Influence of PGR’s and cultivars on flower yield and economics of African marigold under Chhattisgarh plain

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.061 Influence of PGR’s and Cultivars on Flower Yield and Economics of African Marigold under Chhattisgarh Plain P. S. Markam1*, Neeraj Shukla2 and Vikas Chandra3 1 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India 2 Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture and Research Station I.G.K.V., Kanker, 494334, Chhattisgarh, India 3 Department of Agriculture, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Azamgarh 276304, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Tagetes erecta, GA3, Cycocel, Growth, Benefit: cost ratio Article Info Accepted: 10 July 2020 Available Online: 10 August 2020 A field trail was conducted to study the effect of different levels of growth promoters and retardants on growth and flower yield of different cultivars of African marigold. Two PGR’s namely Gibberellins (GA3) and Cycocel (CCC) were taken as growth promoter and growth retardant, respectively. Two cultivars namely Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda were taken to evaluate their suitability in Chhattisgarh. The result indicated that the growth and flower yield were significantly influenced by different plant growth regulators and cultivars. The maximum plant height was recorded with cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda as compared to cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda. While, maximum number of primary and secondary branches was recorded with cv. (V1) Pusa Narangi Gainda. Among the growth regulators treatments GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + GA3 300 ppm (45 DAT) recorded maximum plant height. However, maximum number of primary and secondary branches, number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers per plant and flower yield ha -1 was noticed with treatment GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT). The pooled analysis of two year data also indicated that the general cost of marigold cultivation was (59750.00 Rs. ha-1) per hectare including labour cost, cost of various inputs and over head costs. The highest gross returns (236620.00 Rs. ha-1), net returns (159595.00 Rs. ha-1) and highest benefit: cost ratio (3.20) was found in the treatment (GA 3 300ppm + CCC 1500ppm) whereas the lowest (151020.00 Rs. ha -1) was observed in control. where it spread to different parts of the world during early parts of the 16th century (Kaplan, 1960). Chhattisgarh state has covered an area of 5131.00 million hectare with an annual production of 40448.00 metric tonnes (Anonymous, 1). African marigold is popular Introduction African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is one of the important commercial flower belongs to the family asteraceae. It is a native of Central and South America, especially Mexico, from 543 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 throughout the world because of wide spectrum of attractive colours, shape and good keeping quality which has attracted the attention of flower growers. They are extensively used as loose flower, potted plant and also as a bedding plant. Loose flowers are in great demand for garland making as well as in religious and social functions. Globular shaped flowers with long stalks are used for cut flower purposes. The plant is very useful as both the leaves and the flowers are equally important from medicinal point of view. The paste and extracts from plant are used as cure for boils, ear ache, eye disease and ulcers. The productivity can be enhanced in Chhattisgarh by the incorporating suitable varieties and use of PGR’s, which can prove to be better option for the farmers of Chhattisgarh. In recent year, use of plant growth regulators is being increased to manipulate the growth, flowering and yield of many ornamental plants. Gibberellic acid and Cycocel are very important plant growth regulators and are widely used in horticulture. Therefore, the combination of both growth promoter and growth retardant at their right level and their right stage of crop is highly desired. The application of GA3 regulation of growth itself is involved with both cell division and cell enlargements without cell division reported by (Haber and Leopold 1960). The application of cycocel retarded stem elongation by preventing cell division in the sub-apical meristem, usually without similarly affecting the apical meristem reported by (Sachs et al., 1960). Gibbrellin activates the vertical growth of plant by sensitizing the apical meristem, while cycocel enforce stop the vertical growth consequently induces the lateral or horizontal growth. Use of plant growth regulators is being increased to manipulate the growth, flowering and yield of many ornamental plants. Thus, keeping in view the potentialities of growth regulators like GA3, CCC the present study was undertaken to find out the suitable concentration for better flowering and yield of African marigold. Materials and Methods The present experiment was carried out during two rabi seasons of the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Agriculture Farm Singarbhat, College of Agriculture and Research station, Kanker Chhattisgarh. The Kanker district is situated in the central part of Chhattisgarh and lies between 20º 14’ N latitude and 81º 30’ E longitudes at an altitude of 417 m above mean sea level. The Chhattisgarh state is situated near equator and lies under tropical climate. The maximum temperature of this region may reach as high as 42 0C during summer and the minimum may fall to 6 0C during winter. The Kanker districts enjoys both the agro-climatic zone namely Bastar plateau and Chhattisgarh plains. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications comprising fourteen treatment combinations of seven levels of PGR’s viz., GA3 200 ppm at 25 DAT + GA3 200 ppm at 45 DAT (P1) , GA3 300 ppm at 25 DAT + GA3 300 ppm at 45 DAT (P2) , GA3 200 ppm at 25 DAT + CCC 1000 ppm at 45 DAT(P3), GA3 300 ppm at 25 DAT + CCC 1000 ppm at 45 DAT(P4), GA3 200 ppm at 25 DAT + CCC 1500 ppm at 45 DAT (P5), GA3 300 ppm at 25 DAT + CCC 1500 ppm at 45 DAT (P6) along with distill water spray (P7) and two varieties viz., Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda of African marigold were taken. Seedlings of African marigold were raised in the beds of the nursery. The beds were dug and prepared thoroughly to make the soil pulverized. Four weeks old seedlings were planted in the experimental field. The operation of transplanting was carried out in the afternoon followed by a light irrigation which allow for proper establishment of seedlings. Desired quantities of the GA3 were first dissolved in few drops of alcohol (C2H5OH) and then volume was 544 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 made up to 500 ml of distilled water to make the proper concentrations of GA3. Cycocel was dissolved in required amount of distilled water for preparation of stock solution and then diluted before spraying. The spraying was done in the morning hours with the help of hand sprayer. Two time periods of crop growth were chosen for spraying of PGR’s i.e., first at 25 DAT and at 45 DAT. Observations were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting. The various growth parameters like height of plant and number of branches per plant were recorded for observation. The yield parameters like number of flowers per plant, fresh weight of flower and flower yield were also recorded. observations are conformity with the (Bhanu Pratap et al., 1999; Sreekala et al., 2002; Rao et al., 2005) in African marigold. Similar findings were also reported by (Namita et al., 2008) in French marigold and (Narsude et al., 2010) in African marigold. The present findings indicate that the application of GA3 + CCC at various levels had highly significant influence on number of primary and secondary branches per plant in African marigold. The maximum number of primary and secondary branches i.e. 15.71 and 45.44 respectively, were recorded under the PGR’s combination of GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) whereas, minimum was recorded in distilled water (Table 1). The increase in number of branches plant-1 with cycocel treatment might be due to reduction in shoot growth and increase in number of leaves per plant. Similar results were also reported by (Bhattacharjee and Das 1979) in gypsophila and (Biswas, 1981) in African marigold. Results and Discussion Influence of Varieties The data presented in (Table 1) show that the varieties of African marigold had significant effect on growth characters. The maximum plant height was recorded with cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda (V2) as (96.44 cm) and (94.39 cm) in both the year respectively. While, minimum plant height was measured under cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda (V2). The pooled mean data revealed that maximum number of primary and secondary branches (15.07 and 44.42 respectively), number of flowers (60.68), fresh weight of flower (0.28 kg) per plant and flower yield (141.44 q ha-1) were recorded under cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda (V1) whereas, it was found minimum under V2 (Pusa Basanti Gainda). The maximum plant height followed due to positive response to height by the variety. The variation in plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, number of flowers, fresh weight of flower per plant and flower yield between African marigold varieties might be due to congenial environment to express the dominant genes in the genotypes and different genetic makeup of different varieties. Similar Flowering and yield parameters GA3 and CCC application at various levels had highly significant effect on the fresh weight of flowers plant-1 and flower yield quintal ha-1 in African marigold (Table 2). Maximum fresh weight of flowers and flower yield was recorded with the treatment GA3 300 ppm + CCC 1500 ppm i.e. 0.298 kg plant1 and 147.39 q ha-1 as compared with 0.222kg plant-1 and 108.83 q ha-1 for control, respectively. The increase in fresh weight of flowers and flower yield with GA3 and CCC spray may be due to more number of branches and leaves per plant and also increase the number of flowers plant-1, thus ultimately increased the flower yield plant. Similar results were also reported by (Girwani et al., 1990; Narayana and Jayanthi 1993) in African marigold. Similar findings were also reported by 545 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 (Aswath et al., 1993) in China aster. The combined application of GA3 (25 DAT) and CCC (45 DAT) at the rate of 300 ppm and CCC 1500 ppm respectively enhanced the lateral vegetative as well as yield attributes. of flower bud as well as commencement of flowering. Maximum number of flowers per plant was recorded with the treatment GA3 300 ppm + CCC 1500 ppm i.e. 63.32 (P6) flowers per plant as compared with 46.82 flowers per plant for control (Table 2). Therefore combined use of GA3 and CCC is better option over the sole application of GA3 and CCC. Experimental findings also show that the number of flowers per plant in African marigold was significantly affected by GA3 + CCC applications at various concentrations, without affecting the initiation The increase in number of flowers plant-1 with the application of GA3 and cycocel may be due to increased number of branches and mobilization of biomass to flowers from sources. Similar results were also reported by (Yadav, 1997) in African marigold. Table.1 Effect of varieties and plant growth regulators on Number of flowers and flower yield of African marigold Treatments Varieties Pusa Narangi Gainda - V1 Pusa Basanti Gainda - V2 SEm SEm± CD(p=0.05) PGR P1- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) + GA3 200 ppm (45 DAT) P2 - GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + GA3 300 ppm (45 DAT) P3 - GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) P4 - GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) P5 - GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) P6 - GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) P7 - Distilled water SEm± CD (p=0.05) Treatment combinations ( PGR X V) CD (p=0.05) Number of flowers per plant 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled Mean 62.31 59.05 60.68 50.49 47.24 48.87 1.462 1.472 1.108 4.274 4.303 3.238 2014-15 146.73 127.83 1.706 4.986 Flower yield (q/ha) 2015-16 Pooled Mean 136.16 141.44 116.56 122.19 2.116 1.212 6.184 3.544 50.54 48.23 49.38 130.45 118.44 124.45 54.02 50.66 52.34 132.58 121.90 127.24 55.52 52.76 54.14 137.93 127.81 132.87 59.48 56.00 57.74 144.45 132.70 138.58 62.31 57.06 59.69 151.10 135.63 143.37 66.57 60.06 63.32 154.17 140.62 147.39 46.37 2.735 7.996 47.26 2.754 8.049 46.82 2.073 6.059 110.27 3.191 9.329 107.40 3.958 11.596 108.83 2.268 6.630 NS NS NS NS NS NS 546 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 Table.2 Effect of varieties and plant growth regulators on Economics (Rs. ha-1) of African marigold Treatment Combinations (G x V) G1 V1- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +GA3 200 ppm (45 DAT) G1 V2- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +GA3 200 ppm (45 DAT) G2V1- GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) +GA3 300 ppm (45 DAT) G2V2- GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) +GA3 300 ppm (45 DAT) G3V1- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) G3V2- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) G4V1- GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) G4V2- GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1000 ppm (45 DAT) G5V1- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) G5V2- GA3 200 ppm (25 DAT) +CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) G6V1-GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) G6V2-GA3 300 ppm (25 DAT) + CCC 1500 ppm (45 DAT) G7V1- Distilled water G7V2- Distilled water Total Cost (Rs.) Yield (q/ha) Net return (Rs.) Benefit: cost ration 133.26 Gross return (Rs./ha) 199890 79750.00 120140 2.50 79750.00 115.63 173445 93695 2.28 89750.00 136.90 205350 115600 1.96 389750.00 117.58 176370 86620 3.03 71000.00 143.42 215130 144130 2.58 71000.00 122.32 183480 112480 2.94 76000.00 149.19 223785 147785 2.52 76000.00 127.26 191940 115940 3.20 71625.00 152.87 229305 157680 2.80 71625.00 133.86 200790 129195 3.08 76625.00 157.48 236220 159595 2.68 76625.00 137.31 205965 129340 2.93 59750.00 59750 116.99 100.68 175485 151020 115735 91270 2.93 2.52 *Selling Price of marigold – Rs. 15/kg The interaction between varieties and growth regulators did not show any significant results for vegetative characters and flowering and yield components. This may be because of these treatments acted independently rather than synergistically. Similar results were also reported by (Singh et al., 1991; Tomar et al., 2004; and Sunitha et al., 2007) in African marigold. Thus, it can be concluded that varieties and foliar spray of plant growth regulators (GA3 and CCC) jointly or separately gave higher flower yield in African marigold. Economics An inquisition of the pooled data in Table 2 also depicted the general cost of marigold cultivation was (59750.00 Rs. ha-1) per hectare including labour cost, cost of various inputs and over head costs. The highest gross return of (236220.00 Rs. ha-1) was found in 547 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 the treatment (GA3 300ppm + CCC1500ppm) followed by (GA3 200ppm + CCC 1500ppm) of (229305.00 Rs. ha-1) whereas the lowest (151020.00 Rs. ha-1) was observed in control. The highest benefit: cost ratio (3.20) was calculated in GA3 200ppm + CCC 1500ppm followed by GA3 300ppm + CCC1500ppm. As per the economic point of view the GA3 200ppm + CCC 1500ppm gained more benefit: cost ratio, thus this combination was more better for high return from the cultivation of marigold. This might be due to the fact that the foliar application of growth regulators and varietal response might have improved the yield and quality of African marigold flower. Similar findings are noticed by (Naik et al., 2005) in African marigold. Bhattacharjee, S.K. and Das, P. 1979. Studies on the effect of growth retardants and their interaction with auxin and gibberellins in some herbaceous ornamentals. Orissa Journal of Horticulture. 7: 19-27. Biswas, S. 1981. Studies on the comparative effect of cycocel and ethrel on growth and flowering of some ornamental plants, West Bengal, India. Ph.D. Thesis, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India. Girwani, A.R., Srihari, B. and Chandrashekhar, R. 1990. Response of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) to growth regulators and zinc. Indian Journal of Agricultural. Science. 60 (3): 220-222. Haber, A.H. and Leopold, H.J. 1960. Effects of gibberellins and gamma irradiated wheat. American Journal of Botany. 47: 140-144. Kaplan, L. 1960. 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Studies on genetic variability, heritability and genetic Advancein French marigold Acknowledgement We are obliged to the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Research Station (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya) Kanker Chhattisgarh, India for the cooperation during the research work and encouragement given during course of study. References Anonymous. 2018. Area and production of fruit crops, Directorate of Horticulture, Raipur. Websitehttp://agridept.cg.gov.in/agriculture/hort iculture.htm. Aswath, S., Narayana, G.J.V. and Ananda, M.G.M. 1994. Effect of growth retardants on growth, flowering and nutrient contents in China aster (Callistephus chinensis L.) cv. Powder puff mixed. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 2: 9-13. Bhanu, P., Tiwari, G.N. and Mishra, L.N. 1999. Correlation studies in marigold. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 2(2): 84-88. 548 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 543-549 (Tagetes patula) genotypes. 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Effect of pinching and growth regulators on plant growth, flowering and seed yield in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 10(2): 91-95. Tomar, B.S., Singh, B., Negi, H.C.S. and Singh, K. K. 2004. Effect of pinching on seed yield and quality traits in African marigold. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 7(1): 124-126. Yadav, P.K. 1997. Note on the effect of cycocel and maleic hydrazide on gowth and flowering of African marigold. Current Agriculture Research Journal. 21(2): 113-114. How to cite this article: Markam, P. S., Neeraj Shukla and Vikas Chandra. 2020. Influence of PGR’s and Cultivars on Flower Yield and Economics of African Marigold under Chhattisgarh Plain. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(08): 543-549. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.061 549
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