kg ha-1, respectively) over EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN. Among the recommended nutrient practices, integrated application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF recorded significantly higher uptake of N, P and K (79.0, 17.1 and 80.9 kg ha-1, respectively) accounting for 16.52, 36.77 and 5.35 per cent, respectively (Table 2) higher over EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN. The increase in total dry matter production and seed cotton yield could be ascribed to increased uptake of nutrients (Lokesh et al., 2008). Foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher uptake of N, P and K (74.33, 15.23 and 79.36 kg ha-1, respectively) over bio-digester @ 20% and was on par with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and vermiwash @ 20 %. increased the protein synthesis and stimulates fruiting and hastens the translocation of nitrogen and sugars thus improving fruiting resulted in higher biomass production and yield. Among the organic treatment combinations, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher uptake of N, P2O5 and K2O (73.80, 15.16 and 78.4 kg ha-1, respectively) over other organic combinations and was on par with (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and RDF + FYM. Similar results were also observed by Sanjutha et al., (2008) and Tolanur (2008). Application of organics with foliar spray of panchagavya noticed enhanced biological efficiency of crop plants and created greater source and sink in the plant system (Boomathi et al., 2005). Integrated application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF + panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (80.20, 17.39 and 81.82 kg ha-1, respectively) over rest of the combinations but was on par with FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF + borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF + vermiwash @ 20%. This might be due to higher total dry matter production in this treatment. Foliar application of boron accelerates the translocation of nitrogen compounds, The foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% was recorded significantly higher soil organic carbon (5.5 g kg-1) over foliar spray of biodigester @ 20% (5.3 g kg-1) and was on par with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% (5.5 g kg-1). Among the different treatment combinations, application EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher soil organic carbon (5.7 g kg-1) over RDF + FYM (5.0 g kg-1) and was on par with EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with vermiwash @ 20% (5.6 and 5.5 g kg-1, respectively). Among the nutrient management practices, integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF and EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN recorded significantly higher organic carbon (5.6 and 5.5 g kg-1, respectively) over FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF (5.2 g kg-1). It was higher by 7.96 per cent over FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. Lower organic carbon content was recorded in plots supplemented (Table 1) with RDF + FYM as compared to 100% organic manures application. The available soil N, P2O5 and K2O varied significantly due to different nutrient management practices. Among the nutrient management practices, integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded (Table 2) significantly higher available soil N, P2O5 and K2O (282.5, 28.8, 328.3 kg ha-1, respectively) over FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. 2521 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Table.1 Bulk density in soil and uptake of N, P and K by cotton crop as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment 2010 2011 N (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1) N (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1) K (kg ha-1) Bulk density (g/cc) 77.5a 66.3c 16.0a 11.6c 79.6a 75.6b 1.27a 1.25a 80.6a 69.3c M3 1.27a 70.4b 13.5b S.Em.± 0.0082 0.30 0.11 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 1.27a 72.4a 14.2a 76.1b 0.20 1.24a 0.011 74.6b 0.26 Bulk density (g/cc) Organic Manure (M) M1 1.28a M2 1.27a L2 1.26a L3 1.27a L4 1.27a L5 1.27a S.Em.± 0.011 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 1.28ab M1 L2 1.27a-c Pooled N (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1) K (kg ha-1) Bulk density (g/cc) K (kg ha-1) 18.1a 13.3c 82.2a 77.9b 1.28a 1.26ab 79.0a 67.8c 17.1a 12.5c 80.9a 76.8c 15.0b 0.10 78.5b 0.17 1.25b 0.0082 72.5b 0.28 14.2b 0.10 77.3b 0.10 78.1a 1.25a 76.2a 16.2a 80.5a 1.26a 74.3a 15.2a 79.3a 69.6b 12.7b 75.6c 1.23a 72.3d 14.2b 77.9c 1.27a 71.0b 13.5b 76.8d 71.3a 71.6a 72.2a 0.43 13.7a 13.7a 14.1a 0.28 76.7bc 77.2ab 77.1ab 0.42 1.26a 1.25a 1.25a 0.014 74.7c 75.1c 75.7b 0.14 15.4a 15.5a 16.0a 0.26 79.0bc 79.8ab 80.4a 0.39 1.27a 1.26a 1.26a 0.0105 73.0a 73.3a 74.0a 0.42 14.5a 14.6a 15.1a 0.27 77.8c 78.5b 79.1ab 0.21 78.5a 76.0b 16.1a 15.8a 80.5a 78.3b-e 1.26a-d 1.27ab 81.9a 78.5bc 18.6a 17.7ab 83.0a 80.9b-d 1.27ab 1.27ab 80.2a 77.3bc 17.3a 16.7ab 81.8a 79.6cd M1 L3 1.28ab 77.2ab 16.0a 79.1a-d 1.27a-d 80.2ab 18.0ab 81.5a-c 1.27ab 78.7ab 17.0ab 80.3bc M1 L4 M1 L5 M2 L1 M2 L2 1.28a 1.28a 1.27bc 1.27bc 77.6ab 78.3ab 67.2f 64.4g 16.0a 16.1a 12.1cd 10.5e 79.9a-c 80.3ab 76.6e-g 74.2i 1.27a-c 1.26a-e 1.24c-e 1.26a-d 80.8a 81.4a 70.7fg 66.6h 18.2a 18.3a 14.1ef 11.0g 82.5ab 83.0a 79.1d-f 76.3g 1.28a 1.27ab 1.26d-f 1.27a-d 79.2ab 79.8a 68.9fg 65.5h 17.1a 17.2a 13.1ef 11.1g 81.2ab 81.6a 77.9f-h 75.3h M2 L3 M2 L4 M2 L5 M3 L1 M3 L2 M3L3 M3 L4 M3 L5 1.27a-c 1.26c 1.27a-c 1.26c 1.27a-c 1.27bc 1.26c 1.27a-c 66.4fg 66.6f 67.1f 71.5cd 68.4ef 70.4de 70.5de 71.2d 11.7de 11.7de 12.1cd 14.3b 11.9d 13.4bc 13.5bc 14.2b 75.0g-i 75.7g-i 76.5e-h 77.1d-g 74.4hi 75.8f-i 76.3e-i 76.8e-g 1.26a-d 1.25a-e 1.25b-e 1.23e 1.25b-e 1.25a-e 1.24de 1.24de 69.3g 69.8fg 70.2fg 76.0de 71.8f 74.6e 74.8de 75.6de 13.2f 13.4f 14.1ef 15.9cd 13.2f 14.9de 15.0de 15.8cd 77.3fg 78.1e-g 78.9d-f 79.5c-e 76.6g 78.2e-g 78.8ef 79.3d-f 1.27a-c 1.26b-e 1.26b-e 1.25f 1.26c-f 1.26b-e 1.25ef 1.26d-f 67.8g 68.2fg 68.7fg 73.8de 70.1f 72.5e 72.6e 73.4de 12.5f 12.6f 13.1ef 15.1cd 12.6f 14.2de 14.2de 15.0cd 76.2ij 76.9hi 77.7f-h 78.3ef 75.5j 77.0g-i 77.5f-h 78.1e-g C1 S.Em.± 1.28ab 0.0033 73.0fc 0.72 14.7ab 0.46 78.0c-f 0.67 1.28a 0.0082 77.1cd 0.71 16.7bc 0.43 80.0c-e 0.63 1.28a 0.0033 75.3cd 0.69 15.7bc 0.43 79.0de 0.35 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20%; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1%; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 2522 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Table.2 Organic carbon and available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment 2010 OC (g kg-1) Organic Manure (M) M1 5.1b 2011 N (kg ha-1) P2O5 (kg ha-1) K2O (kg ha-1) OC (g kg-1)) N (kg ha-1) P2O5 (kg ha-1) K2O (kg ha-1) OC (g kg-1) 270.8c 25.6c 311.4b 5.3b 275.5c 27.0c 317.6b 5.2b 275.5b 26.2b 323.4a 5.6a 279.8b 28.3b 330.5a M3 5.4a 277.7a 27.6a S.Em.± 0.0058 0.35 0.13 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 5.3a 276.1a 27.3a 324.7a 0.49 5.7a 0.0058 287.3a 0.30 30.1a 0.15 331.8a 0.81 M2 L2 5.3ab 5.2b L3 5.3ab L4 5.3ab L5 5.3a S.Em.± 0.0043 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 5.2c-f M1 L2 5.0ef Pooled N (kg ha-1) P2O5 (kg ha-1) K2O (kg ha-1) 273.2c 26.3c 314.5b 5.5a 277.6b 27.3b 327.0a 5.6a 0.0041 282.5a 0.29 28.8a 0.08 328.3a 0.56 320.9a 5.7a 282.7a 29.4a 328.0a 5.5a 279.4a 28.3a 324.4a 272.9b 25.4b 318.8b 5.4c 278.2b 26.8b 325.3c 5.3d 275.6b 26.1b 322.1b 274.4ab 274.6ab 275.3a 0.68 26.2ab 26.4ab 27.1a 0.42 319.2ab 319.7ab 320.7a 0.56 5.5bc 5.5a-c 5.6ab 0.0065 280.5ab 280.9ab 282.1a 0.56 28.3a 28.5a 29.2a 0.38 325.9bc 326.5a-c 327.5ab 0.54 5.4cd 5.4bc 5.5ab 0.0030 277.5a 277.8a 278.7a 0.62 27.3a 27.5a 28.1a 0.38 322.6ab 323.1ab 324.1a 0.47 272.7d-f 269.7gh 26.5a-d 24.2de 312.7c 310.0c 5.4c-e 5.2de 277.2c-f 273.8fg 27.8c-e 25.1fg 319.0b 316.0b 5.3f-i 5.1ij 275.0de 271.8ef 27.2b-e 24.6fg 315.9c 313.0c M1 L3 5.1d-f 270.3f-h 25.4b-e 310.4c 5.2de 274.6fg 27.1d-f 316.4b 5.2h-j 272.5e 26.2ef 313.4c M1 L4 M1 L5 M2 L1 M2 L2 5.1d-f 5.2b-f 5.4a-d 5.2b-f 270.3f-h 271.2e-h 276.2a-d 274.0c-f 25.5b-e 26.3a-d 27.0a-c 25.2c-e 311.5c 312.6c 323.8ab 322.8b 5.3c-e 5.4b-e 5.8ab 5.5a-d 275.2e-g 276.8c-f 281.6bc 275.9d-f 27.2d-f 27.7c-e 29.1a-d 26.6e-g 317.7b 318.8b 331.3a 329.6a 5.2g-i 5.3e-i 5.6a-c 5.4d-h 272.7e 274.0e 278.9c 275.0de 26.4d-f 27.0c-e 28.1a-e 25.9f-g 314.6c 315.7c 327.5ab 326.2bab M2 L3 M2 L4 M2 L5 M3 L1 M3 L2 M3L3 M3 L4 M3 L5 C1 S.Em.± 5.3a-d 5.3a-d 5.4a-d 5.5a 5.3a-e 5.4a-d 5.4a-c 5.5ab 4.9f 0.0088 275.3a-d 275.8a-d 276.0a-d 279.4a 275.0b-e 277.6a-c 277.9a-c 278.6ab 267.5h 1.28 25.9a-d 26.1a-d 26.9a-c 28.3a 26.8a-c 27.4a-c 27.7ab 28.0a 23.5e 0.71 323.2ab 323.3ab 323.9ab 326.4a 323.5ab 324.2ab 324.1ab 325.5ab 291.7d 1.0.3 5.5a-d 5.6a-c 5.8ab 5.9a 5.6a-d 5.7a-c 5.6a-c 5.8ab 5.1e 0.011 280.0c-e 280.6b-d 281.1bc 289.4a 285.0ab 286.9a 287.0a 288.4a 270.9g 1.52 28.1c-e 28.6b-e 29.1a-d 31.2a 28.7b-e 29.7a-c 29.9a-c 30.8ab 24.6g 0.68 330.2a 330.5a 331.1a 333.6a 330.5a 331.2a 331.4a 332.7a 290.2c 1.42 5.4c-g 5.5b-e 5.6a-c 5.7a 5.4b-f 5.5a-d 5.5a-d 5.6ab 5.0j 0.0058 277.7cd 278.2c 278.5c 284.4a 280.0bc 282.2ab 282.5ab 283.5a 269.2e 1.05 27.0c-e 27.3b-e 28.0a-e 29.7a 27.8a-e 28.5a-d 28.8a-c 29.4ab 24.1g 0.66 326.7ab 326.9ab 327.5ab 330.0a 327.0ab 327.7ab 327.7ab 329.1ab 291.0d 1.00 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 2523 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Table.3 Actinomycetes (cfuX102 / g of soil) and N2 (cfuX103 / g of soil) fixers population observed in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment Actinomycetes at 60 DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 34.40c 2010 Actinomycetes at 90 DAS 32.13c M2 36.67b 34.27b M3 38.27a 35.67a S.Em.± 0.239 0.154 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 36.67a 34.44a L2 35.89a 33.33b L3 36.11a 33.78ab L4 37.11a 34.44a L5 36.44a 34.11ab S.Em.± 0.45 0.329 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 34.33d-f 32.33cd M1 L2 33.67ef 32.00cd M1 L3 34.33d-f 32.00cd M1 L4 35.00c-f 32.00cd M1 L5 34.67d-f 32.33cd M2 L1 36.67a-d 35.00ab M2 L2 36.67a-d 33.33bc M2 L3 36.00b-e 33.67bc M2 L4 38.00ab 35.67a M2 L5 36.00b-e 33.67bc M3 L1 39.00a 36.00a M3 L2 37.33b-c 34.67ab M3L3 38.00ab 35.67a M3 L4 38.33ab 35.67a M3 L5 38.67a 36.33a C1 33.33f 31.00d S.Em.± 0.77 0.539 N2 fixers at 60 DAS N2 fixers at 90 DAS Actinomycete s at 60 DAS 2011 Actinomycet N2 fixers at es at 90 DAS 60 DAS N2 fixers at 90 DAS Actinomycete s at 60 DAS Pooled Actinomycet N2 fixers at es at 90 60 DAS DAS N2 fixers at 90 DAS 23.93c 22.33c 36.83c 34.68c 25.79c 23.75c 35.62c 33.41c 24.86c 23.04c 27.60b 32.00a 0.539 25.00b 27.47a 0.353 38.78b 41.03a 0.182 36.58b 38.73a 0.136 30.81b 34.31a 0.511 28.46b 31.57a 0.235 37.72b 39.65a 0.174 35.43b 37.20a 0.143 29.21b 33.15a 0.335 26.73b 29.52a 0.294 30.56a 24.56b 25.56b 28.56a 30.00a 0.779 28.78a 21.67c 22.33c 25.33b 26.56b 0.729 39.02a 38.49a 38.78a 39.00a 39.11a 0.385 36.73ab 35.61b 36.73ab 37.29a 36.95ab 0.438 34.06a 26.72c 27.90c 30.81b 32.03b 0.625 32.07a 23.92c 25.19c 28.62b 29.85b 0.761 37.85a 37.19a 37.45a 38.06a 37.78a 0.278 35.59ab 34.47b 35.25ab 35.87a 35.53ab 0.37 32.31a 25.64c 26.73c 29.68b 31.02ab 0.504 30.42a 22.79c 23.76c 26.98b 28.20b 0.732 26.33d-f 20.67hi 21.33g-i 25.33d-g 26.00d-f 31.33a-c 23.67f-i 24.33e-h 28.00c-e 30.67a-c 34.00a 29.33b-d 31.00a-c 32.33ab 33.33ab 20.00i 1.29 25.00c-e 20.00gh 20.67f-h 22.33f-g 23.67d-g 29.00ab 21.67e-g 22.00e-g 25.33b-e 27.00b-d 32.33a 23.33d-g 24.33d-f 28.33bc 29.00ab 17.67h 1.17 36.74d 36.77d 36.85d 36.74d 37.07d 39.25bc 38.35cd 38.47cd 39.25bc 38.58cd 41.08ab 40.35a-c 41.01ab 41.01ab 41.68a 33.60e 0.658 34.69fg 34.19g 34.80fg 34.69fg 35.02fg 36.88b-f 35.19e-g 36.42c-g 38.21a-d 36.21d-g 38.63a-c 37.46a-e 38.96ab 38.96ab 39.63a 31.48h 0.728 28.38e-g 22.77i 23.89hi 26.30gh 27.63fg 34.84bc 27.27fg 27.95e 31.17de 32.84bc 38.96a 30.14d-f 31.85cd 34.96bc 35.63b 21.16i 1.057 26.78d-f 20.73hi 21.70g-i 24.11f-h 25.45e-g 32.65bc 24.28f-h 25.72e-g 28.98c-e 30.65b-d 36.77a 26.74d-f 28.14d-f 32.77bc 33.44ab 18.99i 1.318 35.54e 35.22e 35.59e 35.87de 35.87de 37.96bc 37.51c 37.24cd 38.63a-c 37.29cd 40.04a 38.84a-c 39.51ab 39.67a 40.17a 33.47f 0.511 33.51d 33.09d 33.40d 33.34d 33.68d 35.94bc 34.26cd 35.04cd 36.94ab 34.94cd 37.32ab 36.06a-c 37.32ab 37.32ab 37.98a 31.24e 0.59 27.36ef 21.72g 22.61g 25.82f 26.82f 33.09bc 25.47f 26.14f 29.59de 31.75cd 36.48a 29.74de 31.42cd 33.65bc 34.48ab 20.58g 0.83 25.89d-f 20.36hi 21.19g-i 23.22e-h 24.56e-g 30.83bc 22.98f-h 23.86e-h 27.16c-e 28.83b-d 34.55a 25.04d-g 26.24d-f 30.55bc 31.22ab 18.33i 1.21 EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 2524 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Table.4 PSM (cfuX103 / g of soil) population and dehydrogenase activity (µg TPF /g of soil / day) observed in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment Dehydrogen ase at 90 DAS PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90 DAS 2011 Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS Dehydrogenase at 90 DAS PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90 DAS Pooled Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS Dehydrogenase at 90 DAS M1 16.73c 14.82c 8.51c M2 20.80b 18.47b 9.48b M3 24.67a 22.73a 9.85a S.Em.± 0.478 0.499 0.0935 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) 7.09b 8.02a 8.22a 0.129 17.77c 23.20b 27.64a 0.202 15.81c 21.42b 25.89a 0.271 10.14c 12.54b 14.13a 0.149 8.42c 10.75b 12.32a 0.171 17.25c 22.00b 26.15a 0.245 15.31c 19.94b 24.31a 0.421 9.33c 11.01b 11.99a 0.029 7.76c 9.38b 10.27a 0.072 L1 22.89a L2 18.89d L3 19.33cd L4 20.89bc L5 21.67ab S.Em.± 0.482 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 18.67d-g M1 L2 15.33g M1 L3 15.67g M1 L4 16.67fg M1 L5 17.33fg M2 L1 22.33e-g M2 L2 19.33c-f M2 L3 20.00c-e M2 L4 21.00cd M2 L5 21.33cd M3 L1 27.67a M3 L2 22 M3L3 22.33bc M3 L4 25.00ab M3 L5 26.33a C1 16.00g S.Em.± 0.986 PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90DAS 2010 Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS Organic Manure (M) 20.56a 17.78cd 16.89d 18.67bc 19.47ab 0.497 9.69a 8.87b 8.99b 9.35a 9.51a 0.119 8.27a 7.04b 7.57ab 7.92a 8.09a 0.245 25.30a 20.20c 21.58c 23.19b 24.08ab 0.521 23.26a 19.22c 19.53c 21.14b 22.03ab 0.542 12.71a 11.68c 12.03bc 12.38ab 12.56ab 0.189 10.97a 9.84c 10.27bc 10.62ab 10.79ab 0.202 24.09a 19.55d 20.46c 22.04b 22.87b 0.289 21.91a 18.50cd 18.21ab 19.91ab 20.75ab 0.413 11.20a 10.27b 10.51b 10.86a 11.03a 0.111 9.62a 8.44c 8.92b 9.27ab 9.44a 0.159 16.33ef 13.33g 14.33fg 14.67fg 15.42fg 20.00cd 18.33de 16.33ef 18.67de 19.00c-e 25.33a 21.67bc 20.00cd 22.67b 24.00ab 12.67g 0.878 8.89e-g 8.17h 8.22h 8.56gh 8.72f-h 9.86a-d 9.05e-g 9.22d-f 9.56b-e 9.72a-d 10.33a 9.38c-f 9.52b-e 9.92a-c 10.09ab 8.20h 0.207 7.47b-g 6.77g 6.80fg 7.13d-g 7.30c-g 8.43a-d 7.43b-g 7.80a-g 8.13a-e 8.30a-d 8.90a 6.93e-g 8.10a-f 8.50a-c 8.67ab 6.77g 0.395 19.93f-h 16.12i 16.62i 17.59hi 18.59g-i 24.97cd 20.94e-g 22.45d-f 23.64c-e 23.97cd 31.00a 23.54c-e 25.66c 28.33b 29.66ab 16.67i 0.874 17.88ef 14.48gh 14.57gh 15.55f-h 16.55fg 22.93cd 20.22de 20.41de 21.60cd 21.93cd 28.95a 22.95cd 23.62c 26.29b 27.62ab 13.48h 0.876 10.59f 9.50gh 9.92f-h 10.25f-g 10.44f-g 12.97b-d 11.88e 12.33de 12.67c-e 12.83b-e 14.56a 13.64a-c 13.83ab 14.22a 14.39a 9.07h 0.321 8.83f 7.96fg 8.16f 8.50f 8.66f 11.21cd 9.98e 10.57de 10.91de 11.07c-e 12.86a 11.57b-d 12.06a-c 12.46ab 12.63ab 6.96g 0.351 19.30gh 15.73j 16.14j 17.13ij 17.96hi 23.65cd 20.14fg 21.23ef 22.32de 22.65c-e 29.33a 22.77c-e 24.00c 26.67b 28.00ab 16.34j 0.515 17.11g-i 13.91jk 14.45jk 15.11i-k 15.98h-j 21.47de 19.28e-g 18.37f-h 20.13d-f 20.47d-f 27.14a 22.31cd 21.81de 24.48bc 25.81ab 13.08k 0.817 9.74f 8.84h 9.07gh 9.40fg 9.58fg 11.42c 10.47e 10.78de 11.11cd 11.28cd 12.45a 11.51c 11.68bc 12.07ab 12.24a 8.64h 0.179 8.15fg 7.37gh 7.48gh 7.82g 7.98fg 9.82b-d 8.71ef 9.19de 9.52c-e 9.69b-d 10.88a 9.25c-e 10.08a-c 10.48ab 10.65a 6.87h 0.261 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 2525 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Table.5 Phosphatase activity (µg pnpTPF /g of soil / hr) and CO2 exchange rate (mg of CO2 /hr/ 100 g soil) in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment Phosphatase at 60 DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 18.60c M2 20.83b 2010 Phosphatase CO2 at 90 DAS exchange at 60 DAS 2011 CO2 exchange at 90 DAS Phosphatas e at 60 DAS Phosphatase at 90 DAS CO2 exchange at 60 DAS CO2 exchange at 90 DAS Phosphatas e at 60 DAS Pooled Phosphatase CO2 at 90 DAS exchange at 60 DAS 17.42c 9.34c 8.47c 20.20c 18.71c 9.94c 8.64c 19.40c 18.07c 19.53b 9.54b 8.81b 24.35b 22.68b 10.13b 9.23b 22.59b 9.34c 0.140 27.10a 0.18 25.49a 0.18 11.12a 0.014 9.69a 0.13 25.01a 0.120 9.04a 8.51a 8.82a 9.00a 9.01a 0.193 25.21a 22.67d 23.39cd 23.78bc 24.37b 0.251 23.32a 21.35c 21.62bc 22.35ab 22.85a 0.319 10.64a 10.44c 10.31d 10.53b 10.05e 0.007 9.49a 8.67b 9.10ab 9.32a 9.36a 0.198 8.60a-d 8.17cd 8.46b-d 8.56a-d 8.55a-d 8.91a-d 8.56a-d 8.79a-d 8.92a-d 8.89a-d 9.60a 8.80a-d 9.20a-c 9.52ab 9.60a 7.81d 0.327 20.97e 19.08f 19.74ef 20.46e 20.74e 26.14bc 22.90d 23.74d 23.79d 25.20c 28.53a 26.01bc 26.71b 27.09b 27.16b 17.68g 0.437 19.58f 17.63gh 17.98fg 19.04fg 19.34fg 24.05b-d 21.72e 21.99e 22.55de 23.12c-e 26.34a 24.69a-c 24.89ab 25.46ab 26.08a 16.16h 0.553 10.38f 9.58j 9.93h 10.28g 9.53k 10.28g 10.28g 9.53k 10.84d 9.74i 11.28b 11.48a 11.48a 10.48e 10.88c 8.43l 0.0091 8.90a-e 8.23de 8.62c-e 8.80b-e 8.66b-e 9.52a-c 8.73b-e 9.14a-d 9.32a-d 9.46a-c 10.04a 9.05a-d 9.53a-c 9.83ab 9.97a 7.84e 0.345 M3 22.91a 21.78b 10.29 S.Em.± 0.22 0.33 0.142 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 22.02a 20.67a 9.94a L2 19.54c 18.64b 9.59a L3 19.96c 18.70b 9.56a L4 20.94b 19.69ab 9.93a L5 21.44ab 20.19a 9.60a S.Em.± 0.26 0.365 0.137 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 19.46f 18.13d-f 9.58b-d M1 L2 17.68hi 16.93e-g 9.02d M1 L3 17.84g-i 16.53fg 9.38cd M1 L4 18.84f-h 17.60e-g 9.64b-d M1 L5 19.16fg 17.90d-f 9.08d M2 L1 22.41bc 21.17a-c 9.62b-d M2 L2 19.65ef 18.13d-f 9.49b-d M2 L3 19.71ef 18.47de 8.99d M2 L4 20.91de 19.67cd 10.16a-c M2 L5 21.48cd 20.23bc 9.46b-d M3 L1 24.19a 22.70a 10.62a M3 L2 21.29cd 20.87a-c 10.25a-c M3L3 22.34bc 21.10a-c 10.32ab M3 L4 23.07ab 21.82ab 10.00a-c M3 L5 23.67ab 22.43a 10.25a-c C1 17.41i 15.83g 8.19e S.Em.± 0.456 0.576 0.264 CO2 exchange at 90 DAS 9.64c 8.55c 21.11c 9.84b 9.02b 23.64a 0.123 10.70a 0.07 9.51a 0.08 23.61a 21.10e 21.68d 22.36c 22.90b 0.168 22.00a 20.00c 20.16c 21.02b 21.52ab 0.296 10.29a 10.01b 9.94b 10.23a 9.82b 0.069 9.26a 8.59b 8.96a 9.16a 9.19a 0.105 20.21h 18.38i 18.79i 19.65h 19.95h 24.27cd 21.28g 21.72fg 22.35f 23.34f 26.36a 23.65de 24.52c 25.08bc 25.42b 17.54j 0.278 18.86g-i 17.28jk 17.26jk 18.32ij 18.62h-j 22.61cd 19.93f-h 20.23fg 21.11ef 21.68de 24.52a 22.78b-d 23.00b-d 23.64a-c 24.26ab 16.00k 0.476 9.98de 9.30f 9.66ef 9.96de 9.31f 9.95de 9.88de 9.26f 10.50bc 9.60ef 10.95a 10.86ab 10.90ab 10.24cd 10.56a-c 8.31g 0.133 8.75e-g 8.20gh 8.54fg 8.68e-g 8.61e-g 9.22b-e 8.65e-g 8.97d-f 9.12c-f 9.17c-e 9.82a 8.93d-f 9.37a-d 9.67a-c 9.79ab 7.82h 0.183 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 2526 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 It was higher by 3.42, 9.72 and 4.38 per cent over FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. Organic manures in conjunction with foliar spray of panchagavya recorded significantly higher available soil N, P2O5 and K2O (279.46, 28.38 and 324.49 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to foliar spray of bio-digester @ 20% and was on par with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and vermiwash @ 20 % and cow urine @ 10 %. Among the different treatment combinations, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher available soil N, P2O5 and K2O (284.4, 29.7 and 330.0 kg ha-1, respectively) accounting for 5.66, 23.51 and 13.40 per cent, higher available NPK over RDF + FYM (269.2, 24.1 and 291.0 kg ha-1) and was on par with EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1%, EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with vermiwash @ 20% and EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with cow urine @ 10%. Application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded higher gain in available N, P2O5 and K2O over RDF + FYM and closely followed by EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1%. Higher soil available N, P2O5 and K2O may be due to higher soil microbial in soil activity. These results are in confirmity with findings of Kademani et al., (2004). Integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded significantly higher actinomycetes, phosphorus solubilising bacteria, N2-fixers, enzymes mainly phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration rate (73.19 cfu X106/ g of soil, 26.84 cfu X103/ g of soil, 39.65 cfu X102/ g of soil (Table 3-5 ), 26.15 cfu X103/ g of soil, 29.52 cfu X103/ g of soil, 25.01µ pnp/g of soil/hr, 11.99 µ TPF/g of soil/day, and 9.51 mg of C or CO2/ hr/100 g of soil respectively) at 60 DAS as compared to application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. The foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% in combination with organic manures recorded significantly higher population of actinomycetes, N2-fixers and PSM, phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil respiration rate over foliar spray of bio-digester @ 20% with organic manures and was on par with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and vermiwash @ 20 %. Among the different treatment combinations, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher actinomycetes, N2-fixers and P-solubilizer, phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil respiration rate over RDF + FYM and was on par with EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1%, EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with vermiwash @ 20% and EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with cow urine @ 10%. These results are in line with the findings of Solaiappan (2004). Finally concluded that combined application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% improved soil properties. References Anonymous, 2011, Area, production and yield of cotton in India (major states). Technical Report, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi, p. 77. 2527 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 2519-2528 Lokesh, B. S., Malabasari., B.S.,Vyakarnal, N. K., Biradarpatil, N.K. and Kotikal., 2008, Studies on physico-chemical properties of cotton growing soil. J. Cotton Res. Dev. 23(1): 60 - 63. Sanjutha, S., Subramanian, C., Indu Rani and Maheswari, J., 2008, Integrated Nutrient Management in Andrographis paniculata. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4 (2): 141-145. Tolanur, S. I., 2008, Integrated effect of organic manuring and inorganic fertilizer on yield and uptake of micronutrients by chickpea in Vertisol. Legume Res., 31 (3): 184-187. Boomathi, N., Suganya Kanna, S. and Jeyarani, S., 2005, “Panchagavya” – A gift from our mother’s nature. Agrobios. News lett., 4 (3): 20-21. Kademani, M. B., Radder, B. M. and Hebsur, N. S., 2004, Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on availability and uptake of nutrients by sunflower in vertisols of Malaprabha command. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci., 16 (1): 48-53. Solaiappan, U., 2002, Effect of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure on cottonsorghum rotation in rainfed Vertisols. Madras Agric. J., 89 (7-9): 448-450. How to cite this article: Rudragouda F. Channagouda. 2019. Microbial Population and Soil Health under Organic Cotton Production System. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(03): 2519-2528. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.299 2528