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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.237 Management of Chilli Leaf Curl Disease Complex in Jharkhand, India N. Zeeshan1, N. Kudada1*, A. Saurav1 and R. Prasad2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, 2Department of Entomology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Chilli, Leaf curl, Management, Insecticides Article Info Accepted: 16 April 2018 Available Online: 10 May 2018 A field trial was conducted during Rabi, 2015-16 and Kharif, 2016 cropping seasons. An attempt was made to find out the cost effective management schedule to minimize the crop loss. Seven insecticides viz., Fipronil5% SC@800ml/ha, Indoxacarb 14.5% SC@400ml/ha, Acephate 75 SP@0.1%, Spinosad 45%SC@160ml/ha, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL@0.003%, Fenvalerate 20EC@500ml/ha and Carbofuran 3G@30Kg/ha were evaluated against vector activity to reduce the leaf curl disease incidence. The minimum disease incidence was recorded to the extent of (19.26 %) and (44.38 %) coupled with highest fruit yield of 87.78 q/ha and 65.94 q/ha in the treatment T7 having three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G @ 30 Kg/ha at an interval of ten days during both Rabi, 2015-16 and Kharif, 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. Maximum disease incidence was found in Kharif season. Minimum disease incidence was recorded during Rabi crop season in comparison to Kharif crop season. Infection by chili leaf curl disease complex adversely affected yield attributing characters during Kharif season as compared to Rabi season. Highest cost-benefit ratio of 1:13.80 and 1:11.60 was obtained by the application of Imidacloprid17.8 % @ 0.00 3 % during both Rabi and Kharif seasons, respectively. Introduction Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is considered as one of the most important vegetable and commercial spice crops grown throughout warm temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of the World. Chilli also called red pepper belongs to the genus Capsicum under the Solanaceae family. Besides traditional use of chilli as vegetables, spices, condiments, sauces and pickles it is also being used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and beverages (Tiwary et al., 2005). In Jharkhand, it is grown mostly in the districts of Ranchi, Hazaribag, Palamu and Giridih etc. Although there is a scope to enhance the productivity of chilli, a number of limiting factors have been attributed to the productivity. The damage caused by insect pests and mite is of paramount importance. Chilli is known as suffer from as many as eighty three different diseases (Anonymous, 1966). Among these fungi, bacteria and viruses diseases which are the major limiting factors in successful crop production, aphids (Myzuspersicae Sulzer), white fly (Bemisiatabaci Glover) and thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) are the major insects which besides sucking the sap of the plant parts, also act as vectors of virus diseases like mosaic and leaf curl due to which 2014 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 the crop suffers heavy losses (Singh et al., 1998). Venkatesh et al., (1998) reported that chilli leaf curl complex was caused by chilli leaf curl geminivirus (CLCV) transmitted by Bemisiatabaci also by thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) and mites (Polyphagotarsonemous latus). Senanayake et al., (2006) reported that a very high disease incidence (upto 100% plants during December 2004) in farmers’ fields in Narwa and Tinwari villages at Jodhpur district Rajasthan was observed. Chilli leaf curl disease complex causes huge crop losses in Jharkhand state primarily due to attack of thrips, mites and white fly followed by invasion of chilli leaf curl virus. Keeping in view the importance and losses, there is need of special emphasis to know the effect of insecticides and seasons on vector activity to spread chilli leaf curl disease complex. Materials and Methods To test the efficacy of seven insecticides on incidence of chilli leaf curl disease complex and fruit yield, a field trial was conducted in the glasshouse compound of the Department of Plant Pathology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand. The trial was conducted during Rabi, 2015-2016 and Kharif, 2016 cropping seasons using the variety, Mirch-444. The field trial was conducted in Randomize Block Design (RBD). There were eight treatments with three replications, including control. The plot size was 3m x1.5 m with a spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm. Recommended doses of fertilizers N: P: K and FYM were applied@100:60:50 kg/ha and 200q/ha, respectively. Nurseries were treated with Carbofuran 3G @ 5gm/m2 including control. Thirty five days old seedlings were transplanted. Three sprays were given at an interval of ten days. Carbofuran 3G @ 2gm/plant was applied three times at an interval of 10 days. The details of treatments were as follows: T1-Fipronil 5% SC @800 ml/ha, T2-Indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 400ml/ha, T3Acephate 75 SP @ 0.1 %, T4-Spinosad 45%SC @ 160ml/ha, T5-Imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 0.003%, T6-Fenvalerate 20 EC @ 500ml/ha, T7-Soil application with Carbofuran3G @ 30Kg/ha, T8-Control. Results and Discussion Chilli is grown during both Rabi and Kharif seasons in Jharkhand state. Like other crops chilli is also attacked by a number of diseases. Among these, chilli leaf curl disease complex is most prevalent. Seven insecticides namely Fipronil, Indoxacarb, Acephate, Spinosad, Imidacloprid, Fenvalerate and soil application of Carbofuran were evaluated for their effects on vector activities, disease incidence and yield attributing characters during Rabi, 201516 and Kharif, 2016 cropping seasons. Minimum disease incidence (19.26 percent) was observed intreatment T7 (three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G) which was statistically superior to all other treatments. This treatment T7 was followed by T5 (Imidacloprid) (20.53 percent), T4 (Spinosad) (20.91 percent) and T3 (Acephate) (23.46 percent). Maximum green fruit yield (87.78 q/ha) was recorded in T7 (three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G). This treatment (T7) also recorded maximum increase in yield over control (45.01 percent) followed byT5three sprays of Imidacloprid 17.5 % SL @ 0.003% (42.14 percent) and T4 (38.42 percent).The maximum disease reduction over control was observed in T7 (38.43 percent) followed by T5 (34.15 percent) and T4 (32.94 %) (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Highest cost-benefit ratio (1:13.80) was recorded by three sprayings with Imidacloprid 17.5% SL @ 0.003 percent (T5) which was followed by T4 (Spinosad 45% SC@ 160 ml/ha) (1:9.47), T6 (Fenvalerate 20 EC@ 500 ml/ha) (1:7.43), T3 (Acephate 75 SP@ 0.1 %)(1:6.16), T1 (Fipronil 5% SC @ 800 ml/ha) (1: 3.22) and T7 (Carbofuran 3G @ 30 Kg/ha) (1:1.96). 2015 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 Table.1 Effect of insecticides on leaf curl disease incidence and green fruit yield of chilli Rabi, 2015-16 cropping season Treatments Dose Disease Disease Yield Increase incidence reduction over (q/ha) yield over (%) control control (%) (%) T 1 - Fipronil 5% SC 800 ml/ha 25.74(30.39) 17.45 76.83 28.65 T2 - Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 400 ml/ha 30.24(33.29) 3.25 72.60 21.57 T3 - Acephate 75 SP 0.1% 23.46(28.95) 24.75 82.29 37.79 T4 - Spinosad 45% SC 160 ml/ha 20.91(27.20) 32.94 82.67 38.42 T5 - Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 0.003% 20.53(26.84) 34.15 84.89 42.14 T6 - Fenvalerate 20 EC 500 ml/ha 26.98(31.10) 13.48 74.89 25.41 T7 - Soil application of 30 Kg/ha 19.26(25.95) 38.23 87.78 45.01 Carbofuran 3G T8 - Control 31.18(34.32) 59.72 S.Em ± 1.535 0.238 C.D. at 5% 4.700 0.728 C.V. % 8.933 11.76 Table.2 Cost-Benefit ratio of insecticides Rabi, 2015-16 cropping season Treatments T1– Fipronil 5% SC 800 ml/ha 76.83 Additional yield over control (q/ha) 17.11 T2 SC T3- Indoxacarb 14.5% 400 ml/ha 72.60 12.88 12880 5910 6970 1: 1.17 0.1% 82.29 22.57 22570 3150 19420 1: 6.16 T4 - Spinosad 45% SC 160 ml/ha 82.67 22.95 22950 2190 20760 1: 9.47 0.003% 84.89 25.17 25170 1700 23470 500 ml/ha 74.89 15.17 15170 1800 13370 1: 13.80 1: 7.43 30 Kg/ha 87.78 28.06 28060 9450 18610 1: 1.96 59.72 - - - - - Acephate 75 SP T5Imidacloprid 17.8% SL T6Fenvalerate 20 EC T7 – Soil application of Carbofuran 3G T8 Control S.Em± C.D. at 5% C.V. % Dose Yield (q/ha) Value of additional yield @ Rs1000/q 17110 Cost of insecticidal application (Rs) 4050 Net Return/ha (Rs) Cost benefit ratio 13060 1: 3.22 0.29 0.79 11.76 Rate of insecticides: Kg-1or L-1 Fipronil- Rs1125 /,Indoxacarb- Rs 3800/-, Acephate - Rs 750/-, Spinosad –Rs2416.67/-, Imidacloprid- Rs 1167/-, Fenvalerate- Rs 300/-, Carbofuran- Rs 90/-Labour cost - Rs 225/-, Rate of fruit-Rs 1000/-per quintal -, No. of applications -3. 2016 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 Table.3 Effect of insecticides on yield attributing characters of chilli Rabi, 2015-16 cropping season Treatments Fipronil 5% SC 800ml/ha Mean Mean Mean no. Mean Mean Plant no. of length/fruit breadth height of fruits/plant (cm) /fruit (cm) branches (No.) (cm) /plant (No.) 50.67 26.94 31.37 19.39 2.67 T2Indoxacarb 14.5 %SC T3 Acephate 75 SP 400ml/ha 45.54 22.87 26.66 18.79 2.58 71.12 0.1% 51.13 28.00 33.37 19.94 2.68 75.00 T4- 160ml/ha 54.26 28.06 35.82 20.87 2.71 80.52 0.003% 55.58 28.89 35.98 20.94 2.74 82.20 500ml/ha 46.00 26.30 27.40 19.19 2.65 74.62 30kg/ha 60.26 31.24 39.69 23.26 3.29 104.64 44.25 22.35 25.40 17.52 2.27 66.04 3.25 9.96 11.05 1.71 5.42 11.04 3.05 9.34 16.53 0.95 2.91 8.22 0.14 0.43 8.92 7.01 NS 15.42 T1- Spinosad 45%SC T5Imidacloprid 17.8%SL T6Fenvalerate 20 EC T7Soil application of Carbofuran 3G T8Control S.Em± C.D. at 5% C.V. % Dose Mean fruit weight/ Plant (gm) 74.67 **Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values. Table.4 Effect of insecticides on leaf curl disease incidence and green fruit yield of chilli Kharif, 2016 cropping season Treatments Dose Disease Disease Yield Increase incidence reduction (q/ha) yield (%) over control over control (%) (%) T 1 - Fipronil 5% SC 800 ml/ha 50.87 (46.43)** 18.55 53.72 30.65 T2 - Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 400 ml/ha 54.37 (47.52) 12.94 44.38 7.93 T3 - Acephate 75 SP 0.1% 50.48 (45.49) 19.17 55.40 34.73 T4 - Spinosad 45% SC 160 ml/ha 50.58 (45.32) 19.01 56.45 37.29 T5 Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 0.003% 46.61 (43.02) 25.37 58.89 43.22 T6 Fenvalerate 20 EC 500 ml/ha 53.78 (47.12) 13.89 51.40 25.00 T7 Soil application of 30 Kg/ha 44.38 (41.70) 28.94 65.94 60.36 Carbofuran 3G T8 Control 62.45 (52.12) 41.12 S.Em ± 1.73 0.22 C.D. at 5% 5.32 0.65 C.V. % 6.52 15.25 ** Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed value 2017 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 Table.5 Cost -Benefit ratio of insecticides Kharif, 2016 cropping season Value of additional yield @ Rs1000/q 12600 3260 14280 15330 17770 10280 24280 Cost of insecticides application (Rs) 4050 5910 3150 2190 1700 1800 9450 Net return (Rs) cost – benefit ratio 53.72 44.38 55.4 56.45 58.89 51.40 65.94 Additional yield over control (q/ha) 12.60 3.26 14.28 15.33 17.77 10.28 24.28 11730 6300 13360 14530 15840 12800 10120 1: 2.10 1: 0.30 1: 3.50 1: 6.00 1: 11.60 1: 4.70 1: 1.60 41.12 0.22 0.65 15.25 - - - - - Treatments Dose Yield (q/ha) T1Fipronil 5% SC T2Indoxacarb 14.5% SC T3Acephate 75 SP T4Spinosad 45% SC T5Imidacloprid 17.8%SL T6Fenvalerate 20 EC T7Soil application of Carbofuran 3G T8 Control S.E.m ± C.D. at 5% C.V. % 800ml/ha 400ml/ha 0.10% 160ml/ha 0.003% 500ml/ha 30 kg/ha - Rate of insecticides: Kg-1 / L-1 Fipronil- Rs1125 /,Indoxacarb- Rs 3800/-, Acephate - Rs 750/-, Spinosad -Rs 2416.67/-, Imidacloprid- Rs 1167/-, Fenvalerate- Rs 300/-, Carbofuran- Rs 90/-,Labour cost-Rs 225/-, Rate of fruit- Rs 1000/-per quintal, No. of applications -3. Table.6 Effect of insecticides on yield attributing characters of chilli Kharif, 2016 cropping season Treatments Dose Mean Mean no. Mean Mean Mean Mean Plant of no. of length/ breadth/ fruit height branches/ fruits/p fruit fruit Weight/ (cm) plant lant (cm) (cm) plant (No.) (No.) (gm) 800ml/ha 28.52 2.90 3.39 3.54 0.46 30.48 T1Fipronil 5% SC 400ml/ha 26.42 2.70 2.79 3.14 0.40 30.48 T2Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 0.10% 29.05 3.06 3.45 3.63 0.52 32.46 T3Acephate 75 SP 160ml/ha 30.58 3.27 3.74 3.79 0.54 32.59 T4Spinosad 45%SC 0.003% 31.76 4.05 4.01 4.43 0.56 37.42 T5Imidacloprid 17.8%SL 500ml/ha 27.65 2.80 3.25 3.20 0.43 30.78 T6Fenvalerate 20 EC 32.97 4.50 4.29 4.65 0.63 39.95 T7 Soil application of 30 kg/ha Carbfuran 3G 24.03 2.59 2.29 3.05 0.36 28.67 T8Control 1.74 0.31 0.35 0.31 0.03 1.93 S.Em± 5.33 0.96 1.07 0.95 0.10 5.91 C.D. at 5% 10.44 16.72 17.93 14.71 13.50 10.12 C.V.% 2018 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 Fig.1 Effect of insecticides on chilli leaf curl disease incidence and fruit yield Rabi, 2015-16 cropping season 2019 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 Fig.2 Effect of insecticides on leaf curl disease incidence and fruit yield of chilli Kharif, 2016 cropping season The treatment T5 (Imidacloprid) also recorded highest net return/ha of Rs. 23,479/- followed by three foliar sprays of Spinosad (T4) which recorded net return/ha of Rs. 20,760/-. Lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.17) was recorded in (T2) (Indoxacarb 14.5 % SC@ 400 ml/ha) (Table 2). Observations recorded on the effect of insecticides on yield attributing characters have been presented in Table 3. During Rabi,2015-16 cropping season maximum mean plant height (60.26cm), mean no. of branches/plant (31.24), mean no. of fruits/plant (36.69), mean length/fruit (23.26cm), mean breadth/fruit (3.29cm), mean weight/plant (104.64gm) were recorded in T7 (three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G @ 30 Kg/ha) which was statistically significant in comparison to 2020 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 control. Mean weight/plant (104.64 gm) was also recorded maximum in treatment T7 (three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G @ 30 Kg/ha) which was followed by T5 (three sprays of Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.003%) (82.20 gm) and T4 (three sprays with Spinosad 45% SC @ 160ml/ha) 80.52 gm but it was statistically non-significant. All these characters were found to be statistically significant except mean weight/plant which was statistically non-significant. During Kharif 2016 cropping season, all the treatments reduced the disease incidence significantly in comparison to control. Minimum disease incidence (44.38 percent) was recorded by the treatment T7 (soil application of Carbofuran 3G @ 30 Kg/ha) coupled with highest fruit yield of 65.94 q/ha. The treatment T7 was statistically at par with treatment T5 (three sprays of Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.003%) which recorded disease incidence of 46.61 % and fruit yield of 58.89 q/ha. Highest disease incidence (62.45 percent) and lowest yield of 41.12 q/ha was recorded in control. The treatment T7 recorded maximum disease reduction overcontrol (28.94 percent) which was statistically superior to all other treatments followed by T5 (25.37 percent). The increase in yield over control was highest in T7 (60.36 percent) followed by T5 (43.22 percent) (Table 4 and Fig. 2). Highest costbenefit ratio of 1:11.60 was obtained when three sprays of Imidacloprid 17.8 % @0.003% was applied at an interval of ten days. This T5 treatment also recorded net return/ha of Rs 15,840/- which was statistically superior to all other treatments followed by T4 (Spinosad 45 % SC @ 160 ml/ha) (1:6.00) recorded cost - benefit ratio of 1:6.00 and net return of Rs. 14,530/- per ha. Lowest cost benefit ratio (1:0.30) was recorded by three sprays of Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 400 ml/ha (T2) (Table 5). Maximum mean plant height (32.97 cm), mean number of branches per plant (4.50), mean number of fruits per plant (4.29), mean fruit length (4.65 cm), mean fruit breadth (0.63 cm) and mean fruit weight (39.95 g) were recorded by T7 (soil application of Carbofuran 3G @30 Kg/ha) followed by three sprays of Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 0.003 % (T 5). These phenotypic characters were statistically significant (Table 6). Similar results were found by the earlier workers. Effectiveness of insecticidal sprays to lower disease development was on record (Nagaraju et al., 1997; Salam, 2005; Borah, 1995; Chakraborti, 2000). Application of insecticides significantly improved the dry chilli yield than untreated control (No spray). Ahmad and Prasad (2010) indicated that insecticide use can reduce thrips and borer populations on chilli plants by over 95%, which leads to a doubling of yield in comparison to untreated plants. Rao et al., (1984) evaluated eighteen insecticides for the control of pest complex of chilli, acephate was recommended as the most effective compounds against the chilli pest complex as a whole. Patnaik et al., (1985) found that fenvalerate resulted in the lowest damage index, with lowest incidence of S. dorsalis and highest fruit yield, followed by dimethoate. Hosmani (1993) mentioned that organic insecticides like, Fenvalerate (0.02%) has been found effective in controlling Chilli thrips, when sprayed 4-6 rounds at 15 days interval, commencing from three weeks after transplanting. The curative action showed by Carbofuran could be due to its growth promoting properties (Venugopal and Litsinger, 1980). It is also possible that Carbofuran or its metabolites may have acted as antiviral compound that inhibit the multiplication of the virus within the host as caused by dodecyle benzene sulphonate on tobacco mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris (Watanabe et al., 1982). The present 2021 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2014-2023 investigation revealed that three times soil application of Carbofuran 3G@ 30 Kg/ha was found to be best treatment for checking the vector activity of chili leaf curl disease complex resulting minimum disease incidence (19.26 and 44.38 percent) coupled with highest fruit yield of 87.78q/ha and 65.94 q/ha during Rabi 2015-16 and Kharif crop seasons, respectively than other treatments. This may be due to better protected nursery as well as the transplanted seedlings in the main field because of its systemic nature. The next affective treatment was Imidachloprid 17.8 % @ 0.003% which recorded disease incidence of 20.53 and 46.61percent and fruit yield of 84.89 q/ha and 58.89 q/ha followed by Spinosad 45 % SC @ 160 ml/ha (20.91 and 50.58 percent), Acephate 75 SC @ 0.1% (23.46 and 50.48 percent) disease incidence. The more or less similar findings were also reported earlier by other workers. Imidachloprid was the best for managing leaf curl disease in chilli and the correct dosage and the concentration are 500 - 750 ml/l and 1.0 ml/l, respectively (Anon. 1995).The investigation revealed that Imidacloprid at 0.003% concentration level was found to be best treatment for checking the vector of leaf curl disease incidence and reduced maximum percent disease than the other treatments (Pandey et al., 2010). Vanisree et al., (2013) reported that the insecticides Spinosad 0.015% proved most effective against S. dorsalis followed by Diafenthiuron 0.045%, Pymetrozine 0.02% and Fipronil 0.01%. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge Department of Plant Pathology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand for providing the required facility and other necessary arrangements. The authors are also thanking all staff members of the Department for their help and support during these studies. References Ahmed, K. and Prasad, N.V.V.S.D. (2010). 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Inhibitory action of dodecylbenzene sulphonate on TMV infection. Rev. Plant Path. 61 (3): 89. How to cite this article: Zeeshan, N., N. Kudada, A. Saurav and Prasad, R. 2018. Management of Chilli Leaf Curl Disease Complex in Jharkhand. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(05): 2014-2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.237 2023