Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield attributes and economics of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) under loamy sand soils

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.328 Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on yield attributes and economics of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) under loamy sand soils S.K. Sharma1*, O.P. Garhwal1, P. Mahala2 and T.V. Yadav3 1 2 SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner, India Regional Research Station (PAU), Ballowal Saunkhri, India 3 Curtin University, Perth, W. Australia *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Kharif onion, INM, Bio-fertilizers, Vermicompost, Inorganic fertilizers, Yield Article Info Accepted: 20 May 2018 Available Online: 10 June 2018 A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during kharif, 2013 with sixteen treatment combinations including four levels of organic manures (Control; FYM @ 10 t ha-1; FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1; FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1+ bio-fertilizers) and four levels of inorganic fertilizers (Control, 100% R D of NPK, NPK + S, NPK + S + Zn) in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results indicated that combined application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Bio-fertilizers, among the different treatments of organic manures proved significantly superior over rest of the treatments in respect to yield attributes viz., neck thickness(1.069cm), diameter of bulb (4.22cm), average weight (98.80g), bulb yield(15.81kg plot-1), total bulb yield (219.56 q ha-1) ; net return (Rs. 2,01,705/- ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.26:1). Similarly yield attributes viz., neck thickness(1.056cm), diameter of bulb(4.29cm), average weight(96.14g), bulb yield (15.38 kg plot-1), total bulb yield (213.64 q ha-1); net return (Rs 195489 ha-1), B: C ratio (3.21: 1) in onion bulb were significantly high in treatment of NPK,S & Zn @ 100:50:100:20 & 10 kg ha-1. Introduction Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a bulbous biennial herb of family Alliaceae. It is commonly called as “Queen of kitchen” for its unique usage throughout the year in the form of salads, condiments or for cooking with other vegetables. The pungency in onion is due to sulphur compound “ally propyl disulphide” in the volatile oil and the outer skin colour is due to the presence of “querctin” (Nadkarni, 1954). Onion bulb is rich in minerals like phosphorus (50mg/100g), iron (0.7mg/100g), calcium (18mg/100g), carbohydrates (11.0g/100g), protein (1.2g/100g), vitamins „C‟ (11mg/100g), fibers (0.6g/100g) and nicotinic acid (0.4mg/100g) (Aykroyd,1963). There is ample necessity to standardise Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) for increasing production and productivity in light textured soil. Production of onion in kharif season is necessary to have continuous supply of onion round the year. Organic manures 2806 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 stimulates the production of polysaccharides and other compounds that favours aggregation of fine soil particles, thereby promoting good structure, improved tilth, aeration, moisture movement and retention (Bose et al., 2001). Bio-fertiliser inoculation like Azosprillium, PSB helps the plants to attain better vegetative growth and increases yield by 10-30 percent (Mohondas, 1999. The present investigation was taken up to study effect of organic manures, inorganic manures and bio-fertilisers on kharif onion in loamy sand soil. prevailing market rates for inputs and output are used. The net return was calculated by subtracting the cost of cultivation for each treatment. The „F-test‟ and critical difference (CD) calculated to test significance of difference among the treatments, wherever the results were significant. Materials and Methods The significant increase in yield and yield attributes was observed with application of of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Bio-fertilizers (Azosprillium + PSB) over the control. The increase in yield and yield attributes with application of FYM + Vermicompost + Bio-fertilizers may be ascribed due to sustained availability of balanced nutrient throughout the growing period and which resulted increased vegetative growth (Warade et al., 1996). The experiment was conducted during 2013 at Horticulture farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) during rabi season. The soil of experimental field was alkaline loamy sand in texture at pH 8.1, poor in organic carbon (0.135 %), available N (134.70 kg/ha), P (16.85 kg/ha), K (151.65 kg/ha) and Zn (0.42 mg/kg soil). The experiment was laid with sixteen treatment combinations including four levels of organic manures (Control; FYM @ 10 t ha-1; FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1; FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1+ biofertilizers) and four levels of inorganic fertilizers (Control, 100% R D of NPK, NPK + S, NPK + S + Zn) in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Randomization of the treatments was done with the help of random number table as advocated by Fisher (1950). The plot size was 2.4 m X 3.0 m with 30 cm × 15 cm spacing between rows and plants. Farm Yard manure (FYM) and Vermicompost were spread in the beds uniformly before transplanting of seedling. Azosprillium and Phosphorus Solubulizing Bacteria (PSB) were applied as 100g per acre culture dissolved of water and dipping the bulb of the onion in solution for 10-20 minutes before sowing and dried in shade (Paul et al., 1971). Yield attributes were calculated using standard methods. For calculating economics, the average treatment yield along with Results and Discussion Effect of organic manures on yield and yield attributes Effect of inorganic fertilisers on yield and yield attributes The significantly enhanced neck thickness, diameter of bulb, average weight of bulb and bulb yield per plot and total bulb yield ha-1 were observed with the increasing level of inorganic fertilizers. The application of NPK (100:50:100kg ha-1) + S + Zn gave significantly maximum increase in yield and yield attributes of onion crop over control. The application of inorganic fertilizers alone might supply one or two nutrients only but combined application of macro and micro nutrient fertilizers the responses of the micronutrients viz. Mo, Fe and Zinc have also been found in promising to increase the productivity of the soil (Masood Ali and Mishra 2000), Gupta et al. 2012 and Chavan et al. 2012. The direct addition of multi nutrients might have also increased the availability of these nutrients, which in turned increased enter of nutrients. 2807 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 Table.1 Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on yield attributes and economics of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) under loamy sand soils Treatments Neck Diameter of Average Bulb yield Total bulb Net Returns thickness of bulb (cm) Weight of (kg/plot) yield (q/ha) (Rs.) bulb (cm) B:C Ratio bulb (g) Organic manures Control (M0) 0.974 3.00 76.45 12.23 169.89 148334 2.66 FYM 10 t ha-1(M1) 1.028 3.99 87.40 13.98 194.23 175549 3.04 FYM 5 t ha-1 +V.C. 2.5 t ha-1 (M2) 1.061 4.05 93.98 15.04 208.84 189078 3.07 FYM 5 t ha-1 +V.C. 2.5 t ha-1+ Bio- 1.069 4.22 98.80 15.81 219.56 201705 3.26 SEm± 0.003 0.05 0.40 0.06 0.90 1076 0.02 CD (p=0.05) 0.010 0.14 1.16 0.19 2.58 3098 0.05 Control (F0) 0.994 3.20 77.20 12.35 171.55 150048 2.67 NPK (F1) 1.032 3.76 89.11 14.26 198.02 177835 2.96 NPK + S (F2) 1.051 4.02 94.19 15.07 209.31 191293 3.19 NPK + S + Zn (F3) 1.056 4.29 96.14 15.38 213.64 195489 3.21 SEm± 0.003 0.05 0.40 0.06 0.90 1076 0.02 CD (p=0.05) 0.010 0.13 1.16 0.19 2.58 3098 0.05 fertilizers (Azosprillium+PSB) (M3) Inorganic fertilisers V.C. = Vermi-compost, FYM. = Farm Yard Manure 2808 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 Table.2 Interaction effect of Organic and Inorganic fertilisers on yield attributes of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) under loamy sand soils Organic Avg. weight of onion bulb (g) Inorganic F0 F1 F2 F3 SEM± CD (p=0.05) Bulb yield (kg/plot) Total bulb yield (q/ha) M0 M1 M2 M3 M0 M1 M2 M3 M0 M1 M2 M3 60.78 72.34 80.07 92.60 1.61 4.62 75.42 85.70 94.89 93.61 84.46 97.09 99.61 94.75 88.13 101.32 102.17 103.59 9.72 11.57 12.81 14.82 0.26 0.74 12.07 13.71 15.18 14.98 13.51 15.53 15.94 15.16 14.10 16.21 16.35 16.57 135.06 160.76 177.94 205.78 3.59 10.33 167.60 190.44 210.87 208.01 187.68 215.75 221.36 210.56 195.85 225.15 227.05 230.19 Table.3 Interaction effect of Organic and Inorganic fertilisers on economics of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) under loamy sand soils Organic Inorganic F0 F1 F2 F3 SEM± CD (p=0.05) F0 F1 F2 F3 - - Net Returns (Rs.) Benefit : Cost Ratio M0 M1 M2 M3 M0 M1 M2 M3 109821 136682 157214 189618 4304 12393 146870 170290 194732 190303 166968 196664 203321 189361 176532 207704 209907 212667 2.10 2.43 2.79 3.31 0.07 0.21 2.71 2.92 3.34 3.21 2.87 3.16 3.26 2.99 3.02 3.32 3.36 3.35 Control NPK NPK + S NPK + S + Zn M0 M1 M2 M3 2809 - - Control FYM 10 t ha-1 FYM 5 t ha-1 +V.C. 2.5 t ha-1 FYM 5 t ha-1 +V.C. 2.5 t ha-1+ Bio-fertilizers (Azosprillium +PSB) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 Interactive effect of organic and inorganic fertilisers The interactive effect of treatments showed that increase in organic manures at the same level of inorganic fertilizers resulted in maximum average weight of bulb, bulb yield per plot and total bulb yield ha-1, net return, B: C ratio under treatment combination FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Bio-fertilizers (Azosprillium + PSB) and NPK (100:50:100 kg ha-1) + S + Zn (Table 2 and 3). Application of organic manures in the form of FYM and vermicompost increased the average weight of bulb and bulb yield per plot, total bulb yield ha-1, net return, B: C ratio. The beneficial response of FYM and vermicompost to yield might also be attributed to the availability of sufficient amount of plant nutrients in balanced way in inorganic form throughout the growth period and especially at critical growth period of crop resulting in better uptake, plant vigour and superior yield attributes (Rao and Sitaramayya, 2000). Economics The highest net return (Rs 201705Rs ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.26) from the onion crop were obtained at M3 (5 t ha-1 FYM + 2.5 t ha1 Vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azosprillium + PSB) with NPK+S+Zn and followed by 5 t ha-1 FYM + 2.5 t ha-1 Vermi-compost) with NPK+S, net return (Rs 195489 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.21) showed in the table 1. This clearly brings out the people to use biofertilizers for getting better returns. The interaction effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers were found significant. References Aykrody WR. 1963. ICMR. Special Report, Series, No. 42. Bose TK, Kabir j, Das P and Joy RP. 2001. Organic farming in horticulture crops. Tropical Horticulture, 2:20, Publishing Naya Prakash,New Delhi, p.150. Chavan AS, Khafi HR, Raj AD, Parmar RM, Shekh MA. 2012. Effect of potassium and zinc on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Research on crops, 6 (2):432-34. Fisher RA. 1950. Statistical method for research workers, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg, London. Gupta SC and Ganagular S. 2012. Effect of molybdenum iron and mineral inoculation on symbiotic strain, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea. Journal of food legume. 25:45-49. Masood Ali and Mishra JP. 2000. Nutrient management in pulses and pulses based cropping system. Fertilizer news. 45(4):59-69. Mohandas S.1999. Biofertilizer for Horticulture crops. Indian Horticulture. 43 (4):32-37. Nadkarni KN.1954. Allium cepa Linn and Allium sativum Linn. Indian Materia Medica, Popular book depot, Bombay : 963. Paul NB, Rewari RB, Sen A, Sundeao WVB and Bhatnagar RS. 1971. Rhizobial inoculation of pulse crops for better yield. Division of microbiology, New vistas in pulse production, IARI, New Delhi, pp-47-56. Rao SS and Sitaramnayya M. 2000. Performance of alternate organic nitrogen sources in a inceptisol under Rice. International Conference Managing Natural Resources for sustainable Agriculture production in the 21th century, New Delhi, 3: 1464465. 2810 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 2806-2811 Warade SD, Dasale SB and Shinde KG. 1996. Effect of organic inorganic and bio fertilizer on yield of onion bulb cv. B- 780. Journal of Maharashtra Agriculture University 20: 467-68. How to cite this article: Ankita and Gandge, R.S. 2018. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus Species in Canine Skin Infection. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(06): 2806-2811. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.328 2811
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