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Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer Louis Theodore Copyright # 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Theodore, Louis. Heat transfer applications for the practicing engineer/Louis Theodore. p. cm. - - (Essential engineering calculations series; 4) Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-64372-3 (hardback) 1. Heat exchangers. 2. Heat- -Transmission. I. Title. TJ263.T46 2011 621.4020 2- -dc23 2011016265 Printed in the United States of America oBook ISBN: 9780470937228 ePDF ISBN: 9780470937211 ePub ISBN: 9781118002100 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Jack Powers My friend, a future basketball Hall-of-Famer, and a true quality individual Contents Preface xv Introductory Comments xvii Part One Introduction 1. History of Heat Transfer Introduction 3 Peripheral Equipment Recent History 5 References 6 3 4 2. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations Introduction 7 History of Chemical Engineering 8 Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations What is Engineering? 12 References 13 3. Process Variables 10 15 Introduction 15 Units and Dimensional Consistency Key Terms and Definitions 19 Fluids 19 Temperature 19 Pressure 20 Moles and Molecular Weights Mass and Volume 23 Viscosity 25 Heat Capacity 27 Thermal Conductivity 28 Thermal Diffusivity 30 Reynolds Number 30 7 16 22 vii viii Contents Kinetic Energy Potential Energy 31 32 Determination of Dimensionless Groups References 36 33 4. Conservation Laws 37 Introduction 37 The Conservation Laws 38 The Conservation Law for Momentum 38 The Conservation Law for Mass 40 The Conservation Law for Energy 45 References 54 5. Gas Laws 55 Introduction 55 Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws 56 The Ideal Gas Law 57 Standard Conditions 60 Partial Pressure and Partial Volume Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 65 References 65 6. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes Introduction 67 Pipes 67 Tubes 73 Valves and Fittings Valves Fittings 63 67 75 75 77 Noncircular Conduits Flow Considerations References 83 78 80 Part Two Principles 7. Steady-State Heat Conduction Introduction 87 Fourier’s Law 87 Conductivity Resistances Microscopic Approach 90 99 87