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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.009 Genetic Variability and Heritability of Fodder Yield and its Contributing Traits in Rice Bean A. P. Janjal1* and A. K. Mehta2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur – 482004, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Vigna umbellate, Genetic variability, GCV, PCV, Heritability, Genetic advance Article Info Accepted: 04 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 An investigation was carried out to estimate the genetic parameters for twenty traits in 47 rice bean genotypes for fodder yield. The study revealed that phenotypic coefficient variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Higher GCV and PCV were recorded for dry matter yield per plant per day, dry matter yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant per day, dry root weight, crude protein yield per plant per day, crude protein yield per plant, root volume, fresh root weight, root nodules per plant, number of leaves per plant and leaf stem ratio. Whereas, root length, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height reported moderate GCV and high PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for crude protein yield per plant, crude protein yield per plant per day, fresh root weight, dry root weight, number of leaves per plant, root nodules per plant, leaf stem ratio, root volume and plant height. Moderate heritability with high genetic advance was exerted by green fodder yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant per day, green fodder yield per plant per day, root length, number of branches per plant and stem diameter, indicating that heritability may be due to additive gene action and selection based on these characters may be effective. protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and minerals. The dried seeds make an excellent addition to cereal based diet. It is useful for livestock feeding. The vegetative parts can be feed fresh or made into hay. It is grown for green manure, as a cover crop and used as a living fence or biological barrier (Ecoport, 2014). Being a nitrogen fixing legume, it also improves the nitrogen status of Introduction The rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi), a member of the leguminosae (Fabaceae) family, is an annual and self pollinated crop. It is a multipurpose and underutilized fodder legume.. It has an important role in human, animal and soil health improvement. It is a good source of 57 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 the soil. Also, it is a lean period crop that provides subsistence to the farmers with fodder supply throughout growing season for animal population. It is best adapted to drought-prone sloping areas and flat rainfed conditions. The yield and its contributing characters of any crop are polygenetically controlled, environmentally influenced and its improvement through breeding progamme is determined by the magnitude and nature of their genetic variability and heritability (Fisher, 1981). Heritability reveals the degree to which a character is transmitted from parents to offspring. The magnitude of such estimates suggests the extent to which improvement is possible through selection. Since selection of superior genotypes is proportional to the amount of genetic variability present and the extent to which the characters are inherited, so it is necessary to obtain adequate information on the magnitude and type of genetic variability and their corresponding heritability number of leaves per plant, number of branches, stem diameter (mm), root length (cm), root volume (ml), number of root nodules per plant, leaf area (cm2), fresh root weight (g), dry root weight (g), green fodder yield per plant (g), green fodder yield per plant per day (g), dry matter yield per plant (g), dry matter yield per plant per day (g), crude protein yield per plant (g), crude protein yield per plant per day (g), leaf stem ratio and chlorophyll content index. The statistical analysis of the data on the individual trait was analysed with INDOSTAT software. Results and Discussion The analysis of variances of 47 rice bean genotypes for all the characters studied showed that genotypes differed significantly indicating a substantial genetic variability in the material as presented in Table 1(a) and 1(b). These are in agreement with Udensi et al., (2011) for number of leaves per plant and leaf area, Manggoel (2007) for days to harvest, Malarvizhi et al., (2005) for days to harvest, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, stem thickness, dry matter yield, green fodder yield, leaf stem ratio and crude protein content, Singh et al., (1997) and Baraskar et al., (2014) for plant height. Katoch et al., (2007) for plant height and fresh fodder yield, Das et al., (1997) for days to harvest and plant height and Bandopadhyay et al., (2007) for leaf area. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted under All India Coordinated Research Project on forage crops, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P) during 2017 situated in the semi-arid sub-tropics at 23.91˚ North latitude and 79.5˚ East longitudes with an altitude of 411.78 meters above the mean sea level. The genetic parameters viz., genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance along with mean and range of different characters are presented in Table 2. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in kharif season on 47 genotypes. Each entry was planted in 3.0 m X 0.9 m plot size and spacing between rows was kept 30 cm. Observations were recorded on randomly selected five competitive plants in each plot, excluding the border plants for twenty characters viz., days to flower initiation, days to harvest, plant height (cm), The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were computed to assess the existing variability in the material. In general phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient 58 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 of variation for almost all the traits which indicates role of environment for these characters. number of leaves per plant, root length, stem diameter, leaf stem ratio, number of branches per plant and plant height. The moderate value of PCV was recorded for leaf area and the lowest value was observed for chlorophyll content index, days to harvest and days to flower initiation. It indicates the selection based on these characters would facilitate the successful isolation of desirable fodder type. Genotypic coefficient of variation Highest GCV was observed for crude protein yield per plant per day, dry root weight, crude protein yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant per day, dry matter yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant per day, fresh root weight, root volume, number of root nodules per plant, number of leaves per plant and leaf stem ratio. The moderate value was recorded for root length, stem diameter, number of branches per plant and plant height. This indicates the presence of sufficient amount of genetic variability for these traits and can be exploited by breeding procedure for improvement of these characters. While, leaf area, chlorophyll content index, days to harvest and days to flower initiation had lowest values. These results are in conformation with reports of Roquib and Patnaik (1990), Kohli and Agarwal (2012) and Kohli (2002) for green fodder yield per plant and plant height, Das et al., (1997) for plant height and Sharma et al., (2017) for number of branches per plant and plant height, Borah and Khan (2000) for number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield, Nath and Tajane (2014) for green fodder yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant, branches per plant, Dodake and Dahat (2011) for number of number of root nodules per plant, number of branches per plant and days to harvest. The results were comparable with Kohli and Agarwal (2012) and Roquib and Patnaik (1990) for green fodder yield per plant. Borah and Khan (2000) for number of leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield. Nath and Tajane (2014) for green fodder yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant and branches per plant and Sharma et al., (2017) for branches per plant and plant height. Dodake and Dahat (2011) for number of number of root nodules per plant and days to harvest. Heritability and genetic advance Heritability estimates along with the genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting the genetic gain under selection than heritability estimates alone. However, it is not necessary that the character showing high heritability will also exhibit high genetic advance. High heritability with high genetic advance was exhibited by crude protein yield per plant followed by crude protein yield per plant per day, fresh root weight, dry root weight, number of leaves per plant, number of root nodules per plant, leaf stem ratio, root volume and plant height indicating lesser influence of environment in expression of these characters and preponderance of additive gene action, hence amenable for simple selection. Phenotypic coefficient of variation Dry matter yield per plant per day recorded the highest PCV followed by dry matter yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant per day, dry root weight, crude protein yield per plant per day, crude protein yield per plant, root volume, fresh root weight, number of root nodules per plant, 59 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 Table.1(a) Analysis of variance for fodder yield and its components in Vigna umbellate Sources of variation Degree of freedom Replication Treatment Error 2 46 92 Days to flower initiation 93.28 72.22* 10.58 Days to harvest 586.64* 94.73* 15.42 Mean Sum of Squares Plant No. of No. of Stem Root Root Height leaves / branches diameter length volume (cm) plant / plant (mm) (cm) (ml) 18.29 13.36 0.44 0.59 251.03* 6.04 3071.56** 2314.73** 5.33** 2.94** 404.25** 64.27** 364.33 168.54 1.02 0.80 80.40 7.15 No. of root nodules / plant 29.04 2484.06** 197.26 Leaf area (cm2) 2019.42** 531.58** 185.03 Table.1(b) Analysis of variance for fodder yield and its components in Vigna umbellate Sources of variation Degree of freedom Replication Fresh root weight (g) Dry root weight (g) 2 0.53 Treatment 46 Error 92 Mean Sum of Squares Dry Leaf Crude matter stem protein yield/ ratio yield/ plant/ plant day (g) 0.002 0.001 1.08 Dry matter yield/ plant (g) 0.10 Green fodder yield/ plant/ day (g) 0.07* 43.77** 9.30** 0.95** 1138.08** 0.060** 0.060** 1.54 0.47 0.20 266.11 0.012 0.005 70.66 * Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1% 60 Crude protein yield/ plant/ day 0.000083 21.78** 0.001271** 0.45 0.000028 Chlorophyl Green l content fodder yield/ index plant (g) 20.60 562.31 11.95* 18434.08** 3.58 3799.00 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 Character Days to flower initiation Days to harvest Plant height(cm) No. of leaves/plant No. of branches/plant Stem diameter(mm) Root length(cm) Root volume(ml) No. of root nodules/plant Leaf area(cm2) Fresh root weight(g) Dry root weight(g) Green fodder yield/plant/day(g) Dry matter yield/plant(g) Dry matter yield/plant/day(g) Leaf stem ratio Crude protein yield/plant(g) Crude protein yield/plant/day(g) Chlorophyll content index Green fodder yield/plant(g) Table.2 Genetic parameters for variation in fodder yield and its components in Vigna umbellata Range Mean Variance Phenotypic Genotypic Environment GCV PCV Heritability broad sense (%) (h2) 128.58 137.04 176.43 112.57 7.02 4.86 53.23 14.17 104.73 129.17 11.16 3.64 1.32 31.128 41.865 1266.741 883.940 2.464 1.515 188.355 26.192 959.532 300.552 15.622 3.415 0.456 20.547 26.437 902.410 715.397 1.438 0.713 107.952 19.041 762.269 115.517 14.075 2.943 0.247 10.581 15.428 364.330 168.543 1.027 0.801 80.403 7.151 197.263 185.035 1.547 0.472 0.209 3.52 3.75 17.02 23.75 17.07 17.35 19.51 30.77 26.36 8.32 33.66 47.01 37.47 4.33 4.72 20.17 26.41 22.35 25.29 25.77 36.09 29.57 13.42 35.40 50.65 51.15 66.00 63.14 71.23 80.93 58.36 47.06 57.31 72.69 79.44 38.43 90.09 86.17 54.16 Genetic advance as % of mean 5.89 6.14 29.60 44.03 26.86 24.53 30.43 54.06 48.40 10.62 65.70 89.90 57.07 83.22 0.64 42.52 0.30 556.771 0.028 290.659 0.016 266.112 0.012 40.08 42.46 55.49 55.77 52.20 57.14 59.67 65.65 0.45 1.73 1.22 13.20 0.65 5.80 0.024 7.562 0.018 7.10 0.005 0.453 20.77 45.93 23.63 47.37 75.00 93.89 37.61 91.74 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.000 0.00 0.000 47.60 49.18 93.70 94.92 32.30 46.63 39.12 6.373 2.79 3.583 4.27 6.45 43.77 5.81 88.84 369.05 181.40 8677.363 4878.360 3799.003 38.50 51.35 56.21 59.46 Min Max 106.66 113.66 116.46 49.00 4.33 3.18 33.30 5.33 57.72 103.29 3.89 1.01 0.61 140.66 148.66 247.10 166.33 10.33 7.69 83.96 28.66 186.09 154.56 19.09 7.80 2.48 13.99 0.10 61 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 The results are in close proximity with the findings of Kumar et al., (1997), Lokesh et al., (2003), Baraskar et al., (2014), Sharma et al., (2017) for plant height, Aditiya et al., (2011) for dry matter yield per plant, Singh et al., (2010) for plant height, dry matter yield and green fodder yield, Bhandari and Verma (2008) for plant height, number of leaves per plant, crude protein content and green fodder yield. 2007. 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Moderate heritability with low genetic advance was reported for days to harvest and days to flower initiation. While, low heritability with low genetic advance was observed for chlorophyll content index indicating that non-additive gene action play major role in the inheritance of these characters. Thus, the direct selection based on these characters may not be effective. References Aditya J P, Bhartiya P and Bhartiya A. 2011. Genetic variability, heritability and character association for yield and component characters in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Central European Agriculture 12(1): 27-34. Bhandari M S and Verma J S. 2008. Genetic analysis of forage yield and quality traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Forage Research 33(4): 203-205. Bandopadhyay P, Mazumdar D and Panja BN. 62 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 57-63 Lokesh, Verma P K, Gupta S N and Behl R K. 2003. 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Genetic Variability and Heritability of Fodder Yield and its Contributing Traits in Rice Bean. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 57-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.009 63