Nội dung

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Information for Decision-Making and Strategy Execution S I X T H E D I T I O N Anthony A. Atkinson University of Waterloo Robert S. Kaplan Harvard University Ella Mae Matsumura University of Wisconsin–Madison S. Mark Young University of Southern California Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City S~ ao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo AVP/Executive Editor: Stephanie Wall Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Donna Battista Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Editorial Project Manager: Christina Rumbaugh Editorial Assistant: Brian Reilly Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Assistant: Ian Gold Senior Managing Editor, Production: Cynthia Zonneveld Production Editor: Carol O’Rourke Text Permissions Coordinator: Tracy Metivier Senior Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Art Director: Anthony Gemellaro Cover Design: Anthony Gemmellaro Cover Illustration/Photo: © Image Source/Corbis Composition/Full-Service Project Management: S4Carlisle Publishing Services/Lynn Steines Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Typeface: 10/12 Palatino Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Management accounting / Anthony A. Atkinson . . . [et al.].—6th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-702497-1 ISBN-10: 0-13-702497-5 1. Managerial accounting. I. Atkinson, Anthony A. II. Title. HF5657.4.M328 2012 658.15⬘11—dc22 2011003287 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN-10: 0-13-702497-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-702497-1 This book is dedicated to our parents and families. This page intentionally left blank BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii CHAPTER 1 How Management Accounting Information Supports Decision Making CHAPTER 2 The Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map CHAPTER 3 Using Costs in Decision Making CHAPTER 4 Accumulating and Assigning Costs to Products CHAPTER 5 Activity-Based Cost Systems CHAPTER 6 Measuring and Managing Customer Relationships CHAPTER 7 Measuring and Managing Process Performance CHAPTER 8 Measuring and Managing Life-Cycle Costs CHAPTER 9 Behavioral and Organizational Issues in Management Accounting and Control Systems 340 Glossary 15 62 121 165 CHAPTER 10 Using Budgets for Planning and Coordination CHAPTER 11 Financial Control 1 218 252 301 393 462 510 Subject Index 518 Name and Company Index 524 v This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii CHAPTER 1 How Management Accounting Information Supports Decision Making What Is Management Accounting? 2 Management Accounting and Financial Accounting A Brief History of Management Accounting 3 1 2 IN PRACTICE: Definition of Management Accounting (2008), Issued by the Institute of Management Accountants 4 Strategy 5 The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle 6 IN PRACTICE: Company Mission Statements 7 Behavioral Implications of Management Accounting Information Summary 10 Key Terms 10 Assignment Materials 10 9 CHAPTER 2 The Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map 15 The Balanced Scorecard 19 Strategy 23 IN PRACTICE: Infosys Develops a Balanced Scorecard to Describe and Implement Its Strategy 24 Balanced Scorecard Objectives, Measures, and Targets 24 Creating a Strategy Map 25 Financial Perspective 26 Customer Perspective 27 Process Perspective 31 Learning and Growth Perspective 35 Strategy Map and Balanced Scorecard at Pioneer Petroleum Financial Perspective 36 Customer Perspective 37 Process Perspective 39 Learning and Growth Perspective 36 40 Applying the Balanced Scorecard to Nonprofit and Government Organizations IN PRACTICE: A Balanced Scorecard for a Nonprofit Organization 44 Managing with the Balanced Scorecard 45 Barriers to Effective Use of the Balanced Scorecard 46 Epilogue to Pioneer Petroleum 48 43 vii Summary 49 Key Terms 49 Assignment Materials 50 CHAPTER 3 Using Costs in Decision Making 62 How Management Accounting Supports Internal Decision Making 63 Pricing 63 Product Planning 63 Budgeting 64 Performance Evaluation Contracting 64 64 Variable and Fixed Costs 64 Variable Costs 64 Fixed Costs 66 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 66 Developing and Using the CVP Equation 67 IN PRACTICE: Introducing Uncertainty into Cost Volume Profit Analysis 68 Variations on the Theme IN PRACTICE: 68 Breakeven on a Development Project Financial Modeling and What-If Analysis IN PRACTICE: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis The Multiproduct Firm 69 69 69 70 IN PRACTICE: Estimating the Effect of Unit Sales on Share Price The Assumptions Underlying CVP Analysis Other Useful Cost Definitions Mixed Costs 72 Step Variable Costs Incremental Costs Sunk Costs 74 IN PRACTICE: IN PRACTICE: IN PRACTICE: 70 72 72 73 73 Sunk Costs 74 Overcoming the Sunk Cost Effect Human Behavior and Sunk Costs 75 75 Relevant Cost 76 Opportunity Cost 76 Avoidable Cost 77 Make-or-Buy—The Outsourcing Decision IN PRACTICE: Contracting Out 79 Manufacturing Costs 78 79 The Decision to Drop a Product 82 IN PRACTICE: Be Wary When Labeling Departments Losers Costing Orders 85 Costing Orders and Opportunity Cost Considerations 86 Relevant Cost and Short-Term Product Mix Decisions Multiple Resource Constraints IN PRACTICE: Choosing the Least Cost Materials Mix Building the Linear Program 90 The Graphical Approach to Solving Linear Programs viii Contents 87 89 91 90 83 Epilogue to Nolan Industries 93 IN PRACTICE: Excel’s Goal Seek and Solver Summary 96 Key Terms 97 Assignment Materials 97 96 CHAPTER 4 Accumulating and Assigning Costs to Products 121 IN PRACTICE: On the Importance of Understanding Costs in the Restaurant Business 122 Cost Management Systems 123 Cost Flows in Organizations 123 Manufacturing Organizations Retail Organizations 124 Service Organizations 124 Some Important Cost Terms 123 125 Cost Object 125 Consumable Resources 125 Capacity-Related Resources 125 Direct and Indirect Costs 125 IN PRACTICE: IN PRACTICE: Cost Objects Indirect Costs Cost Classification and Context Going Forward 127 125 126 127 Handling Indirect Costs in a Manufacturing Environment 128 Multiple Indirect Cost Pools 130 Cost Pool Homogeneity 132 Overhead Allocation: Further Issues Using Planned Capacity Cost IN PRACTICE: 134 134 Why Costing Matters Reconciling Actual and Applied Capacity Costs Estimating Practical Capacity 138 Job Order and Process Systems 135 135 138 Job Order Costing 138 Process Costing 139 Some Process Costing Wrinkles 141 Final Comments on Process Costing 142 Epilogue to Strict’s Custom Framing 144 Summary 145 Appendix 4-1 Allocating Service Department Costs Key Terms 150 Assignment Materials 150 146 CHAPTER 5 Activity-Based Cost Systems 165 Traditional Manufacturing Costing Systems 167 Limitations of Madison’s Existing Standard Cost System Vanilla Factory and Multiflavor Factory 170 Activity-Based Costing 172 170 Calculating Resource Capacity Cost Rates 173 Calculating Resource Time Usage per Product 174 Contents ix