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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 4 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.031 Management of Leaf Spots or Tikka Disease of Groundnut (Passalora arachidicola & Nothopassalora personata) through Systemic Fungicides R. K. Sharma*, M. M. Patel and D. R. Patel Agricultural Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University Ladol, Mehsana, Gujarat, India – 384 540 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Groundnut, Leaf spot, Tikka, Disease, Management, Systemic fungicide, Tebuconazole, Passalora arachidicola and Nothopassalora personata Article Info Accepted: 04 March 2020 Available Online: 10 April 2020 An experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Ladol to test the efficacy of some effective systemic fungicides viz. tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG, difenconazole 25% EC, hexaconazole 5% EC and tebuconazole 25.9% EC with their prefix concentrations against leaf spots or tikka disease of groundnut. A variant with no application of fungicide was used as a control. All the treatments reduced the disease intensity significantly as compared to untreated check. The per cent disease intensity was recorded periodically at 60, 75 and 90 days after the sowing with consecutive three spray of fungicides (before and 7 days after spray) at 15 days interval and was found moderate to medium in range (13.72–44.84 per cent). The minimum disease intensity was recorded in the treatment T3 at 90 DAS at applied after third spray (7 days after spray) with its PDI 24.35 per cent. After harvesting of the crop, the highest pod and haulm yield was also obtained from the plots treated with the same treatment T 3 i.e. spraying of tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% concentration (pod-2422 kg; haulm-3207 kg ha-1) followed by the treatments T2 (pod-2407 kg; haulm-3178 kg ha-1) and T7 (pod-2378 kg; haulm-3167 kg ha-1). Here, The efficacy of combination fungicide of triazole and strobilurin group, i.e. tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% concentration was found very effective against early and late leaf spots of groundnut and increasing the pod as well as haulm yield also. by-product which are mainly used as cattle feed and manure. It contains about 43-65 per cent protein and 6-20 per cent fat plus some B-group vitamins and micronutrients depending upon the method of extraction. India cultivates about 7.74 million hectares and produces 7.61 million tonnes of groundnut with average yield 1486 kg ha-1 (Madhusudhana, 2013). Introduction Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food (Leguminous & Oilseed) crop having high content of protein and oil. Its seed is used as a source of cooking oil and in confectionary products for human consumption (Naab et al., 2005). After oil extraction, groundnut cake is obtained as a 259 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 The major groundnut producing states are viz. Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Among these states, Gujarat having 20 lakh hectares area of groundnut with its total production of about 26 lakh tonnes annually (Anonymous, 2018; Gayathri, 2018). Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous). These fungi cause leaf spots damage to the plant by reducing the available photosynthetic area, by lesion formation, and by stimulating leaflet abscission. The disease occurs on all above ground parts of the plant, more severely on the leaves. Like any other economically important crop, groundnut is also susceptible to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes (Mayee, 1987). The majority of diseases are caused by fungi and several of them are yield reducers in certain regions and seasons (Mayee, 1995). Foliar fungal diseases causes severe damage during any stage of crop growth and yield losses over 25 per cent have been reported by Mayee and Datar (1988). The leaf symptoms produced by the two pathogens can be easily distinguished by appearance; spot color and shapes (Fig. 1 and 2). Both the fungi produce lesions also on petiole, stem and pegs. The lesions caused by both species coalesce as infection develops and severely spotted leaves shed prematurely. The quality and yield of nuts are drastically reduced in case of severe infection. Prolonged high relative humidity for more than three days, low temperature (≤ 20° C) with dew on leaf surface, heavy doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and deficiency of magnesium in soil are the main reasons to increase disease potentiality. Leaf spot or Tikka disease is the most important foliar fungal disease of groundnut. Without foliar application of fungicides the losses in excess of 50 per cent of potential yield (Subrahmanyam et al., 1980; Ghuge et al., 1981). When it is associated with rust, the losses reached up to 70 per cent (Vidyasekaran, 1981). Groundnut is affected by early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun), late leaf spot (Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous) and rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) all over the world including India (Melouk et al., 1984; Subrahmanyam et al., 1985). The pathogen survives for a long period in the infected plant debris through conidia, dormant mycelium and perithecia in soil. The volunteer groundnut plants also harbour the pathogen. The primary infection is by ascospores or conidia from infected plant debris or infected seeds. The secondary spread is by windblown conidia. Rain splash also helps in the spread of conidia. Perusal of literature indicated that the combined application fungicides and host resistance is quite effective in the management of foliar diseases and several fungicides have been identified and evaluated to management the leaf spot diseases at different places (Subrahmanyam et al., 1995 and Munda et al., 1997). Fungicides application can increase the genetic potential and yield reduction due to disease can be minimized. Systemic fungicides inhibit the Previously the cercosporoid fungus, was known as early leaf spots (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.) and late leaf spot (Cecosporidium personatum Black & Curt.) on the basis of morphological characters but now the fungus have new names on the basis of molecular studies and considered as early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun), late leaf spot 260 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 spore germination and penetration of the pathogens, Therefore an experiment is conducting to investigate the performance of some systemic fungicides at different concentrations under this agro-climatic region which can reduce loss with effective and economic approach as spray scheduled. All the data were statistically analyzed with using the standard procedure described by Gomez and Gomez (1986) and Indian NARS Statistical Computing Portal. Results and Discussion The data on PDI of leaf spots (early & late) of groundnut was recorded periodically at 60, 75 and 90 days after the sowing with consecutive three spray of fungicides (before and 7 days after spray) at 15 days interval and was found moderate to medium in range (13.72–44.84 per cent). It has also been found that in all the treatments, PDI increased with the age of the plants. The data on disease intensity revealed that all systemic fungicides tested reduced the disease intensity significantly with their prefix concentrations as compared to control. Materials and Methods An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, SDAU, Ladol in kharif 2019-20 with susceptible variety of groundnut G.G.-2. To study the comparative efficacy of some effective systemic fungicides along with the combination of Triazole and Strobilurin group against tikka disease of groundnut, the experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications having a gross plot size of 4.5 m X 5.0 m and a net plot size of 3.6 m X 4.6 m with spacing of 45 cm X 10 cm. All the treatments each being comprised of 3 sprays were imposed after the appearance of the disease starting from 60 DAS till 90 DAS at 15 days interval. Observations of disease intensity were recorded from the appearance of the disease at 15 days interval (before and 7 days after spray) till 90 day after sowing (DAS) as per the 1-9 point scale for assessment of tikka leaf spot on groundnut explicated by Subrahmanyam et al., (1982 a, b). Table 2 revealed that the disease initiation was very limited at 60 DAS before first spray and there was no statistical difference among the treatments. The minimum PDI was recorded at 60 DAS at 7 days after first spray in treatment T3 i.e. spraying of tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% (14.06 %) and it was found significantly less over rest of the treatments followed by the treatments T2, T7 and T8. The same trends were found in the treatment T3 at 75 and 90 DAS at applied after second and third spray (7 days after spray) with minimum PDI 18.53 and 24.35 per cent, respectively as compared to control. The per cent disease intensity (PDI) was computed as per the formula suggested by Horsfall and Heuberger (1942). After harvesting of the crop, the highest pod yield was obtained from the plots treated with treatment T3 i.e. spraying of tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% (2422 kg ha-1) followed by the treatments T2, T7, T8 and T1 (2407, 2378, 2243 and 2207 kg ha-1) respectively. Similarly highest haulm yield was also recorded in the treatment T3 (3207 kg ha-1) but there was no significant difference found as compare to untreated check. The per cent disease intensity data was arcsine transformed before analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data on yield parameter like pod and haulm yield was recorded after allowing pods to dry in sun for 10 days after the harvest. 261 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 Table.1 Field scale (1-9 point) for assessment of leaf spot or tikka on groundnut (after Subrahmanyam et al., 1982a, b) Leaf spot Score 1 No disease 2 Few, small necrotic spots on older leaves 3 Small spots, mainly on older leaves, sparse sporulation 4 Many spots, mostly on lower and middle leaves, disease evident 5 Spots easily seen on lower and middle leaves, moderately sporulating, yellowing and defoliation of some lower leaves 6 As rating 5 but spots heavily sporulating 7 Disease easily seen from a distance; spots present all over the plant; lower and middle leaves defoliating 8 As rating 7 but defoliation is more severe 9 Plants severely affected, 50-100 % defoliation Table.2 Evaluation of some effective systemic fungicides against leaf spots or tikka disease of groundnut cv. G.G.-2 Tr. No. Treatment Percent Disease Intensity (PDI) 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS First Spray Second Spray Third Spray Before 7 Before 7 Before 7 DASP DASP DASP 13.72 19.46 25.10 25.57 30.11 31.22 T1 Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.15% (11.11) (18.03) (18.65) (25.18) (26.91) (5.65)* 14.05 15.77 19.90 23.30 26.03 27.60 T2 Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.2% (5.91) (7.41) (11.60) (15.68) (19.27) (21.48) 13.77 14.06 17.32 18.53 23.30 24.35 T3 Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% (5.68) (5.92) (8.88) (10.12) (15.67) (17.03) 14.11 23.98 30.59 31.55 37.11 38.05 T4 Difenoconazole 25% EC @ 0.0187% (5.96) (16.54) (25.92) (27.40) (36.42) (38.02) 13.74 21.82 28.10 29.26 35.17 35.92 T5 Difenoconazole 25% EC @ 0.025% (5.67) (13.82) (22.22) (23.91) (33.21) (34.44) 14.05 21.40 27.85 28.78 30.67 32.65 T6 Difenoconazole 25% EC @0.031% (5.91) (13.33) (21.85) (23.21) (26.04) (29.13) 13.72 17.33 21.80 23.68 28.02 29.78 T7 Hexaconazole 5% EC @ 0.005% (5.65) (8.89) (13.82) (16.17) (22.10) (24.69) 13.70 18.99 23.79 25.02 29.04 30.35 T8 Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 0.05% (5.64) (10.62) (16.29) (17.90) (23.58) (25.55) 13.86 25.28 34.04 35.46 42.39 44.84 T9 Untreated Control (5.76) (18.27) (31.36) (33.70) (45.48) (49.75) S.Em.± 0.53 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.38 0.52 C.D (P=0.05) at 5% NS 1.35 1.49 1.56 1.14 1.57 C.V. 6.59 3.90 3.36 3.34 2.09 2.74 * Figures in the parenthesis are original values. PDI = Per cent Disease Intensity; DAS = Day after sowing; DASP = Days after spraying 262 Yield (kg ha-1) Pod Haulm 2207 3141 2407 3178 2422 3207 1831 2926 1938 2941 1948 2956 2378 3167 2243 3156 1726 2800 125 371 11.34 169 502 10.66 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 Fig.1 Early leaf spot symptoms on leaves Fig.2 Late leaf spot symptoms on leaves The present studies on efficacy of different systemic fungicides with their prefix concentrations against leaf spots or tikka disease of groundnut revealed that the combination of two different group of systemic fungicides (triazole and strobilurin)) i.e. tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.25% was found very effective against early and late leaf spots of groundnut and increasing the pod as well as haulm yield also. Efficacy of tebuconazole against early and late leaf spots of groundnut has also been reported in Northern Ghana (Nutsugah et al., 2007). They found when tebuconazole applied alone was effective in reducing leaf spot severity and it yielded significantly higher biomass and pod yields compared to most of the treatments. For management of late leaf spot by different fungicides, an experiment was carried out by Nath, et al., 2013. They tested three fungicides with their prefix concentrations in In vitro condition. Among three, Tebuconazole (0.15%) gave best results and decrease per cent disease to 52.42 % and increased yield up to 67 % as compared to 37 % increase by tebuconazole (0.10%). 263 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 259-265 Mushrif et al., (2017) evaluated seven fungicides comprising of triazoles (difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and bitertanol), dithiocarbamate (mancozeb), benzimidazole (carbendazim) and phthalimide (chlorothalonil) in vitro and in vivo against Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum, during kharif 2008-09 and 200910. 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Patel and Patel. D. R. 2020. Management of Leaf Spots or Tikka Disease of Groundnut (Passalora arachidicola & Nothopassalora personata) through Systemic Fungicides. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(04): 259-265. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.031 265