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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.022 Locating Areas of High Density of Plant Parasitic Nematode, Rotylenchulus spp. in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra State, India N. V. Lavhe1*, D. B. Undirwade2, Nandini Gokte- Narkhedkar3 and S. L. Borkar1 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Dr. PDKV, Akola, India 2 ICAR-CICR, Nagpur, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Plant parasitic nematodes, Genera, Rotylenchulus spp., High density spots Article Info Accepted: 04 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 Vidarbha region of Maharashtra comprising of two divisions i.e. Amravati and Nagpur was surveyed for locating high density spots of plant parasitic nematodes, Rotylenchulus spp.. About 737 soil samples were collected from 16 crop systems in 119 talukas and evaluated for presence of plant parasitic nematodes. In literature, amongst the genera of plant parasitic nematodes, threshold levels of damage have been standardised for only 5 genera. Mapping of plant parasitic nematodes was done crop ecosystem wise. Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis was the most prevalent and predominant nematode species. This may be attributed to the fact that major crops of the region viz. Cotton, Soybean and pigeon pea are also good hosts for this nematode. The areas where the population exceeds the threshold of damage (200/100cc soil) for reniform nematode R. Reniformis were identified and mapped. Maximum number of samples from Cotton crop showing high population density of reniform nematode was recorded in Yavatmal district followed by Buldhana while population was less in Nagpur and Gadchiroli. For Pigeon pea crop also high density spots were recorded highest in Yavatmal followed by Buldhana and Amravati with lowest in Gadchiroli. Variation in population density may probably be correlated to gradual spread of irrigation availability through drip irrigation. Introduction There are numerous estimates of the economic importance of nematodes in crop production on a world wide and individual country basis, but precise estimation of losses is lacking. Nematodes are of major importance to agricultural crops as environment is congenial for nematode population build up. Importance of nematodes as disease causing entities have often been overlooked. Symptoms caused due to nematode infestation are non-specific and mistaken for nutritional deficiency ones. Nematode damage to crops is dependent on nematode density in soil. Damage caused by nematodes gets manifested only when 142 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 nematode populations cross threshold level of economic damage. In areas as Buldhana where cotton is increasingly being grown under drip under intensive cultivation, reniform nematode infestation is being reported (Agro one, 2 Nov, 2016). Root-knot nematode (M. incognita) is emerging as major problem in pomegranate growing areas in and around Rahuri. Similarly, burrowing nematodes (R. similis) is also being reported from banana growing areas. Survey on various crops grown in polyhouses has reported severe infestation of species like M. incognita, R. reniformis and Xiphinema sp. In Pune, Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur districts.(Anonymous, 2010). There is a general lack of awareness of nematodes due to its microscopic size and non-specific symptoms. Symptoms of nematode damage are non-specific and resemble those of nutrient deficiency. Furthermore nematode distribution and damage within a field occurs in patches. Nematode damaged crops infestation appears as irregular patches or streaks that may vary in size, shape, and number. These variations usually reflect the compounding of nematode stress on a plant by such other factors as nutritional denomolies, physical soil differences and irrigation and drainage patterns. Spread of nematodes is aided by irrigation water. Dozens of different genera of plant parasitic nematodes have been reported to spread through irrigation canals. Nematode damage is density dependent. Damage due to nematodes gets manifested only when population crosses damage threshold which vary with nematode species as well as host crop. To create awareness about plant parasitic nematodes, diagnosis of symptoms on plants is first step towards ameliorating losses caused due to nematodes. Nematode problems are more severe in tropics and horticultural crops, annuals under irrigation and in protected cultivation. Nematode damage is density dependent and gets manifested when population exceeds threshold level of damage. Materials and Methods The research work was carried out to Locate areas of High density of plant parasitic nematode, Rotylenchulus spp. in Vidarbha region”. The survey was conducted for two divisions i.e. Amravati and Nagpur comprising of 119 talukas covering about 9762 kms. The soil samples were collected from each taluka and evaluated for the high density spots of nematode population were determined. Experimental details The soil samples were collected from different cropping systems at different locations in the Vidrabha region. The Samples were collected from different agroecosystems i.e. cotton, pigeon pea, paddy, vegetables, sugarcane, citrus, forest trees, pomegranate, beetle vine, chilli, turmeric, banana etc. which represent the crop ecosystem. These samples were brought to the laboratory and further extraction of nematodes was done by soil sieving and decanting technique developed by Dr. N.A.Cobb (1918) in the Nematology Laboratory, Crop Protection Division, CICR, Nagpur. Statistical analysis Shannon Evenness Index (E) = H/Ln S S Shannon Diversity Index(H) = - ∑pi ln pi i= 1 The population densities of nematode species in the samples were calculated by the formulae given by Norton 1978. 143 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 Morphological characterization Nematodes were killed and fixed by adding equal amount of hot fixative formaldehyde acetic acid (FAA). Morphometric studies were undertaken for identification and characterisation of nematodes. Results and Discussion The survey was conducted for two divisions i.e. Amravati and Nagpur comprising of 119 talukas covering about 9762 kms. The soil samples were collected from each taluka and evaluated for presence of plant parasitic nematodes and high density spots were determined by mapping the nematodes qualitatively and quantitatively crop ecosystem wise. Experimental Findings The present investigations for Locating areas of High density of plant parasitic nematode, Rotylenchulus spp. were carried out from all 11 districts and 119 talukas of Vidarbha region. In about 16 crops plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus spp. were reported. This was the first ever work done in Vidarbha region. Amongst all the genera Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchulus, Paratylenchus was prominently recorded in all the districts. Crop ecosystem wise mapping of plant parasitic nematodes on the base of prevalence and distribution On the basis of prevalence and distribution, mapping of plant parasitic nematodes was done crop ecosystem wise. From the mapping the high density spots were identified based on the nematode densities with populations exceeding the damage threshold to point out the possible problem areas with potential damage in Table 1 to 5. Genera wise high density spots of plant parasitic nematodes Amongst genera of plant parasitic nematodes isolated and identified. The genera Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchulus, Paratylenchus was prominently recorded in all the districts. According to the damage threshold of the nematodes the high density spots were identified. The damage thresholds for genera Rotylenchulus (200/100cc soil) (Gokte-Narkhedkar et al., 2004). From this it was evident that genus Rotylenchulus spp has recorded the high density population on 170 spots in 119 talukas comprising of 39 crop ecosystems of Vidarbha region. Crop wise high density spots Cotton It was revealed that high density spots for cotton crop for genera Rotylenchulus were 59 from 9 districts with 3 talukas from Nagpur, 12 talukas from Buldhana, 5 talukas from Wardha,04 talukas from Washim, 16 talukas from Yavatmal, 07 talukas from Chandrapur, 3 talukas from Gadchiroli, 5 talukas from Akola and 4 talukas from Amravati. Pigeonpea High density spots identified for Pigeon pea crop for genera Rotylenchulus were 75 from 11 districts with 14 talukas from Buldhana district, 5 talukas each from Wardha and Akola,4 talukas each from Gondia and Washim, 12 talukas from Amravati, 15 talukas 144 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 from Yavatmal, 3 talukas from Nagpur, 7 talukas from Chandrapur and 2 talukas from Bhandara and Gadchiroli each. Citrus High density spots where the population has exceeded the threshold level for citrus crop for genus Rotylenchulus were at 2 locations in 2 districts 1 taluka each from Wardha and Nagpur. Brinjal Genera Rotylenchulus recorded 4 spots where the population has exceeded the threshold level from 4 districts with 1 taluka each from Gadchiroli, Gondia, Bhandara and Nagpur. Soybean It was revealed that high density spots were identified for soybean crop for genera Rotylenchulus were 23 from 6 districts with 10 talukas from Buldhana, 6 talukas from Washim, 3 talukas from akola, 2 talukas from Wardha and 1 taluka each from Amravati and Nagpur respectively. Chilli/ Wal/ Tomato/ Onion/ Cowpea/ Turmeric High density spots identified for Chilli crop was Korpana, for Wal crop were Narkhed for genera Rotylenchulus. In Tomato crop high density spots were recorded where the population has exceeded the threshold level were in 3 districts with 1 taluka each from Gadchiroli, Wardha and Gondia for genera Rotylenchulus. While Onion crop was identified with 1 high density spot each in Nagpur district for genera Rotylenchulus. High density spots where the population has exceeded the threshold level were recorded for crop Cowpea were from 3 districts with 1 taluka each from Gadchiroli, Chandrapur and Gondia for genera Rotylenchulus. However high density spots with exceeded threshold level were identified for genera Roylenchulus from 1 taluka each of Yavatmal Gadchiroli and Gondia district for Turmeric and Bendi crop. Bhendi/ Cucumber/ Gerbera/ Radish High density spots for Bhendi where the population has exceeded the threshold level were identified for genera Rotylenchulus were 1taluka each from Gadchiroli and Gondia, In Cucumber crop Gadchiroli district has identified 1 taluka as high density spot for genera Rotylenchulus, high density spots where the population has exceeded the threshold level were identified for Gerbera crop for genera Rotylenchus, 1 taluka from Gondia district. Radish crop recorded high density spots for genera Rotylenchulus, in 1 taluka of Gadchiroli district. Rotylen chulus 1 13 2 36 3 14 4 14 5 32 145 6 16 7 11 8 13 9 17 Gondia Amravati Akola Gadchiroli Chandrap ur Yavatmal Washim Wardha Buldhana Nagpur District Isolate Table.1 High density spots of plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus spp. in Vidarbha region 10 8 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 Table.2 High density spots of plant parasitic nematodes Rotylenchulus spp. in Districts (No. of talukas) S.No. 1 Crop Cotton 2 Pigeonpea 3 Citrus 4 Brinjal 5 Soybean 6 7 8 Chilli Wal(Dolichos) Tomato 10 11 Onion Cowpea 12 13 Turmeric Bhendi 14 15 16 Cucumber Gerbera Radish District Nagpur Buldhana Wardha Washim Yavatmal Chandrapur Gadchiroli Akola Amravati Nagpur Buldhana Wardha Washim Yavatmal Chandrapur Gadchiroli Akola Amravati Gondia Bhandara Nagpur Wardha Nagpur Gadchiroli Gondia Bhandara Nagpur Buldhana Wardha Washim Akola Amravati Chandrapur Nagpur Wardha Gadciroli Gondia Nagpur Chandrapur Gadciroli Gondia Yavatmal Gadchiroli Gondia Gadchiroli Gondia Gadchiroli 146 No. of talukas 3 12 5 4 16 7 3 5 4 5 14 5 4 15 7 2 5 12 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 2 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 Rotylenchulus Isola te 1 470 Chand ur Rly 13 Rotylenchulus 300 Isola te Talu ka Talu ka Rotylenchulus Kala mb 25 270 2 380 Umarkh ed 14 290 Ghata nji 26 270 3 367 Jiva ti 15 288 Mahaga on 27 267 4 360 War ud 16 280 Deo li 28 260 5 340 Marega on 17 280 Yavat3 mal 29 260 6 320 Mano ra 18 280 Telha ra 30 260 7 320 Malkap ur 19 280 8 320 Korpa na 20 280 Pandharkaw ada 31 260 9 310 Karanja(La ad) 21 280 Narkh ed 32 260 Nandu ra 33 260 10 300 Waro ra 22 272 Mota la 34 260 Deulgaon raja Ner Sironcha Sindkhedraja Aheri Gondpipri Shegaon Etapalli Murtizapur Sangrampur Jalgaon (Jamod) Isolate Taluka Khamgaon Table.3 Talukawise average population of plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus spp. in 100gm soil in Cotton crop in Vidarbha region 11 300 12 300 Mehk ar 23 270 Kelap ur 24 270 Dhamanga on RLy 35 260 Chim ur 36 260 Isolate Taluka Chikhali Ashti Zarijamani Patur Malegaon Ralegaon Wardha Samudrapur Arni Wani Mangrulpir Chandrapur 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 260 253 250 250 250 248 247 247 247 240 240 Rotylenchulus 240 Isolate Taluka Barshitakli Arvi Rajura Risod Katol Parseoni Buldhana Tiwasa Rotylenchulus 49 240 50 240 51 233 52 230 53 230 54 220 147 55 220 56 210 Balapur Babhulgaon Darwha (Wadegaon) 57 58 59 210 210 200 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 Table.4 Talukawise average population of plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus spp. per 100gm soil in Pigeonpea crop in Vidarbha region Isolate Taluka Khamgaon Deori Tirora Shegaon Jalgaon(Jamod) 1 390 Rotylenchulus Isolate Taluka Rotylenchulus Isolate 2 380 Taluka Rotylenchulus Chikhaldara 13 308 Lonar 25 275 3 370 4 370 Balapur Dhamangaon Sangrampur Motala Warud Dharni Achalpur (Wadegaon) RLy 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 360 340 330 320 320 313 310 5 360 Korpana Ralegaon Mahagaon Umarkhed Bhatkuli Daryapur Warora Manora 14 300 15 300 16 300 17 300 18 300 19 296 20 290 21 290 Nagbhid 26 270 Mangrulpir 27 270 Malkapur 28 270 Wani 29 270 Arvi 30 260 Risod 31 260 Mehkar 32 260 Darwha 33 260 Kelapur 34 260 Nandgaon Khandeshwar 22 290 Gondpipri Ner 23 280 24 280 Chandurbazaar 35 260 Tiwasa 36 260 Isolate Taluka Amravati Gadchiroli Zarijamani Patur Murtizapur Telhara Sakoli Maregaon Ramtek Wardha M.Arjuni Gondia 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 260 250 250 250 250 250 247 247 240 240 240 Rotylenchulus 240 Isolate Taluka Rajura Chimur Malegaon Karanja Deulgaon Chikhali Sindkhedraja Ghatanji Arni Ashti Chamorshi Pusad (Laad) raja 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 233 230 Rotylenchulus 230 Isolate Taluka Buldhana Parseoni Samudrapur Sadak Mul Kalamb Barshitakli Tumsar Nandura Narkhed Babhulgaon Digras Chandur arjuni rly 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 227 220 220 220 220 220 220 210 210 200 200 Rotylenchulus 200 200 148 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 Table.5 Talukawise average population of plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus spp. per 100gm soil in various crops in Vidarbha region S.no. Crop Taluka 1 Citrus 2 Brinjal 3 Soybean 4 5 6 Chilli Wal (Dolichos) Tomato 7 8 Onion Cowpea 9 10 Turmeric Bhendi 11 12 13 Cucumber Gerbera Radish Ashti Kalmeshwar Hingna Armori M.arjuni Sindewahi Amravati Jalgaon(Jamod) Balapur(wadegaon) Mangrulpir Motala Buldhana Sindkhedraja Malkapur Mehkar Khamgaon Karanja Ashti Karanja(Laad) Chikhali Lonar Barshitakli Shegaon Patur Washim Deulgaonraja Katol Risod Malegaon Korpana Narkhed Etapalli Samudrapur Morgaon arjuni Hingna Gadchiroli Bhadravati Goregaon Mahagaon Gadchiroli Gondia Gadchiroli Gondia Mulchera 149 Damage threshold (200/100cc soil) 240 230 220 220 200 200 370 360 340 300 300 300 280 260 260 250 240 240 240 240 240 240 230 220 210 210 200 200 200 200 220 270 240 240 210 340 260 200 200 260 200 270 200 200 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 142-151 On the basis of prevalence and distribution, mapping of plant parasitic nematodes was done crop ecosystem wise. From the mapping the spots were identified based on the nematode densities with populations exceeding the damage threshold to point out the possible problem areas. The damage thresholds for genera Rotylenchulus (200/100cc soil) (Gokte-Narkhedkar et al., 2004). Rotylenchulus reniformis recorded high frequency and density in all the 11 districts, 119 talukas and 39 crops of Vidarbha region. Major crops infested by Rotylenchulus are brinjal, cabbage, chilli, cotton, citrus, pigeon pea, soybean, okra, pomogranate, radish, beetle vine, turmeric etc. Rotylenchulus is a polyphagus pest which has very wide host range. Along with major infestation it also prevails with other forest and plantation crops also. Cotton is a very good and preferred host crop of this nematode (Gokte-Narkhedkar et al., 2006). The high density spots were determined by mapping the nematodes crop ecosystem wise. On the basis of prevalence and distribution, mapping of plant parasitic nematodes was done crop ecosystem wise. Most predominant nematode genera was Rotylenchulus and based on the population density hot spot areas for Cotton crop were recorded highest in Yavatmal followed by Buldhana with lowest in Nagpur and Gadchiroli. Most predominant nematode genera was Rotylenchulus and based on the population density hot spot areas for Pigeon pea crop were recorded highest in Yavatmal followed by Buldhana and Amravati with lowest in Gadchiroli and Bhandara. However Genera Rotylenchulus has shown predominance in Buldhana and Washim districts with 10 and 6 high density spots respectively in Soybean crop. Out of 19 genera, only five of the nematode genera has defined damage threshold levels and other genera so far not having defined level of damage threshold due to limited research work around the globe. 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Indian Journal of Nematology. Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 38-41 y June, 2012. How to cite this article: Lavhe, N. V., D. B. Undirwade, Nandini Gokte- Narkhedkar and Borkar, S. L. 2019. Locating Areas of High Density of Plant Parasitic Nematode, Rotylenchulus spp. in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra State. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 142-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.022 151