Nội dung

Chapter 9 Internet Control Message Protocol Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: • Be familiar with the ICMP message format • Know the types of error reporting messages • Know the types of query messages • Be able to calculate the ICMP checksum • Know how to use the ping and traceroute commands • Understand the modules and interactions of an ICMP package TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Figure 9.1 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Position of ICMP in the network layer 2 Figure 9.2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite ICMP encapsulation 3 9.1 TYPES OF MESSAGES ICMP messages are divided into error-reporting messages and query messages. The error-reporting messages report problems that a router or a host (destination) may encounter. The query messages get specific information from a router or another host. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4 Figure 9.3 TCP/IP Protocol Suite ICMP messages 5 Table 9.1 ICMP messages TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6 9.2 MESSAGE FORMAT An ICMP message has an 8-byte header and a variable-size data section. Although the general format of the header is different for each message type, the first 4 bytes are common to all. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7 Figure 9.4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite General format of ICMP messages 8 9.3 ERROR REPORTING IP, as an unreliable protocol, is not concerned with error checking and error control. ICMP was designed, in part, to compensate for this shortcoming. ICMP does not correct errors, it simply reports them. The topics discussed in this section include: Destination Unreachable Source Quench Time Exceeded Parameter Problem Redirection TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9 Note: ICMP always reports error messages to the original source. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10 Figure 9.5 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Error-reporting messages 11 Note: The following are important points about ICMP error messages: ❏ No ICMP error message will be generated in response to a datagram carrying an ICMP error message. ❏ No ICMP error message will be generated for a fragmented datagram that is not the first fragment. ❏ No ICMP error message will be generated for a datagram having a multicast address. ❏ No ICMP error message will be generated for a datagram having a special address such as 127.0.0.0 or 0.0.0.0. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12 Figure 9.6 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Contents of data field for the error messages 13 Figure 9.7 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Destination-unreachable format 14 Note: Destination-unreachable messages with codes 2 or 3 can be created only by the destination host. Other destination-unreachable messages can be created only by routers. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15 Note: A router cannot detect all problems that prevent the delivery of a packet. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16 Note: There is no flow-control mechanism in the IP protocol. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17 Figure 9.8 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Source-quench format 18 Note: A source-quench message informs the source that a datagram has been discarded due to congestion in a router or the destination host. The source must slow down the sending of datagrams until the congestion is relieved. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19 Note: One source-quench message is sent for each datagram that is discarded due to congestion. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20 Note: Whenever a router decrements a datagram with a time-to-live value to zero, it discards the datagram and sends a time-exceeded message to the original source. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21 Note: When the final destination does not receive all of the fragments in a set time, it discards the received fragments and sends a time-exceeded message to the original source. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22 Note: In a time-exceeded message, code 0 is used only by routers to show that the value of the time-to-live field is zero. Code 1 is used only by the destination host to show that not all of the fragments have arrived within a set time. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23 Figure 9.9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Time-exceeded message format 24 Note: A parameter-problem message can be created by a router or the destination host. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25 Figure 9.10 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Parameter-problem message format 26 Figure 9.11 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Redirection concept 27 Note: A host usually starts with a small routing table that is gradually augmented and updated. One of the tools to accomplish this is the redirection message. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28 Figure 9.12 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Redirection message format 29 Note: A redirection message is sent from a router to a host on the same local network. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30 9.4 QUERY ICMP can also diagnose some network problems through the query messages, a group of four different pairs of messages. In this type of ICMP message, a node sends a message that is answered in a specific format by the destination node. The topics discussed in this section include: Echo Request and Reply Timestamp Request and Reply Address-Mask Request and Reply Router Solicitation and Advertisement TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31 Figure 9.13 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Query messages 32 Note: An echo-request message can be sent by a host or router. An echo-reply message is sent by the host or router which receives an echo-request message. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 33 Note: Echo-request and echo-reply messages can be used by network managers to check the operation of the IP protocol. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34 Note: Echo-request and echo-reply messages can test the reachability of a host. This is usually done by invoking the ping command. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 35 Figure 9.14 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Echo-request and echo-reply messages 36 Figure 9.15 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Timestamp-request and timestamp-reply message format 37 Note: Timestamp-request and timestampreply messages can be used to calculate the round-trip time between a source and a destination machine even if their clocks are not synchronized. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 38 Note: The timestamp-request and timestampreply messages can be used to synchronize two clocks in two machines if the exact one-way time duration is known. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 39 Figure 9.16 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Mask-request and mask-reply message format 40 Figure 9.17 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Router-solicitation message format 41 Figure 9.18 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Router-advertisement message format 42 9.5 CHECKSUM In ICMP the checksum is calculated over the entire message (header and data). The topics discussed in this section include: Checksum Calculation Checksum Testing TCP/IP Protocol Suite 43 Example 1 Figure 9.19 shows an example of checksum calculation for a simple echo-request message (see Figure 9.14). We randomly chose the identifier to be 1 and the sequence number to be 9. The message is divided into 16-bit (2-byte) words. The words are added together and the sum is complemented. Now the sender can put this value in the checksum field. See Next Slide TCP/IP Protocol Suite 44 Figure 9.19 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Example of checksum calculation 45 9.6 DEBUGGING TOOLS We introduce two tools that use ICMP for debugging: ping and traceroute. The topics discussed in this section include: Ping Traceroute TCP/IP Protocol Suite 46 Example 2 We use the ping program to test the server fhda.edu. The result is shown below: $ ping fhda.edu PING fhda.edu (153.18.8.1) 56 (84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=0 ttl=62 time=1.91 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=2.04 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=1.90 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=1.97 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=1.93 ms See Next Slide TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47 Example 2 (Continued) 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=2.00 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=6 ttl=62 time=1.94 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=7 ttl=62 time=1.94 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=8 ttl=62 time=1.97 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=9 ttl=62 time=1.89 ms 64 bytes from tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1): icmp_seq=10 ttl=62 time=1.98 ms --- fhda.edu ping statistics --11 packets transmitted, 11 received, 0% packet loss, time 10103ms rtt min/avg/max = 1.899/1.955/2.041 ms TCP/IP Protocol Suite 48 Example 3 For the this example, we want to know if the adelphia.net mail server is alive and running. The result is shown below: $ ping mail.adelphia.net PING mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=0 ttl=48 time=85.4 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=84.6 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=2 ttl=48 time=84.9 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=3 ttl=48 time=84.3 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=4 ttl=48 time=84.5 ms See Next Slide TCP/IP Protocol Suite 49 Example 3 (Continued) 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=5 ttl=48 time=84.7 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=6 ttl=48 time=84.6 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=7 ttl=48 time=84.7 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=8 ttl=48 time=84.4 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=9 ttl=48 time=84.2 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=10 ttl=48 time=84.9 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=11 ttl=48 time=84.6 ms 64 bytes from mail.adelphia.net (68.168.78.100): icmp_seq=12 ttl=48 time=84.5 ms --- mail.adelphia.net ping statistics --14 packets transmitted, 13 received, 7% packet loss, time 13129ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 84.207/84.694/85.469 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 50 Figure 9.20 TCP/IP Protocol Suite The traceroute program operation 51 Example 4 We use the traceroute program to find the route from the computer voyager.deanza.edu to the server fhda.edu. The following shows the result: $ traceroute fhda.edu traceroute to fhda.edu (153.18.8.1), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 Dcore.fhda.edu (153.18.31.254) 0.995 ms 0.899 ms 0.878 ms 2 Dbackup.fhda.edu (153.18.251.4) 1.039 ms 1.064 ms 1.083 ms 3 tiptoe.fhda.edu (153.18.8.1) 1.797 ms 1.642 ms 1.757 ms See Next Slide TCP/IP Protocol Suite 52 Example 4 (Continued) The un-numbered line after the command shows that the destination is 153.18.8.1. The TTL value is 30 hops. The packet contains 38 bytes: 20 bytes of IP header, 8 bytes of UDP header, and 10 bytes of application data. The application data is used by traceroute to keep track of the packets. The first line shows the first router visited. The router is named Dcore.fhda.edu with IP address 153.18.31.254. The first round trip time was 0.995 milliseconds, the second was 0.899 milliseconds, and the third was 0.878 milliseconds. The second line shows the second router visited. The router is named Dbackup.fhda.edu with IP address 153.18.251.4. The three round trip times are also shown. The third line shows the destination host. We know that this is the destination host because there are no more lines. The destination host is the server fhda.edu, but it is named tiptoe. fhda.edu with the IP address 153.18.8.1. The three round trip times are also shown. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 53 Example 5 In this example, we trace a longer route, the route to xerox.com $ traceroute xerox.com traceroute to xerox.com (13.1.64.93), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 Dcore.fhda.edu (153.18.31.254) 0.622 ms 0.891 ms 0.875 ms 2 Ddmz.fhda.edu (153.18.251.40) 2.132 ms 2.266 ms 2.094 ms ... 18 alpha.Xerox.COM (13.1.64.93) 11.172 ms 11.048 ms 10.922 ms Here there are 17 hops between source and destination. Note that some round trip times look unusual. It could be that a router is too busy to process the packet immediately. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 54 Example 6 An interesting point is that a host can send a traceroute packet to itself. This can be done by specifying the host as the destination. The packet goes to the loopback address as we expect. $ traceroute voyager.deanza.edu traceroute to voyager.deanza.edu (127.0.0.1), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 voyager (127.0.0.1) 0.178 ms 0.086 ms 0.055 ms TCP/IP Protocol Suite 55 Example 7 Finally, we use the traceroute program to find the route between fhda.edu and mhhe.com (McGraw-Hill server). We notice that we cannot find the whole route. When traceroute does not receive a response within 5 seconds, it prints an asterisk to signify a problem, and then tries the next hop.. $ traceroute mhhe.com traceroute to mhhe.com (198.45.24.104), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 Dcore.fhda.edu (153.18.31.254) 1.025 ms 0.892 ms 0.880 ms 2 Ddmz.fhda.edu (153.18.251.40) 2.141 ms 2.159 ms 2.103 ms 3 Cinic.fhda.edu (153.18.253.126) 2.159 ms 2.050 ms 1.992 ms ... 16 * * * 17 * * * ............... TCP/IP Protocol Suite 56 9.7 ICMP PACKAGE To give an idea of how ICMP can handle the sending and receiving of ICMP messages, we present our version of an ICMP package made of two modules: an input module and an output module. The topics discussed in this section include: Input Module Output Module TCP/IP Protocol Suite 57 Figure 9.21 TCP/IP Protocol Suite ICMP package 58