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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 09 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.021 Investigation on Maximization of Seed Quality and through Integrated Approach in Prosomillet (Panicum miliaceum L.) U. Tejaswini1, S.M. Prashant1, N.M. Shakuntala1, Sangeetha I. Macha1 and D. Krishnamurthy2 1 Department of Seed Science and Technology, 2Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur– 584 104, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Priming, Quality, Prosomillet, KH2PO4, RDF Article Info Accepted: 04 August 2019 Available Online: 10 September 2019 A laboratory experiment was conducted at seed science and technology, college of agriculture, Raichur during December, 2018. Aim is to study the effect of seed quality through integrated approach in prosomillet of resultant seeds. The experiment consisted of 4 priming treatment combinations viz., Control, hydropriming for 8h, biopriming with Pseudomonas fluorescens (20 %) and KH2PO4 (2%) with three levels of fertility (100 %, 125 % and 150% RDF). The seeds produced from the field experiment are evaluated in the laboratory for quality assessment. The seed quality parameters differed significantly between the treatments. Seed priming with Pseudomonas fluorescens (20 %) along with 150 % RDF recorded higher germination percentage (89.2 %), shoot length (13.02 cm), root length (11.63 cm), seedling length (24.65 cm), seedling dry weight (430 mg), seedling vigour index I and II (2198 and 38356) and electrical conductivity (0.015) were influenced significantly by Pseudomonas fluroscens (20 %) along with 150 % RDF among all the treatments. Introduction Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is commonly known as broomcorn millet, common millet, hog millet, Russian millet and so on, in different parts of the world. Proso millet is currently grown in Asia, Australia, North America, Europe, and Africa (Gavit et al., 2017), and used for feeding birds and as livestock feed in the developed countries and for food in some parts of Asia. Proso millet is likely to have originated in Manchuria (Patil et al., 2015), and it is widely grown in temperate climates across the world. It is an important crop in Northwest China and is grown in Kazakhastan, the Central and Southern states of India and Eastern Europe, USA, and Australia. It is generally cultivated in the cooler regions of Asia, Eastern Africa, southern Europe, and the United States. Prosomillet has adapted well to temperate plains and high altitudes compared to other millets. Seed is a basic input in agriculture in which 25 % yield increase can be achieved by quality seeds. Quality seed is the key for successful agriculture, which demands each and every 161 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 seed should be readily germinable and produce a vigorous seedling ensuring higher yield. To provide higher quality seeds, many researchers have developed new technologies called “Seed Enhancement Techniques”. Priming technique is the need of present time to get the enhanced germination and establishment in order to utilize the soil moisture and solar radiation to a maximum extent. In this way plants would be able to complete their growth before the stresses arrive (Subedi and Ma, 2005). Osmopriming is commercially used technique for improving seed germination and vigour. It involves controlled imbibition of seeds to start the initial events of germination followed by seed drying up to its original weight. Osmopriming has many advantages including rapid and uniform emergence, improved seedling growth and better stand establishment under any environmental and soil conditions (Chiu et al., 2002). Research on priming has proved that crop seeds primed with water germinated early, root and shoot development started rapidly, grew more vigorously and seedling length was also significantly greater than nonprimed seeds. It could also improve the performance of crop by alleviating the effect of salts under saline soil conditions (Mohammadi et al., 2008). Soaking seed in water overnight before sowing can increase the rate of germination and emergence even in soil conditions where moisture content is very low (Clark et al., 2001). Biopriming with Pseudomonas fluorescens improves growth of the plants and also induces resistance to downy mildew. treatment results in enhancement of germination, seedling vigour, plant height, leaf area, tillering capacity, seed weight and yield. And also reduces the time of flowering. (Niranjan Raj et al., 2007) Seed priming is widely recommended presowing seed treatment, proven for its invigourative effect. Seed priming is a technique for enhancing the seed quality and improving the overall germination and seed storage in a wide range of crop species (McDonald, 2000). Effect of integrated nutrient approach on yield and quality of crops is reported by many workers from India and elsewhere in different millets. Fertilizer application plays an important role in vegetative growth of plants and finally increases biomass and yield. Materials and Methods Treatment details are given below. Treatment Details Factor-I: Seed priming (P) Factor-II: Nutrient management (N) P1 – Control - No priming N1 – 100% RDF P2 - Hydro priming N2 – 125% RDF P3 – Seed priming with 20 % Pseudomonas fluorescens N3 - 150% RDF P4 - Seed priming with 2% KH2PO4 Results and Discussion All the seed quality parameters differed significantly due to seed priming treatments. The prosomillet seeds primed with KH2PO4 @ 2 per cent (P4) recorded significantly higher seed germination per cent (86.3%). Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 per cent (P3) 162 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 noticed highest germination percentage (86.2 %), seedling dry weight (420 mg), lower electrical conductivity (0.016 dSm-1), root length (12.77 cm), shoot length (11.99 cm), seedling length (24.76 cm), seedling vigour index I and II (2067 and 35342 respectively) and lower seed moisture content (8.22) (Table 1 and 2). Table.1 Influence of seed priming treatments and nutrient management on germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling length (cm) of proso millet cv. HP-4 Treatments Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Seedling length (cm) 10.21 10.46 10.32 10.56 20.53 20.78 12.77 11.99 24.76 11.20 11.16 0.085 0.251 11.21 11.02 0.079 0.233 22.41 22.18 0.107 0.317 10.97 11.02 11.49 11.16 0.074 0.217 10.94 11.05 11.07 11.02 0.068 0.201 21.91 22.09 22.54 22.18 0.093 0.275 9.41 10.32 10.76 10.31 10.49 10.73 12.35 12.93 13.02 10.46 11.37 11.79 11.16 0.147 0.434 9.82 10.58 10.63 10.40 10.48 10.73 10.55 11.44 11.63 11.20 11.22 11.36 11.02 0.137 0.404 19.23 20.90 21.39 20.71 20.97 21.46 22.90 24.37 24.65 21.46 23.59 24.15 22.18 0.186 0.549 Priming treatment 76.4 P1: Control 79.6 P2: Hydro priming for 8 h 86.2 P3:Pseudomonas fluroscens @20% 86.3 P4: KH2PO4 @ 2 % Mean 82.15 SEm± 0.442 CD @ 1% 1.304 Nutrient management 80.8 N1: 100 % RDF 82.7 N2: 125% RDF 83.0 N3: 150% RDF Mean 82.14 SEm± 0.382 CD @ 1% 1.129 P×N (Priming × Nutrient management) 76.3 P1N1 80.7 P1N2 81.3 P1N3 74.7 P2N1 76.3 P2N2 78.7 P2N3 82.0 P3N1 87.7 P3N2 89.2 P3N3 86.4 P4N1 86.7 P4N2 87.2 P4N3 Mean 82.14 SEm± 0.765 CD @ 1% 2.258 163 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 Table.2 Influence of seed priming treatments and nutrient management on seedling dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index I, seedling vigour index II and electrical conductivity of proso millet cv. HP-4 Treatments Seedling dry weight (mg) Priming treatments 350 P1: Control 400 P2: Hydro priming for 8 h 420 P3:Pseudomonas fluroscens @20% 410 P4: KH2PO4 @ 2 % Mean 390 SEm± 0.001 CD @ 1% 0.003 Nutrient management 390 N1: 100 % RDF 400 N2: 125% RDF 400 N3: 150% RDF Mean 390 SEm± 0.001 CD @ 1% 0.005 P×N (Priming × Nutrient management) 320 P1N1 330 P1N2 390 P1N3 390 P2N1 490 P2N2 410 P2N3 400 P3N1 410 P3N2 430 P3N3 380 P4N1 410 P4N2 420 P4N3 Mean 390 SEm± 0.002 CD @ 1% 0.005 Seedling vigour index I Seedling vigour index II Electrical conductivity (dSm-1) 1588 1653 26740 33432 0.018 0.017 2067 35342 0.016 2001 1827 63.42 103.56 34520 32509 81.98 104.853 0.016 0.017 0.0003 0.001 1770 1838 1864 1824 62.572 98.621 31512 33080 33280 32624 82.54 101.584 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.0002 0.0008 1436 1689 1726 1595 1619 1664 1887 2138 2198 1955 1997 2067 1831 65.879 105.385 28386 31473 32046 31707 31283 33054 32960 35957 38356 28413 28446 34008 32174 85.356 103.897 0.018 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.0166 0.000 0.000 While significantly minimum was recorded in control (P1) (76.4%, 350 mg, 0.018 dSm-1, 10.21 cm, 10.32 cm, 20.53 cm, 1588 and 26740 and 13.89 respectively). All the seed quality parameters differed significantly due to nutrient management. The prosomillet 164 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 seeds applied 150 % RDF recorded significantly higher seed germination per cent (83.0%), seedling dry weight (400 mg), lower electrical conductivity (0.017 dSm-1), root length (11.49 cm), shoot length (11.07 cm), seedling length (22.54 cm), seedling vigour index I and II (1864 and 33280 respectively) and lower moisture content (9.67). While significantly minimum was recorded in 100% RDF (N1) (80.8 %, 350 mg, 0.017 dSm-1, 10.97 cm, 10.94 cm, 21.91 cm, 1770, 31512 and 11.33, respectively). more water uptake (Ramamoorthy et al., 2000). The increased germination percentage in primed seeds may be due to reactivation of metabolic process of seeds which cause biosynthesis of auxin, which ultimately triggers the growth of embryo (Khan, 1999) and shortening of imbibition time (Anisa et al., 2017) which leads to enhancement of internal activity during the second germination stage for any subsequent germination process (Sang In Shim et al., 2008). The KH2PO4 primed seeds have increased metabolic activity which leads to endosperm weakening and mobilization of storage proteins there by increasing the germination rate (De Castro et al., 2000) and during the increased metabolic activity enhanced ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis also leads to accumulation of 4C nuclei in the radicle meristem (Coolbear et al., 1979). The results are in accordance with the findings of Zheng et al., (1994) for canola, lettuce and onion, Nascimento (2003) and Nascimento and Aragao (2004) for muskmelon. Among interaction between different seed priming treatments and nutrient management seed quality parameters differed significantly. The seeds treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 per cent coupled with 150 % RDF (P3N3) recorded highest seed germination per cent (89.2 %), seedling dry weight (430 mg), lower electrical -1 conductivity (0.015 dSm ), root length (13.02 cm), seedling length (24.65 cm), seedling vigour index I and II (2198 and 38356 respectively) and lower moisture content (7.67). But for shoot length is higher in KH2PO4 with 150 % RDF (P4N3) which showed (12.36 cm). The increase in the seedling vigour index may be attributed to higher germination and dry matter, also priming with KH2PO4 was found to increase enzyme activity which leads to increased metabolic activity Srimati et al., (2013). Mirabi and Hasanabadi (2012) observed beneficial effect of KH2PO4 to improve seedling vigour index in tomato. These results are in accordance with Kavitha, 2007 in chilli and Ghassemi et al., (2010) in lentil. While significantly minimum recorded in control along with 100 % RDF (P1N1) (76.3 %, 330 mg, 0.018 dSm-1, 9.41 cm, 9.82 cm, 19.23 cm, 1436 and 28386 and 17.33 respectively). The priming with Pseudomonas fluorescens was evident among all the treatments in improving the seed germination and seedling vigour in pearl millet by Raj et al., (2004). The enhancement in the seedling growth noticed in this study could be attributed to suppressions of deleterious microorganisms and pathogens; production of plant growth regulators such as gibberellins, cytokinins and indole acetic acid, which increased the availability of minerals and other ions and Release of certain enzymes responsible for degradation of macromolecules into micro molecules within the seed are not influenced by different combinations of integrated nutrient management as applied to the soil. The similar results were reported by Kumar and Uppar (2007) in moth bean and Chawale et al., (1995) in groundnut. The metabolites 165 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 161-168 release certain enzymes responsible for degradation of macromolecules into micro molecules within the seed responsible for the higher growth of seedling increased the dry weight. Similar results were reported by Kumar and Uppar (2007) in moth bean. weight which contains greater metabolites for resumption of embryonic growth during germination and these metabolites release certain enzymes responsible for degradation of macromolecules into micro molecules within the seed for the increase of seedling length. The results were reported by Kumar and Uppar (2007) in moth bean. The increase in root and shoot length with primed seeds might be due to the fact that, priming induced nuclear replication in root tips of seeds (Stofella et al., 1992). The higher seedling length in seeds primed with might be attributed to enlarged embryos, higher rate of metabolic activities and respiration, better utilization and mobilization of metabolites to growing points and higher activity of enzymes. The results corroborate with the findings of Hussaini et al., (1988) in tomato, Ramamoorthy et al., (1989) in coriander and Shahazad (2003) in wheat. The application of inorganic fertilizers along with bio-fertilizers inoculation enhances the accumulation of higher quantities of seed constituents like carbohydrates, proteins as enzymes which increased the seedling vigour index of bolder seeds that contain greater metabolites for resumption of embryonic growth during germination. In addition to these metabolites release of certain enzymes responsible for degradation of macromolecules into micro molecules within the seed as stated by Kumar and Uppar (2007) in moth bean. Significantly lowest electrical conductivity by priming might be due to enhanced repair of membrane, which is disrupted during maturation drying. Since electrolyte leakage is in part a result of damage cell membranes. However, electrolytes may leak out during priming, resulting in lower levels of electrolytes in non-primed seeds (Chiu et al., 1995). In the present, study the differential EC values which were recorded among the seed priming treatments indicate the nature and extent of membrane protection offered, which may not be the same for all seed priming treatments, thus resulting in difference in EC values as stated by Kurdikeri (1993) and Sandyarani (2002) in cotton. Similar results were also reported in soybean (Sung and Chiu, 1995), carrot (Maskari et al., 2003) and turnip (Khan et al., 2005). 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S., 2012. Osmo priming improves tomato seed vigour under ageing and salinity stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 63056311. How to cite this article: Tejaswini, U., S.M. Prashant, N.M. Shakuntala, Sangeetha I. Macha and Krishnamurthy, D. 2019. Investigation on Maximization of Seed Quality and through Integrated Approach in Prosomillet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(09): 161-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.021 168