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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 02 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.207 Influence of Drought Mitigation Techniques on Growth and Yield of Pigeonpea Under Rainfed Conditions P. Venkata Rao*, A. Subbarami Reddy and M. V. Ramana Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGRAU, Lam-522034, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Drought, Mitigation, Pigeonpea, Growth, Yield attributes and yield Article Info Accepted: 15 February 2021 Available Online: 10 March 2021 Research work entitled on “Influence of Drought Mitigation Techniques on Growth and Yield of Pigeonpea Under Rainfed Conditions” was carried out during kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016 at RARS, Lam on deep black cotton soil. The treatments comprising of ten different practices pertaining to drought mitigation with three replications in randomized block design. The findings from the study revealed that all the drought management practices recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes and grain yield over control. The maximum grain yield (2000 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 which was closely followed by addition of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + spraying of 2% KH2PO4 at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage (1868 kg ha-1). The highest values of gross returns (Rs.103200/-), net returns (Rs. 75335/-) and B:C ratio (2.7) were recorded with application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1. Introduction Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a deep rooted and drought-tolerant (Troedson et al., 1990) leguminous food crop used in several countries particularly in India as a source of quality protein. It is an important legume component of dryland agriculture, mainly because of its ability to produce large biomass and protein rich leguminous seeds (Jat and Ahlawat, 2010). It is mainly cultivated in the rainy season (June –Nov) under rainfed conditions characterized by erratic distribution of low rainfall leading to occurrence of frequent mid season or terminal dry spells finally resulting poor yields. In view of global climate change, frequency of dry spells may still aggravate the problem of soil 1666 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 moisture stress leading to low yields. The production is constrained by less productive land, excess water or dry spells at sensitive stages of crop growth, pest and disease problems, and lack of drought-resistant, highyielding genotypes, and appropriate agronomic practices. enhancement in several crops with an exception of economic feasibility. However, its’ usage is not being explored so far in rainfed pigeonpea. Therefore, the present trial was envisaged to assess the influence of drought mitigation techniques on performance of pigeonpea under rainfed conditions. India is the major pulse producer, accounting for about one third of the total world area under pulses and one-fourth of the world production of pulses. India is the largest producer of pigeonpea with 2.6 M.t of production 3.0 M.ha with an average productivity of 865 kg ha-1 in 2017-18. Whereas, in AP the average production of pigeonpea in an area of 2.75 Lakh ha is 1.2 Lakh tonnes with productivity of 621 kg ha-1 in 2017-18 (www.indiastat.com). Uncertainty in weather conditions coupled with early cessation of monsoon is one of the most important factors responsible for this gap. Management of soil moisture is an important major factor when trying to enhance agricultural production by improving the effective utilization of precipitation, the soil moisture availability and water use efficiency in drought prone areas. Moisture conservation technologies like mulching, foliar sprayings and seed treatments enhanced yield in Pigeonpea (Selvi et al., 2009). Materials and Methods Hydrogels are polymers with superabsorbent in nature holding 332-465 times more water holding over its weight and release slowly in drought situation in light soils (Dehkordi, 2016). Because of their three dimensional hydrophilic nature, hydrogels are subjected to swelling and retain huge amount of water (act as ‘miniature reservoirs’). They gradually releases up to 95% of its stored water when its surroundings begin to dry out and replenished when water comes in contact. Many authors have reported positive (Rehman et al., 2011) and negative (Mandal, 2015) findings in terms of moisture conservation and yield The research work was executed for two consecutive years at Lam, Guntur during kharif season of 2015 and 2016 on deep black cotton soil. The farm is situated at 25018' N latitude, 83036' E longitude and at an altitude of 128.93 m above mean sea level (MSL). The experiment consisted of 10 drought management treatments, viz., 1. Seed hardening with CaCl2 @ 2%; 2. Vermicompost @ 2.5t ha-1; 3. FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + spraying of 2% KH2PO4 at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage; 4. Mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1; 5. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1; 6. Seed hardening with CaCl2 @ 2% + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1; 7. Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1; 8. Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + spraying of 2% KH2PO4 at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage; 9. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1; 10. Control. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The test variety used for the experiment was LRG -52 and sowing was done on 25th July in both the years (2015 and 2016) with the spacing of 180 cm x 20 cm. The recommended seed rate (5 kg ha-1) was used on actual area basis. All the treatments given equal quantity of chemical fertilizers (20-50-0 kg NPK ha-1). The crop was harvested on 11th February, 2016 and 1st February, 2017. An amount of 707.1 mm rainfall was received in 44 rainy days in 2015 and 522.1 mm in 34 1667 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 rainy days in 2016 during the period of 26th to 52nd standard meteorological weeks (SMW). The rainfall pattern depicted in figure 1 indicated that, in 2015, rainfall received during crop growth period was uniformly distributed up to 41st SMWs and resulted in excessive vegetative growth with good number of primary and secondary branches. Excess rainfall was received during 29-39th SMWs period coincided with vegetative phase and from 40th week onwards was scanty except 46th SMW it coincided with flowering initiation phase. But in 2016, lower amount of rainfall (26%) and rainy days (22%) were observed when compared to 2015. Similarly during 2016, rainfall received up to 41st SMW was excessive as compared to that of normal (Fig. 1). Thereafter, it was scanty for the rest of crop period. The data on growth and yield attributes, grain yield were recorded at the time of harvest. The observations like, plant height, number of branches plant-1 and number of pods plant-1 were recorded from randomly selected five plants from each treatment from each replication. The benefit cost ratio was worked out by dividing the gross returns by cost of cultivation. The data were subject to standard statistical methods described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The results obtained after analysis is summarized and discussed in results and discussion part. Results and Discussion Growth and yield attributes The positive effect of different drought management techniques could be noticed on growth and yield components (Table 1) at harvesting stage. The data of two years field investigation revealed that application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 (T9) registered significantly the maximum plant height (231 cm) than control (181 cm). These moisture conservation technologies enhance 28% of growth as compared to that of control. The number of branches plant-1 (23.0), number of pods plant-1 (515) and 100 seed weight (11.2g) were also recorded more with incorporation of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 (T9) which was statistically at par with the respective values obtained from T8, T5, T6 & T4. This might be due to conservation of soil moisture as well as reducing the loss of soil fertility status by organic residue mulching. Crop residue mulching after sowing also helped in preservation of soil moisture, which consequently lead to superior plant growth and development. However, control plot recorded the lowest figures in respect to all growth and yield components. These results are in close conformity with the earlier findings of Reddy et al., (2009), Selvi et al., (2009) and Panda et al., (2017). Grain yield The perusal of data depicted in table 2 highlighted that basal application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 (T9) recorded the higher grain yield of 2000 kg ha-1 than that of control plot (1137 kg ha-1). The differences between these two treatments were statistically significant. The highest grain yield of pigeonpea recorded with application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 (T9) which was very close with FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + spraying of 2% KH2PO4 at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage (T8). Overall, implementation of drought mitigation techniques on an average enhanced 47.7% more grain yield when compared to control (Table 1). 1668 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 Table.1 Response of drought management practices on growth and yield attributes of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under rainfed conditions Treatments Branches plant-1 Pods plant-1 Plant height at harvest (cm) 2015 2016 Mean 2015 2016 Mean 1. Seed hardening with CaCl2 2% 2.Vermicompost @ 2.5t ha-1 3.FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + 2% KH2PO4 spray at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage 4.Mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 5. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 6. Seed hardening with CaCl2 @ 2% + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 7. Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 8. FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + 2% KH2PO4 spray at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage 9. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + Mulching with organic residues @ 5 t ha-1 10. Control SEm± 227.7 240.3 244.3 163.7 179.0 183.0 196 210 214 20.3 21.2 21.8 18.3 18.8 20.0 19.3 20.0 20.9 450 452 508 243.0 186.0 215 22.4 20.7 21.6 246.0 243.7 174.0 184.0 210 214 23.2 23.5 20.8 19.9 239.0 175.0 207 22.2 246.3 187.7 217 263.3 198.0 208.7 8.54 CD (0.05) CV (%) 25.4 6.2 306 365 392 Mea n 378 409 450 10.56 10.58 10.72 10.2 11.0 11.1 10.4 10.8 10.9 475 437 456 11.05 10.8 10.9 22.0 217 487 464 349 404 418 434 11.06 11.08 10.7 11.0 10.9 11.1 18.0 20.2 488 438 464 10.80 11.2 11.0 24.4 21.1 22.7 516 456 490 11.14 10.6 10.9 231 24.6 21.4 23.0 577 453 515 11.15 11.3 112 153.7 7.68 181 5.88 17.3 0.83 17.6 0.9 17.4 0.66 294 21 329 23 10.08 0.13 10.1 0.3 10.1 0.14 23 7.5 17.5 4.9 2.5 6.5 2.5 7.6 1.9 5.5 363 26.6 7 79 9.7 63 9.4 67 9 0.4 2.1 0.7 4.0 0.4 2.3 1669 2015 2016 100 grain weight (g) 2015 2016 Mean Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 Table.2 Response of drought management practices on yield and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under rainfed conditions Treatments 1. Seed hardening with CaCl2 2% 2.Vermicompost @ 2.5t ha-1 3.FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + 2% KH2PO4 spray at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage 4.Mulching with organic crop residues @ 5 t ha-1 5. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 6. Seed hardening with CaCl2 2% + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 7. Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 8. FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + 2% KH2PO4 spray at flowering + 2% KNO3 at pod development stage 9. Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + mulching with organic crop residues @ 5 t ha-1 10. Control SEm± CD (0.05) CV (%) Grain yield (kg ha-1) 2015 2016 Mea n 1299 1503 1401 1359 1674 1516 1450 1816 1633 Gross returns (Rs. ha-1) 2015 2016 Mean Net returns (Rs. ha-1) 2015 2016 Mean 2015 2016 Mean 67029 70125 74820 84920 94581 102604 75975 82353 88712 43164 34260 46955 56850 54511 70534 50007 44386 58745 1.81 0.96 1.69 2.03 1.36 2.20 1.92 1.16 1.95 1575 1682 1628 81270 95033 88152 55905 65463 60684 2.20 2.21 2.21 1585 1613 1599 1640 1801 1720 81786 84624 91135 101757 86461 93191 55921 58259 61065 71187 58493 64723 2.16 2.21 2.03 2.33 2.10 2.27 1477 1939 1708 76213 109554 92884 37848 66984 52416 0.99 1.57 1.28 1766 1970 1868 91126 111305 101216 60761 76735 68748 2.00 2.22 2.11 1956 2043 2000 100930 115430 108180 73065 83360 78213 2.62 2.60 2.61 1032 1242 1137 83.56 85 58.9 249 253 175 9.6 8.5 6.3 42603 36245 1.28 1.55 1.42 53251 1670 70173 61712 29886 B:C ratio Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 Fig.1 Rainfall distribution pattern during crop growth period in 2015 and 2016 1671 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 This was mainly due to the favorable soil atmosphere created by cultural mulches by reducing evaporation of soil moisture and thereby improving better uptake of essential nutrients from deeper soil. All drought mitigation techniques were found to have positive and significant impact on conservation of moisture in soil and yield advantage over control. Similar findings were also reported by many researchers (Selvi et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2010 and Venkata Rao et al., 2019) in different locations across the country. Further, the better performance of pigeonpea was observed by drought mitigation techniques over the check in two years of field investigation. It might be because of the impact of rainfall distribution pattern and length of moisture holding period in soil (Fig 1). The maximum grain yield (2043 kg ha-1) was reported in 2016 even though low rainfall (522.12 mm in 34 rainy days) was received with uniform distribution than in 2015 (1956 kg 124. ha-1) with 707.1 mm rainfall in 44 rainy days. This high rainfall with erratic distribution induces more vegetative growth, higher plant height resulted in poor sourcesink relationship, leading to low yield in 2015. But in 2016, comparatively low rainfall with uniform distribution during vegetative stage resulted in better source-sink relationship and led to higher grain yields. The crop mainly influenced by precipitation received and amount of moisture in soil for a prolonged period especially at critical growth stages. Similarly Panda et al., 2017 and Venkata Rao et al., 2019 reported higher yields on pigeonpea. Economics The economics of drought mitigation strategies was calculated on pooled grain yield and presented in Table 1. The maximum gross returns (Rs.1,03,200 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 75,335 135. ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.7) were obtained with application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic crop residues @ 5 t ha-1 (T9). This was due to the increased yield registered by the above said treatment. Based on the present experiment, it could be concluded that application of Pusa hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and mulching with organic crop residues @5t ha-1 can be recommended to mitigate the drought prevailing during the kharif season in Andhra Pradesh for realizing better yield in pigeonpea. References Dehkordi, D.K. (2016) The effects of super absorbent polymers on soils and plants. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 39(3): 267-298. Gomez, K.A., and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical procedures for Agricultural Research. Edn.2, John Wiley and Sons, New York. http://www.indiastat.com. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, (2015-16). Jat, R.A and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2010) Effect of organic manure and sulphur fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 55 (4): 276-281. Mandal, U.K., Sharma, K.L., Venkanna, K., Korwar, G.R., Reddy, K.S., Pushpanjali, Reddy, N.N., Venkatesh, G., Masane, R.N., and Yadaiah, P. (2015) Evaluating hydrogel application on soil water availability and crop productivity in semi arid tropical red soil. Ind. J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev., 30(2): 1-10. Panda, P.K., Mahapatra, P.M and Kar, A. (2017). Effect of drought mitigation 1672 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1666-1673 strategies on yield and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Odisha. Vayu Mandal. 43(1): 56-59. Reddy, M.M., Padmaja, B and Rao, L.J. (2009) Influence of drought management practices on growth and yield of pigeonpea. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development. 24(1): 63-66. Rehman, A., Ahmad, R., and Safdar, M. (2011) Effect of hydrogel on the performance of aerobic rice sown under different techniques. Plant, Soil and Environment. 57(7): 321-325. Selvi, R.V., Srinivasan, S., Ramasamy, M and Marimuthu, R. (2009) Agronomic management for pigeonpea under drought conditions. Legume Research. 32(2): 139-141. Sharma, A., Rathod, P.S and Mohan Chavan. (2010) Response of pieonpea (Cajanus cajan) to drought management practices under rainfed conditions. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 23(5): 693-700. Troedson R.J., Wallis E.S and Laxman Singh. (1990) Pigeonpea: Adaptation. Pages 159–177 in The pigeonpea (Nene YL, Susan D Hall and Sheila VK, eds.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Venkata Rao,P., Reddy, A.S. and Ramana, M.V. (2019) Effect of drought mitigation strategies on growth and productivity of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) under rainfed conditions. Journal of Crop and Weed. 15(3):150-153. How to cite this article: Venkata Rao, P., A. Subbarami Reddy and Ramana, M. V. 2021. Influence of Drought Mitigation Techniques on Growth and Yield of Pigeonpea Under Rainfed Conditions. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 1666-1673. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.207 1673