Nội dung

GREEN CHEMISTRY – ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN APPROACHES Edited by Mazaahir Kidwai and Neeraj Kumar Mishra Green Chemistry – Environmentally Benign Approaches Edited by Mazaahir Kidwai and Neeraj Kumar Mishra Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivona Lovric Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Green Chemistry – Environmentally Benign Approaches, Edited by Mazaahir Kidwai and Neeraj Kumar Mishra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0334-9 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Greenwashing and Cleaning 1 Develter Dirk and Malaise Peter Chapter 2 Green Chemistry – Aspects for the Knoevenagel Reaction 13 Ricardo Menegatti Chapter 3 Application of Nanometals Fabricated Using Green Synthesis in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 33 Iliana Medina-Ramirez, Maribel Gonzalez-Garcia, Srinath Palakurthi and Jingbo Liu Chapter 4 Electrochemically-Driven and Green Conversion of SO2 to NaHSO4 in Aqueous Solution 63 Hong Liu, Chuan Wang and Yuan Liu Chapter 5 Recent Advances in the Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Azoles 81 Lucas Pizzuti, Márcia S.F. Franco, Alex F.C. Flores, Frank H. Quina and Claudio M.P. Pereira Chapter 6 Greener Solvent-Free Reactions on ZnO 103 Mona Hosseini-Sarvari Chapter 7 New Green Oil-Field Agents 121 Arkadiy Zhukov and Salavat Zaripov Chapter 8 Green Synthesis and Characterizations of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles 139 Nora Elizondo, Paulina Segovia, Víctor Coello, Jesús Arriaga, Sergio Belmares, Aracelia Alcorta, Francisco Hernández, Ricardo Obregón, Ernesto Torres and Francisco Paraguay Preface The environmental legislation contained in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 set the stage for green chemistry. Environmental concerns in research and industry are increasing with more and more pressure to reduce the number of pollutants produced. Green chemistry, environmentally benign chemistry and sustainable chemistry involve the design of chemical products and processes that eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances. So, instead of limiting risk by controlling our exposure to hazardous chemicals, green chemistry attempts to reduce and preferentially eliminate the hazard thus negating the necessity to control exposure. Green chemistry improves upon all types of chemical products and process by reducing impacts on human health and the environment relative to competing technologies. Green chemistry technology also can involve substituting an improved product or an entire synthetic pathway. Ideally, green chemistry technology incorporates the principles of green chemistry at the earliest design stages of a new product or process. It is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of the technology development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. The role of bioinformatics and ethical issues are of great concern in this regard. Green chemistry is an international movement that needs champions, good examples and well-constructed arguments. It is important that chemists develop new green chemistry opinions. There has been a need for a book which provides an overview of the current status of chemistry for the implementation of clean, eco-friendly and less wasteful manufacturing methodology for the greener development. This book covers the latest developments in this growing field as well as some key areas. It is primarily aimed at researchers in industry or academia who are involved in developing greener methodologies. The book consists of eight in-depths chapters from eminent professors, scientists, chemists, researchers and engineers from educational institutions, research organizations and chemical industries, introducing a new emerging green face of multidimensional chemistry. The book addresses different topics in the field of green chemistry. Chapter 1 is concerned with green washing and cleaning; Chapter 2 gives VIII Preface an introduction to the overall aspects of Knoevenagel Reaction; Chapter 3 is concerned with the use of nanometals fabricated in cancer diagnosis; Chapter 4 addresses the formation of NaHSO4 by the green conversion of SO2 through electrochemical forces; and chapter 5 involves the synthesis of azoles with the replacement of traditional, environmentally unattractive methodologies by the utilization of ultrasonic process as source of energy. Another key topic - greener solvent-free reactions on ZnO – is addressed in Chapter 6. The use of nano-ZnO as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions for organic reactions is referred as green reactions. Chapter 7 deals with the new green oil-field agents. Finally, this book covers a growing field of green chemistry in Chapter 8 which describes a number of greener techniques to synthesize and characterize the gold and silver nanoparticles. It is clear that many industries and the research of many academics recognize the significance of green chemistry. However, more work remains to be done. It was impossible to meet all our goals or cover all areas of green chemistry in this monograph. However, we believe that this book will provide both researchers and scientists with ideas for future developments in the field of green chemistry. Professor M. Kidwai, Ph.D, FEnA and Dr. Neeraj Kumar Mishra, M.Sc., Ph.D Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India