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www.downloadslide.net GLOBAL EDITION GLOBAL EDITION Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the United States version. Fourth Edition in SI Units Mamlouk Zaniewski Fourth Edition in SI Units Michael S. Mamlouk • John P. Zaniewski GLOBAL EDITION This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States. If you purchased this book within the United States, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers Pearson Global Edition Mamlouk_04_1292154403_Final.indd 1 23/05/17 4:36 PM www.downloadslide.net Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers FOURTH Edition In si units Michael S. Mamlouk John P. Zaniewski Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 1 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: ­Marcia J. Horton Executive Editor: Holly Stark Editorial Assistant: Amanda Brands Acquistions Editor, Global Edition: Abhijit Baroi Executive Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Director of Marketing: Christy Lesko Product Marketing Manager: Bram van Kempen Field Marketing Manager: Demetrius Hall Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Team Lead Program and Product Management: Scott Disanno Program Manager: Erin Ault Project Editor, Global Edition: K.K. Neelakantan Global HE Director of Vendor Sourcing and ­Procurement: Diane Hynes Director of Operations: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Senior Manufacturing Controller, Global Edition: Jerry Kataria Creative Director: Blair Brown Art Director: Janet Slowik Media Production Manager, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Cover Design: Lumina Datamatics Manager, Rights and Permissions: Rachel Youdelman Full-Service Project Management: SPi Global Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2018 The rights of Michael S. Mamlouk and John P. Zaniewski to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Materials for Civil and C ­ onstruction Engineers, 4th Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-432053-3, by Michael S. Mamlouk and John P. Zaniewski ­published by Pearson Education © 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 1-292-15440-3 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15440-4 Typeset by SPi Global Printed and bound in Malaysia. A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 2 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net Contents Preface 15 About the Authors 15 One Materials Engineering Concepts 1.1 Economic Factors 1.2 22 Mechanical Properties 23 1.2.1 Loading Conditions 24 1.2.2 Stress–Strain Relations 1.2.3 Elastic Behavior 25 25 1.2.4 Elastoplastic Behavior 1.2.5 Viscoelastic Behavior 28 32 1.2.6 Temperature and Time Effects 1.2.7 Work and Energy 1.3 Nonmechanical Properties 40 42 1.3.1 Density and Unit Weight 1.3.2 Thermal Expansion 42 44 1.3.3 Surface Characteristics 1.4 Production and Construction 1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics 1.6 Sustainable Design 1.7 Material Variability 49 1.7.1 Sampling 38 39 1.2.8 Failure and Safety 45 46 46 47 50 1.7.2 Normal Distribution A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 3 21 51 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net 4 Contents 1.7.3 Control Charts 51 1.7.4 Experimental Error 1.8 54 Laboratory Measuring Devices 54 1.8.1 Dial Gauge 55 1.8.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 1.8.3 Strain Gauge 57 59 1.8.4 Noncontact Deformation Measurement Technique 60 1.8.5 Proving Ring 1.8.6 Load Cell Summary 1.9 60 61 62 Questions and Problems References 63 75 Two Nature of Materials 2.1 76 Basic Materials Concepts 76 2.1.1 Electron Configuration 2.1.2 Bonding 76 79 2.1.3 Material Classification by Bond Type 82 2.2 Metallic Materials 82 2.2.1 Lattice Structure 83 2.2.2 Lattice Defects 87 2.2.3 Grain Structure 88 2.2.4 Alloys 91 2.2.5 Phase Diagrams 2.2.6 Combined Effects 2.3 Inorganic Solids 2.4 Organic Solids 91 97 97 99 2.4.1 Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking 100 2.4.2 Melting and Glass Transition Temperature 103 2.4.3 Mechanical Properties 104 Summary 2.5 105 Questions and Problems References A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 4 105 108 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net Contents 5 Three Steel 109 3.1 Steel Production 111 3.2 Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram 3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 3.3.1 Annealing 114 117 117 3.3.2 Normalizing 118 3.3.3 Hardening 119 3.3.4 Tempering 119 3.3.5 Example of Heat Treatment 119 3.4 Steel Alloys 119 3.5 Structural Steel 121 3.5.1 Structural Steel Grades 121 3.5.2 Sectional Shapes 124 3.5.3 Specialty Steels in Structural Applications 3.6 Cold-Formed Steel 125 130 3.6.1 Cold-Formed Steel Grades 130 3.6.2 Cold-Formed Steel Shapes 131 3.6.3 Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel 3.7 Fastening Products 3.8 Reinforcing Steel 135 133 133 3.8.1 Conventional Reinforcing 135 3.8.2 Steel for Prestressed Concrete 139 3.9 Mechanical Testing of Steel 140 3.9.1 Tension Test 140 3.9.2 Torsion Test 143 3.9.3 Charpy V Notch Impact Test 146 3.9.4 Bend Test 148 3.9.5 Hardness Test 149 3.9.6 Ultrasonic Testing 3.10 Welding 3.11 150 150 Steel Corrosion 153 3.11.1 Methods for Corrosion Resistance 154 3.12 Steel Sustainability 155 3.12.1 LEED Considerations 155 3.12.2 Other Sustainability Considerations A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 5 155 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net 6 Contents Summary 3.13 156 Questions and Problems References 156 166 Four Aluminum 168 4.1 Aluminum Production 171 4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy 173 4.2.1 Alloy Designation System 175 4.2.2 Temper Treatments 176 4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties 4.4 Welding and Fastening 179 184 4.5 Corrosion 185 4.6 Aluminum Sustainability 185 4.6.1 LEED Considerations 185 4.6.2 Other Sustainability Considerations 185 Summary 4.7 185 Questions and Problems References 186 191 Five Aggregates 193 5.1 Aggregate Sources 194 5.2 Geological Classification 195 5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources 195 5.4 Aggregate Uses 196 5.5 Aggregate Properties 197 5.5.1 Particle Shape and Surface Texture 199 5.5.2 Soundness and Durability 201 5.5.3 Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance 5.5.4 Absorption A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 6 202 203 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net Contents 5.5.5 Specific Gravity 205 5.5.6 Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 5.5.7 Strength and Modulus 5.5.8 Gradation 7 207 208 209 5.5.9 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials 224 5.5.10 Alkali–Aggregate Reactivity 225 5.5.11 Affinity for Asphalt 227 5.6 Handling Aggregates 228 5.6.1 Sampling Aggregates 5.7 Aggregates Sustainability 228 230 5.7.1 LEED Considerations 230 5.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations Summary 5.8 230 231 Questions and Problems 231 References 241 Six Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 243 6.1 Portland Cement Production 243 6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement 6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement 247 244 246 6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement 247 6.5.1 Structure Development in Cement Paste 249 6.5.2 Evaluation of Hydration Progress 249 6.6 Voids in Hydrated Cement 251 6.7 Properties of Hydrated Cement 251 6.7.1 Setting 251 6.7.2 Soundness 253 6.7.3 Compressive Strength of Mortar 6.8 Water–Cement Ratio 6.9 254 254 Types of Portland Cement 255 6.9.1 Standard Portland Cement Types 256 6.9.2 Other Cement Types A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 7 259 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net 8 Contents 6.10 Mixing Water 259 6.10.1 Acceptable Criteria 260 6.10.2 Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water 6.11 262 Admixtures for Concrete 263 6.11.1 Air Entrainers 263 6.11.2 Water Reducers 265 6.11.3 Retarders 269 6.11.4 Hydration-Control Admixtures 270 6.11.5 Accelerators 270 6.11.6 Specialty Admixtures 272 6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 6.13 Cement Sustainability 272 275 6.13.1 LEED Considerations 275 6.13.2 Other Sustainability Considerations 276 Summary 6.14 276 Questions and Problems References 276 285 Seven Portland Cement Concrete 7.1 287 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes 287 7.1.1 Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods 289 7.1.2 Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs 7.2 306 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete 7.2.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete 309 309 7.2.2 Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete 310 7.2.3 Depositing Concrete 310 7.2.4 Pumped Concrete 314 7.2.5 Vibration of Concrete 314 7.2.6 Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water 315 7.2.7 Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete 315 7.2.8 Spreading and Finishing Concrete 317 7.3 Curing Concrete 322 7.3.1 Ponding or Immersion 323 7.3.2 Spraying or Fogging A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 8 323 5/23/17 2:01 PM www.downloadslide.net Contents 7.3.3 Wet Coverings 9 324 7.3.4 Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets 324 7.3.5 Membrane-Forming Compounds 324 7.3.6 Forms Left in Place 327 7.3.7 Steam Curing 327 7.3.8 Insulating Blankets or Covers 327 7.3.9 Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing 7.3.10 Curing Period 7.4 327 328 Properties of Hardened Concrete 328 7.4.1 Early Volume Change 328 7.4.2 Creep Properties 330 7.4.3 Permeability 330 7.4.4 Stress–Strain Relationship 331 7.5 Testing of Hardened Concrete 333 7.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 333 7.5.2 Split-Tension Test 336 7.5.3 Flexure Strength Test 336 7.5.4 Rebound Hammer Test 338 7.5.5 Penetration Resistance Test 338 7.5.6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 339 7.5.7 Maturity Test 340 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete 340 7.6.1 Self-Consolidating Concrete 341 7.6.2 Flowable Fill 343 7.6.3 Shotcrete 344 7.6.4 Lightweight Concrete 346 7.6.5 Heavyweight Concrete 346 7.6.6 High-Strength Concrete 348 7.6.7 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 348 7.6.8 Polymers and Concrete 349 7.6.9 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 349 7.6.10 Roller-Compacted Concrete 350 7.6.11 High-Performance Concrete 350 7.6.12 Pervious Concrete 7.7 Concrete Sustainability 352 353 7.7.1 LEED Considerations 353 7.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations A01_MAML5440_04_SE_FM.indd 9 355 5/23/17 2:01 PM