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Management of Natural R esour ces, Resour esources, Sustainable Development and Ecological Hazards WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers presented at Ravage of the Planet 2006 are archived in the WIT elibrary in volume 99 of WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (ISSN 1743-3541). The WIT electronic-library provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. http://library.witpress.com. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL HAZARDS THE The Ravage of the Planet HONORARY PRESIDENT A. Perez Esquivel Nobel Prize for Peace CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK M. E. Conti University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Italy E. Tiezzi University of Siena, Italy INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE D. Almorza Gomar R. Barber C. Borrego F. Botre L. Campanella G. Cecchetti C. Cecchi A. H-D. Cheng M. da Conceicao Cunha W. P. De Wilde S. E. Jørgensen D. Kaliampakos K. L. Katsifarakis J. Kretzschmar J. W. S. Longhurst Ü. Mander T. Martonen F. C. B. Mascarenhas M. Maugeri G. Passerini F. Patania V. Popov M. Portapila P. F. Ricci C. Rossi G. Sciutto B. Sunden W. Timmermans C. Trozzi E. Uspuras A. van Timmeren Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK University of Siena, Italy Sponsored by WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment Transactions Editor Carlos Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Email: carlos@wessex.ac.uk Editorial Board Y N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma USA D Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz Spain M Andretta Montecatini Italy J G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology Greece J Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems UK H Boileau ESIGEC France A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi USA A Cieslak Technical University of Lodz Poland M da Conceicao Cunha University of Coimbra Portugal A B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico Portugal C Dowlen South Bank University UK J P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch South Africa D Elms University of Canterbury New Zealand A Aldama IMTA Mexico A M Amer Cairo University Egypt J M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Spain A Bejan Duke University USA B Bobee Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Canada C A Borrego University of Aveiro Portugal C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh USA W Czyczula Krakow University of Technology Poland M Davis Temple University USA K Dorow Pacific Northwest National Laboratory USA R Duffell University of Hertfordshire UK A Ebel University of Cologne Germany D M Elsom Oxford Brookes University UK J W Everett Rowan University USA D M Fraser University of Cape Town South Africa N Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I Spain K G Goulias Pennsylvania State University USA C Hanke Danish Technical University Denmark S Heslop University of Bristol UK W F Huebner Southwest Research Institute USA D Kaliampakos National Technical University of Athens Greece H Kawashima The University of Tokyo Japan D Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd UK J G Kretzschmar VITO Belgium A Lebedev Moscow State University Russia K-C Lin University of New Brunswick Canada T Lyons Murdoch University Australia N Marchettini University of Siena Italy J F Martin-Duque Universidad Complutense Spain C A Mitchell The University of Sydney Australia R Olsen Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. USA R A Falconer Cardiff University UK G Gambolati Universita di Padova Italy F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Spain W E Grant Texas A & M University USA A H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels Belgium I Hideaki Nagoya University Japan W Hutchinson Edith Cowan University Australia K L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece B A Kazimee Washington State University USA D Koga Saga University Japan B S Larsen Technical University of Denmark Denmark D Lewis Mississippi State University USA J W S Longhurst University of the West of England UK Ü Mander University of Tartu Estonia J D M Marsh Griffith University Australia K McManis University of New Orleans USA M B Neace Mercer University USA R O’Neill Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA K Onishi Ibaraki University Japan G Passerini Universita delle Marche Italy M F Platzer Naval Postgraduate School USA H Power University of Nottingham UK Y A Pykh Russian Academy of Sciences Russia A C Rodrigues Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal J L Rubio Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion Spain R San Jose Technical University of Madrid Spain H Sozer Illinois Institute of Technology USA E Tiezzi University of Siena Italy S G Tushinski Moscow State University Russia R van Duin Delft University of Technology Netherlands Y Villacampa Esteve Universidad de Alicante Spain J Park Seoul National University Korea B C Patten University of Georgia USA V Popov Wessex Institute of Technology UK M R I Purvis University of Portsmouth UK A D Rey McGill University Canada R Rosset Laboratoire d’Aerologie France S G Saad American University in Cairo Egypt J J Sharp Memorial University of Newfoundland Canada I V Stangeeva St Petersburg University Russia T Tirabassi Institute FISBAT-CNR Italy J-L Uso Universitat Jaume I Spain A Viguri Universitat Jaume I Spain G Walters University of Exeter UK This page intentionally left blank Management of Natural R esour ces, Resour esources, Sustainable Development and Ecological Hazards Editors C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK M. E. Conti University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Italy E. Tiezzi University of Siena, Italy C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK M. E. Conti University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Italy E. Tiezzi University of Siena, Italy Published by WIT Press Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK Tel: 44 (0) 238 029 3223; Fax: 44 (0) 238 029 2853 E-Mail: witpress@witpress.com http://www.witpress.com For USA, Canada and Mexico Computational Mechanics Inc 25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USA Tel: 978 667 5841; Fax: 978 667 7582 E-Mail: infousa@witpress.com http://www.witpress.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84564-048-4 ISSN: 1746-448X (print) ISSN: 1743-3541 (online) The texts of the papers in this volume were set individually by the authors or under their supervision. Only minor corrections to the text may have been carried out by the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher, the Editors and Authors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. © WIT Press 2007 Printed in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press Ltd., Gateshead. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Preface This book contains the papers presented at the International Conference on the Management of Natural Resources, Sustainable Development and Ecological Hazards, which was held in Patagonia, Argentina. The Conference name was shortened to ‘The Ravage of the Planet’ to emphasize the urgency of the problems under discussion. The state of our planet continues to deteriorate at an alarming rate. We have arrived at a situation where we need to determine urgent solutions before we reach a point of irreversible damage. Our civilisation has fallen into a self-destructive process whereby natural resources are consumed at an ever-increasing rate. This process has now spread across the planet in search of further sources of energy and materials. The aggressiveness of this quest is such that the future of our planet hangs in the balance. The problem is compounded by the pernicious effect of the resulting pollution. With these concerns in mind, the Co-Editors of this book decided to call an international conference organised by the Wessex Institute of Technology with the sponsorship of their respective institutions. The concerns were discussed with Dr. Adolfo Perez-Esquivel, Nobel Peace Prize winner, whose courageous defence of human rights extends to the need to stop the violence against our environment. A peaceful and just society is only possible if it is able to achieve a degree of harmony with its environment. The destruction of natural resources and the pollution of the environment will result in increasingly violent confrontations and an unstable world. These arrangements led Perez-Esquivel to support the meeting by accepting an invitation to become its Honorary President. Much has been written about reaching sustainability in different contexts, but the concept itself needs to be defined within the framework of many different disciplines in order to arrive at optimal solutions. Therefore this conference is essentially a trans-disciplinary meeting in order to find appropriate sustainable solutions, i.e. those involving collaboration across a wide range of disciplines. Patagonia was selected as the location for the Meeting as it is one of the few unspoilt parts of the planet, now under threat from over-development and exploitation of its many resources. Bringing the region to the attention of the international scientific and learned community may help to highlight new ways in which regions