Nội dung

Syntax (3) Dr. Ansa Hameed Previously…. Syntax: Paradigmatic study Sentence Phrases Clauses Today’s Lecture Syntax: Syntactic Study Syntactic??? Syntactic Processes: Some major types Syntactic Analysis Immediate Constituent Analysis Ultimate Constituent Analysis Syntax: Syntactic Syntactic is about horizontal relationship inside and between the sentences. The syntactic literature dealing with the study of how sentences are structured throws us a hint that syntactic research should not only concern on how sentences are merged out of their parts, units, or constituents, but also on how constituents are moved according to certain rules Syntactic Processes Major 1. syntactic processes are: Discontinuous Constituents Type of sentences where continuation is broken by an interruption John pulled the thief down. He pulled down the thief. 2. Conjoining It occurs when elements are added or joined to other similar elements. John, Juli and Mary will present a play. John will sing, Juli will dance and Mary will play. Syntactic Processes 3. Embedding It is embedding of a clause inside another one . Conjoining occurs in co-ordinate clauses where as in sub-ordinate clauses there is embedding. The boy is naughty. The boy, who came here yesterday, is naughty. Syntactic analysis Syntactic analysis is a science of structure which deals with the different structural elements of a language. There are different types of analysis procedures: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Ultimate Constituent Analysis (UCA) Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG) Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) Modular Approaches in TGG Systemic (Functional) Grammar Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) It deals with the immediate binary division of a sentence. Then, these two divisions are further divided in to two This division of componential parts of the sentence is continued to the immediate constituents This system was introduced by Bloomfield in 1939 Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) The fundamental aim of immediate constituents analysis is to segment a set of lexical units into two maximally Independent sequences - immediate constituents . The further segmentation of immediate constituents results in ultimate constituents: “a” ,”black” ,“dress” , “ in” , “severe” , “style” . Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) An immediate constituent - is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The linguistics procedure which divides sentences into their component parts or constituents in this way is known as constituent analysis.  The segmentation of the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cuttings units its ultimate constituents are obtained is an important approach to the realization of the nature of language called Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis). Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Poor John ran away. S Subject Adjective Poor Predicate Noun Verb John ran Particle away ICA: Derivational Tree {The + [small + lady]} + {[listened + (to + me)] + attentively}. Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA): Structure & Function In ICs the relationship is analyzed and identified after each cut is made. The first cut yields structures that function as subject and predicate. The boys shyly touched the puppy. Structures: (NP) noun phrase Functions: Subject (VP) verb phrase Predicate The second cut yields structures that function as verbal element and complement (or object) within the predicate The boys Structures: Functions: Complement (Object) shyly touched VP Verbal Element the puppy. NP Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA): Structure & Function Final Cut: The boys S. Det. Noun F. Mod. Head  shyly Adverb Modifier touched Verb Head the Det. Mod. puppy. Noun Head Among other things, this type of analysis gives rise to the practice of referring to noun-headed and verb-headed structures when speaking of phrases. (1999, Herndon) Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Use Tree of Tree Diagrams in ICA structures express a fundamental insight of syntactic analysis. That insight is that sentences do not simply consist of strings of lexical categories. Rather, within any sentence, words are grouped together to form phrases, which then combine with each other to form still larger phrases and so on. (However this is only one way to present analysis there are others as well…. Next slides) Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Several Models of IC Analysis To begin with, unlabelled bracketing was used with parentheses or box diagrams. He is a famous singer Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Use of Chinese Brackets to show constituents     a. [the man bought a car] b. [[the man] [bought a car]] c. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [a car]]] d. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [[a] [car]]]] Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA)  Then labels like ‘modifier’, ‘head’, ‘qualifier’, were used to show the relationships among the constituents; this to some extent enriched IC analysis since a mere cutting into ICs did not provide very many insights. The labels show the positionally defined functions of ICs. The man famous singer who lives M M H Modifier H H near my M H H house H Q M H H Head Head M is a M H H Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Some linguistics used only category labels like noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, etc. (NP, VP, Prep Ph, etc.). This can also be shown in the form of the tree diagram. (The popular form… discussed previously) Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Limitations of ICA Immediate constituent analysis has its limitations. It is not possible to analyze such structures, for example, some sentences that are structurally similar but semantically they are different. 1. {Robert + [is easy + to flatter]}. Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Limitations of ICA When the same string of words can be associated with more than one tree structure, it is said to be structurally ambiguous. “I bring new pens and pencil” I + (bring + {new + [pens and pencil]}) I + (bring + {[new pens] + [and pencil]} Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) Limitations of ICA IC analysis does not clarify the nature and function of constituents words. Solution: To meet the last limitation, further IC analysis procedure was elaborated to clarify the class, type and function of constituent words. * Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) S. NP Pred. Phr. Marisa VG Aux. (Prep. Phr.) play Perf. Adj Marisa V. Adv. for several years tennis Tense (Press.) NP Prog. Prep. NP N. (have-en) (be-ing) for have been playing tennis for several years. several years Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA): Assumptions 1. 2. 3. The biggest linguistic unit or construction is sentence. A sentence is constructed by phrases, and thus, can be analyzed into phrases. A phrase is constructed by words, and thus, can be analyzed into words. Ultimate Constituents Analysis The ultimate constituent analysis of a sentence considers morpheme rather than a word (as in case of ICA) as ultimate constituent. According to Hocket*, ‘morphemes are the elementary building blocks of the language in its grammatical aspects’ Ultimate Constituents Analysis The ultimate constituents - are the smallest meaningful units which any given construction can be broken down to, consisting of, a morpheme at the morphological level and a word at the syntactic level. Ultimate Constituents Analysis The boys played with the footballs. s NP Art VP N plural The boy -s football -s verb past play -ed prep with art N plural the Ultimate Constituents Analysis For ultimate constituent analysis, the end of a word can be a prefix or a suffix, beyond which further division of a constituent is not possible. Assignment Please show the following sentences in form of Tree diagrams with respect to Immediate Constituent Analysis and Ultimate constituent Analysis. (1) Leave the book on the shelf. (2) It has been raining since Recap Syntax: Syntactic Study Syntactic??? Syntactic Processes: Some major types Syntactic Analysis Immediate Constituent Analysis Ultimate Constituent Analysis References Herndon, J.H. (1999). A Survey of modern grammars (2 nd Facsim ed.). Forth Worth, TX.: Hartcourt College Publishers. Verspoor, M., Sauter, K. (2000). English sentence analysis: an introductory course. Philadelphia, PA. John Benjamins Publishing Co. Falk, Julia. Linguistics and Language. 1978. Hocket, F. C. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New Delhi: Oxford. 1958 Parsad, Tarni, A Course in Linguistics, 2012, New Dehli: PHI Strang, Barbara. Modern English Structure. Edward Arnold. 1968. Tallerman. Understanding Syntax. Valin, R. D. V. An Introduction to Syntax. Cambridge Press. 2001 Yule, George. The Study of Language. 1996.