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Chapter 17 Depreciation McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved #17 Depreciation Learning Unit Objectives Concepts of Depreciation and the LU17.1 Straight-Line Method 1. Explain the concept and causes of depreciation 2. Prepare a depreciation schedule and calculate partial-year depreciation 17-2 #17 Depreciation Learning Unit Objectives LU17.2 Units-of-Production Method 1. Explain how use affects the units-of- production method 2. Prepare a depreciation schedule 17-3 #17 Depreciation Learning Unit Objectives LU17.3 Declining-Balance Method 1. Explain the importance of residual value in the depreciation schedule 2. Prepare a depreciation schedule 17-4 #17 Depreciation Learning Unit Objectives LU17.4 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) with Introduction to ACRS 1. Explain the goals of ACRS and MACRS and their limitations 2. Calculate depreciation using the MACRS guidelines 17-5 Concept of Depreciation Depreciation - An estimate of the use or deterioration of an asset Asset Cost - Amount paid for an asset including freight charges 17-6 Accumulated Depreciation The total amount of the asset’s depreciation taken to date Estimated Useful Life Number of years or time periods for which the company can be use the asset Concept of Depreciation Residual Value (Salvage Value) - Expected cash value at the end of an assets useful life. Book Value - The unused amount of the asset cost that may be depreciated in future accounting periods Book Value = Asset cost - Accumulated Book value Book value cannot be less than residual value 17-7 Causes of Depreciation Product Obsolescence 17-8 Physical Deterioration Straight-Line Method Distributes the same amount of expense to each period of time Depreciation expense = Cost - Residual value each year Estimated useful life in years Ajax Company buys equipment, the company estimates how many units the equipment can produce. Let’s assume the equipment has a useful life of 4,000 units. After 5 years the residual value is $500. Calculate depreciation expense and complete a depreciation schedule. $2,500 - $500 = $400 5 17-9 100% = 100% = 20% # of yrs. 5 Depreciation Schedule End of year Cost of equipment Depreciation expense for year Accumulated depreciation at end of year Book value at end of year (Cost Accumulated depreciation) $2,500 $400 $ 400 $2,100 2 $2,500 $400 $ 800 $1,700 3 $2,500 $400 $1,200 $1,300 4 $2,500 $400 $1,600 $ 900 5 $2,500 $400 $2,000 $ 500 E Re qual s s Va idua lue l 1 17-10 Depreciation for Partial Years 15th Rule Assume Ajax Company bought equipment for $2,500. What would be depreciation for the first year? The estimated useful life is five years. Depreciation expense = Cost - Residual value each year Estimated useful life in years $2,500 - $500 = $400 x 8 = $266.67 5 12 May, June, July, Aug, Sept., Oct., Nov., & Dec. 17-11 Units-of-Production Method Depreciation determined by how much the company uses the asset Depreciation expense = Cost - Residual value per unit Total estimated units produced Depreciation = Unit x amount depreciation Units produced Ajax Company (in Learning Unit 17–1) buys equipment, the company estimates how many units the equipment can produce. Let’s assume the equipment has a useful life of 4,000 units. After 5 years the residual value is $500. Calculate depreciation expense and complete a depreciation schedule. 17-12 Depreciation Schedule End of year Cost of equipment Units prod. Depreciation expense for year Accumulated Book value depreciation at end at end of year of year 1 $2,500 300 $150 $ 150 $2,350 2 $2,500 400 $200 $ 350 $2,150 3 $2,500 600 $300 $ 650 $1,850 4 $2,500 2,000 $1,000 $1,650 $ 850 5 $2,500 700 $350 $2,000 $ 500 $2,500 - $500 = $.50 per unit 4,000 17-13 400 x $.50 Declining-Balance Method Accelerated method which computes more depreciation expense in the early years of the asset’s life. Uses up to twice the straight-line rate Rate = 100% x 2 = 40% 5 years Depreciation expense = Book value of equip. x Depreciation each year at beginning of year rate Ajax Company (in Learning Unit 17–1) buys equipment, the company estimates how many units the equipment can produce. Let’s assume the equipment has a useful life of 4,000 units. After 5 years the residual value is $500. Calculate depreciation expense and complete a depreciation schedule. 17-14 Depreciation Schedule Rate = 100% x 2 = 40% 5 years Accumulated Book value at Depreciation Accumulated End of Cost of depreciation beginning expense for depreciation year Truck at beg. of year of year year at end of year Book value at end of year 1 $2,500 2 $2,500 3 0 $2,500 $1,000 $1,000 $1,500 $1,000 $1,500 $ 600 $1,600 $ 900 $2,500 $1,600 $ 900 $ 360 $1,960 $ 540 4 $2,500 $1,960 $ 540 $ 40 $2,000 $ 500 5 $2,500 $2,000 $ 500 $ 0 $2,000 $ 500 $1,500 x .40 17-15 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) with Introduction to (ACRS) Federal tax laws state how depreciation must be taken for income tax purposes Provides users with tables giving the useful lives of various assets and the depreciation rates 17-16 Key points of MACRS 1. It calculates depreciation for tax purposes. 2. It ignores residual value. 3. Depreciation if the first year (for personal property) is based on the assumption that the asset was purchased halfway through the year. (A new law adds a midquarter convention for all personal property if more than 40% is placed in service during the last 3 months of the taxable year.) 4. Classes 3,5,7, and 10 use a 200% declining-balance method for a period of years before switching to straight-line depreciation. You do not have to determine the year in which to switch since Table 17.6 builds this into the calculation. 5. Classes 15 and 20 use a 150% declining-balance method before switching to straight-line depreciation. 6. Classes 27.5 and 31.5 use straight-line depreciation. 17-17 Table 17.4 - Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) Class recovery Period (life) 17-18 Asset types 3-year Racehorses more than 2 years old or any horse other than a racehorse that is more than 12 years old at the time place into service special tools of certain industries. 5-year Automobiles (not luxury) taxis; light general purpose trucks; semiconductor manufacturing equipment computer-based telephone central-office switching equipment qualified technological equipment; property used in connection with research and experimentation. 7-year Railroad track single-purpose agricultural (pigpens), or horticultural; structures; fixtures; equipment; furniture. 10-year New law doesn’t add any specific property under this class. 15-year Municipal wastewater treatment plants; telephone distribution plants and comparable equipment used for two-way exchange of voice and data communications. 20-year Municipal sewers. 27.5-year Only residential property. 31.5-year Only nonresidential real property. Table 17.5 - Annual Recovery for MACRS Recovery 3-year class year (200% D.B.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17-19 33.00 45.00 15.00 7.00 5-year class (200% D.B.) 7-year class (200% D.B.) 10-year class (200% D.B.) 15-year class (150% D.B.) 20-year class (150% D.B.) 20.00 32.00 19.20 11.52 11.52 5.76 14.28 24.49 17.49 12.49 8.93 8.93 8.93 4.46 10.00 18.00 14.40 11.52 9.22 7.37 6.55 6.55 6.55 6.55 3.29 5.00 9.50 8.55 7.69 6.93 6.23 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 3.00 3.75 7.22 6.68 6.18 5.71 5.28 4.89 4.52 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 4.46 Depreciation Schedule End of year 1 Cost of equipment $2,500 Depreciation expense for year Accumulated depreciation at end of year Book value at end of year $500 $500 $2,000 $1300 $1,200 ($2,500 x .20) 2 $2,500 $800 ($2,500 x .32) 17-20 3 $2,500 $480 $1,780 $ 720 4 $2,500 $288 $2,068 $ 432 5 $2,500 $288 $2,356 $ 144 6 $2,500 $144 $2,500 $ 0