Nội dung

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.114 Influence of Trichome Length on Bud Damage in Linseed, Linum usitatissimum L. Pankaj Bhargav*, B. P. Katlam, Y. K. Yadu and Yogesh Kumar Sidar Department of Entomology, IGKV, Raipur-492012, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Linseed, Bud fly infestation, Trichome Article Info Accepted: 10 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 A field experiment of thirty five linseed germplasm was conducted at research cum instructional farm, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during two consecutive rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Trichome length was measured through trinocular microscope at flowering stage of linseed germplasm. The basis of microscopic observation it was seen that trichome was generally absent in case of susceptible germplasms whereas in case of resistant and moderately resistant germplasm, trichome length exhibited between 73.86 to 137.86µ and observed a highly significant and negative correlation with r value 0.654 to bud fly infestation. Bud trichome is effective physical barrier to insect herbivores by affecting mostly small bodied insects than larger insect. Trichomes may offer a potential insect resistance mechanism for glabrous crops and/or genotypes. Introduction Above ground surfaces of most plants have epidermal hairs (trichomes), and some plants such as cotton (Gossypium spp) and Salix, produce seed trichomes, which known as longest plant cells. Trichomes are assumed to protect plants against insects, microbes, herbivores, and biotic damages and to assist seed dispersal (Wilkins et al., 2000; Larkin et al., 2003). As unicellular and multicellular epidermal outgrowth, there are a variety of trichomes that exist. These vary in size, morphology, origin as well as where they are sited. They are found in a very large number of plant species and are composed of singlecell or multicellular structures. Trichomes provide an excellent system for investigation of cell fate determination. In the epidermis, only some cells are committed to becoming a trichome, and the location and timing of trichome differentiation present an example of cell patterning. Once initiated, trichomes often undergo endoduplication and rapid elongation. In addition, trichome 894 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 production can be genetically manipulated; alterations and even depletion of trichomes often do not affect plant viability and are readily observable (Larkin et al., 2003). Several studies have shown that trichomes serve numerous functions including defense against phytophagous insect by disturbing them in their movement and/or by direct toxicity through biochemicals they produce and/or release (Kennedy, 2003; Arimura et al., 2005; Peiffer et al., 2009; Kang et al., 2010a,b). Trichome-based plant defense improve sustainability of insect pest management by reducing pesticide application and decreasing the chance to pesticide resistance (Simmons and Gurr, 2004; Holeski, 2007). In addition, leaf trichomes helps in selection on the antiphytophagy role of leaf trichome can either be constrained or synergistically favoured by selection imposed by other environmental pressure (Roy et al., 1999). Materials and Methods A set of thirty five elite germplasm of linseed was obtained from AICRP-Linseed and evaluated for elite germplasm of linseed was sown paired rows of test entries of 3 m length at 30 cm row distance their reaction to bud fly [Dasyneura lini (Barnes)] under natural field conditions were carried out at Research-cuminstructional farm, IGKV Raipur during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. This trail was executed in Augmented Block Design with two checks i.e. Neela (Resistant check) and Neelum (Susceptible check) were also planted in each plot. The crop was sown in the mid of November. Flowering duration was recorded ten tagged plants/entry in screening germplasm. Observation on bud-fly infestation was recorded as per method suggested by Jakhmola and Yadav (1983). The length of trichome was measured by trinocular microscope at bud development stage and was correlated with the bud-fly infestation at maturity. The germplasm were grouped into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible on the basis of Bud fly Infestation Index (B.I.I.) (Table 1) as suggested by Malik (1993). Measurement of trichome length For sepal trichome length as per the methodology suggested by Maithi et al., (1980), sample was taken from the apical bud of linseed field collected germplasm. It was taken into the lab and heated in 20ml water in glass vials (2 x 7.5) for 15 minutes in oven set. When the water was poured off than added 20 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol and again boiled for approximately 20 minutes in the oven at 850C. After 20 minutes the alcohol was poured off that fresh alcohol was added and boiling procedure repeated till completely removal of the chlorophyll from the sepal. The alcohol again poured off and 20 ml of concentrated (90%) lactic acid was added heated again at 850C until the sepal became clear (approximately 45 minutes). The vial was cooled and sepal was stored for further observation under the trinocular microscope for trichome length and finely trichome length was measured. Results and Discussion Trichomes are microscopic pointed hair like epidermal modifications which highly influence by the crop environment and pest pressure. In the present investigation, trichome of thirty-five germplasm were measured under a microscope and presented in table 2 and figure 1. The basis of microscopic observations, it was seen that trichome was mostly present in resistant and generally absent in case of susceptible germplasm. In present investigation, trichome length exhibited ranged between 73.86 to 137.86µ 895 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 (Table 2). Germplasm with least bud-fly damage (4.61%) found more sepal trichome length 137.86 μ in RSJ 31 (R) whereas shortest trichome length of sepal 73.86 μ was obtained in R-3019 (MR). The germplasm viz., BRLS-108-1, LCK-1625 and Neela having without trichome were also recorded resistance which confers the occurance of trichome on bud surface may be due to environmental induced resistance in linseed germplasm. Graphical representation of relationship between bud fly infestation and trichome length shown in figure 2. Correlation analysis of trichome length conferred negatively significant with r value 0.654 to bud fly infestation and regression equation being y= 119.8 -2.256x where x is trichome length and y is bud fly infestation. This indicates that with increase in trichome length there was decrease in bud infestation by 2.256 per cent. In agreement of this investigation, Gupta (2012) observed a similar trend as the length of trichome observed on resistant germplasm of linseed was relatively larger than moderate resistant germplasm. Trichome plays an important role in various crops was also documented in Brinjal crops by Bhanudas (2009). He confirmed that length of trichome was played an important role for the feeding of neonate larvae. Chu et al., (2000) and; Gurr and McGrath (2001) noticed that trichome density was positively correlated with host-plant resistance of cotton and potato, respectively. Similarly, Sharma et al., (2009) observed a significant and positive correlation between the number of eggs laid and the density of trichomes against Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea. Eleven germplasms exhibited continuously resistance characters after the rescreening in second year. All these germplasms can be a resistant donar. Here, the germplasm those have without trichome are also showing resistance against bud fly, indicated that the development of trichome does not confer resistance of germpllasm. Above finding has highlighted the role of trichomes as an effective physical barrier bud fly. The distribution and length of plant trichome influence bud fly loads and the relative amount of damage they cause. Trichomes may offer a potential insect resistance mechanism for glabrous crops and/or genotypes. Wild relatives are often a good source of pubescence and have been utilized in several successful breeding programmes. Both conventional breeding and biotechnology might be used to transfer such characters between species. Table.1 Category of linseed germplasm based on Bud fly Infestation Index (B.I.I.) S. No. Bud Infestation (%) Category B.I.I. 1 0 to 10 Resistant R 2 10.1 to 25.00 Moderately Resistant MR 3 25.1 to 40.00 Moderately Susceptible MS 4 40.1 to 60.00 Susceptible S 5 More than 60 Highly Susceptible HS 896 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 Table.2 Influence of trichome length of linseed germplasm against bud fly Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Germplasm BRM 9 RL-26016 JLS 9 SJKO 41 EC-282800 RSJ 31 BRLS-108-1 PKDL-166 TL-142 EC-278988 RL-29005 LCK-1625 SJKO 53 Neela Mean SJKO 52 BRM-13 RLC-158 Exotic 1 Sheela R-3019 NL-315 NDL-2014-01 RSJ 8 NL-294 RSJ 10 RSJ 9 SLS-106 Binwa Mean AHT-241 SLS-41 CI-2556 JLT-137 S-2568 R-4228 Neelum Bud fly infestation (%) Trichome length (µ) 2016-17 2017-18 Mean 2016-17 2017-18 Mean 9.48 7.98 9.87 7.8 8.66 7.02 6.46 6.42 9.22 8.03 6.64 2.81 9.09 9.74 7.80 13.07 10.49. 15.15 12.72 10.52 24.07 15.59 16.24 15.33 10.96 13.07 15.15 18.35 18.64 14.95 29.01 25.02 27.88 27.42 31.32 25.24 38.84 29.25 9.87 8.14 7.21 8.02 8.88 2.20 6.68 6.64 7.24 8.25 6.86 6.93 9.31 9.98 7.59 13.29 11.83 15.37 12.94 10.74 24.37 11.57 16.46 15.55 14.64 13.29 15.37 12.91 18.86 14.80 31.55 25.34 35.06 32.32 27.22 27.4 43.8 31.81 9.68 8.06 8.54 7.91 8.77 4.61 6.57 6.53 8.23 8.14 6.75 4.87 9.2 9.86 7.69 13.18 11.16 15.26 12.83 10.63 24.22 13.58 16.35 15.44 12.80 13.18 15.26 15.63 18.75 14.88 30.28 25.18 31.47 29.87 29.27 26.32 41.32 30.53 96.01 133.50 86.13 137.53 79.25 129.59 123.90 80.80 105.34 92.76 94.46 105.39 103.96 97.5136 69.43 76.75 114.25 71.89 69.48 86.18 - 78.55 81.82 62.37 117.15 109.45 146.13 101.38 71.65 86.18 128.10 80.46 96.66 88.56 59.77 78.29 90.10 70.03 99.27 95.95 83.14 - 87.28 107.66 74.25 127.34 94.35 137.86 112.64 76.23 95.76 110.43 87.46 101.02 96.26 78.64 73.86 83.42 92.14 85.58 82.72 84.66 - 897 B.I.I. R R R R R R R R R R R R R R MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MS MS MS MS MS MS S Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 Fig.1 Trichomes on the surface of bud of linseed Fig.2 Relationship between bud fly infestation and trichome length References Arimura, G.I., Kost, C., Boland, W. 2005. Herbivore-induced, indirect plant defences. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 1734:91–111. Bhanudas, P.N. 2009. Assessment of antixenosis traits of host plant resistance in hybrid brinjal cultivars against Leucinodes orbonalis Guen., in M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis submitted to IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) p: 65. Chu, C.C., Natwick, E.T. and Henneberry, T. J. 2000. Susceptibility of normal-leaf and okra-leaf shape cottons to silverleaf whiteflies and relationships to trichome densities. In 2000 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council, San Antonio, USA, 4-8 January, 2000, 2:1157-1158. Gupta, H. 2012. Studies on seasonal incidence 898 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 894-899 and management of Linseed Bud Fly, Dasyneura lini (Barnes). M.Sc. thesis, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Gurr, G. M. and McGrath, D. 2001. Effect of plant variety, plant age and photoperiod on glandular pubescence and host‐plant resistance to potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella) in Lycopersicon spp. Annals of applied biology, 138(2): 221230. Holeski, L.M. 2007. Within and between generation phenotypic plasticity in trichome density of Mimulus guttatus. J. Evol. Biol. 20:2092–2100. Jakhmola, S.S. and Yadav, H.S. 1983. Susceptibility of linseed cultivars to bud fly Dasyneura lini Barnes. Indian Journal of Entomology, 45(2): 165-171. Kang, J.H., Liu, G., Shi, F., Jones, A.D., Beaudry, R.M., Howe, G.A. 2010a. The tomato odorless-2 mutant is defective in trichome-based production of diverse specialized metabolites and broadspectrum resistance to insect herbivores. Plant Physiol. 154:262–272. Kang, J.H., Shi, F., Jones, A.D., Marks, M.D., Howe, G.A. 2010b. Distortion of trichome morphology by the hairless mutation of tomato affects leaf surface chemistry. J. Exp. Bot. 61:1053–1064. Kennedy, G.G. 2003. Tomato, pests, parasitoids, and predators: tritrophic interactions involving the genus Lycopersicon. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48:51–72. Larkin, J.C., Brown, M.L., and Schiefelbein, J. 2003. How do cells know what they want to be when they grow up? Lessons from epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 403–430. Maithi, R. K., Seshu Reddy, Gibsion, P. and Devis, J.C. 1980. Nature and occurrence of trichome in sorghum lines with resistance to sorghum shoot fly, International Crops Res. Instt. For Semi Arid Tropics Patancheru, India. pp.3-4. Malik, Y.P. 2005. Estimation of economic threshold level for bud fly, Dasyneura lini Barnes in linseed, Linum usitatissimum L. Journal of Oilseeds Research, 22(1): 100-102. Peiffer, M., Tooker, J.F., Luthe, D.S., Felton, G.W. 2009. Plants on early alert: glandular trichomes as sensors for insect herbivores. New Phytol. 184:644–656. Roy, B.A., Stanton, M.L., Eppley, S.M. 1999. Effects of environmental stress on leaf hair density and consequences for selection. J. Evol. Biol. 12: 1089–1103. Sharma, H. C., Sujana, G. and Rao, D. M. 2009. Morphological and chemical components of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 3(3):151-161. Simmons, A.T., Gurr, G.M. 2004. Trichomebased host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species and the biocontrol agent Mallada signata: are they compatible? Entom. Exper. Appl. 113:95–101. Wilkins, T.A., Rajasekaran, K., and Anderson, D.M. 2000. Cotton biotechnology. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 19, 511–550. How to cite this article: Pankaj Bhargav, B. P. Katlam, Y. K. Yadu and Yogesh Kumar Sidar. 2019. Influence of Trichome Length on Bud Damage in Linseed, Linum usitatissimum L. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 894-899. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.114 899