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Romain Elsair Fundamentals of Chemistry Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 2 Fundamentals of Chemistry © 2012 Romain Elsair & Ventus Publishing ApS ISBN 978-87-403-0105-2 Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 3 Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents Contents Fundamentals of Chemistry 11 Aim of this Book 11 Scope of this Book 11 1 Substances and Reactions 12 1.1 Classifying Substances 12 1.2 Solids, Liquids and Gases 12 1.3 Changing state 14 1.4 Element 14 1.5 Metals & Non-metals 14 1.6 Chemical symbols 15 1.7 Compound 15 1.8 Mixture 15 1.9 Physical separation 16 1.10 Physical and chemical change 16 1.11 Elements, mixtures or compounds? 17 1.12 Atomic theory 17 1.13 Chemical formulae 18 Please click the advert The next step for top-performing graduates Masters in Management Designed for high-achieving graduates across all disciplines, London Business School’s Masters in Management provides specific and tangible foundations for a successful career in business. 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For more information visit www.london.edu/mm, email mim@london.edu or give us a call on +44 (0)20 7000 7573. * Figures taken from London Business School’s Masters in Management 2010 employment report Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 4 Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents 1.14 Ion 19 1.15 Naming Compounds 21 2 Chemical Equations Subatomic Structure Relative Atomic Mass 22 2.1 Chemical equations 22 2.2 Atomic Structure 24 2.3 Fundamental subatomic particles 26 2.4 Chemical Masses 27 2.5 Mass spectrometer 29 3 The Mole 34 Introduction 34 3.1 Why is the mole useful? 34 3.2 Molecules 34 3.3 Ionic compounds 36 3.4 Useful relationships involving the mole 36 3.5 Mass Percentage composition of elements in compounds 37 3.6 Empirical formulae of compounds 38 3.7 Theoretical yield 38 3.8 Percentage yield 39 3.9 Limiting reagent 39 Please click the advert Teach with the Best. Learn with the Best. 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See what Agilent can do for you. www.agilent.com/find/EDUstudents www.agilent.com/find/EDUeducators © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012 u.s. 1-800-829-4444 canada: 1-877-894-4414 Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 5 Please click the advert 4 Contents Solutions and Concentrations 41 Introduction 41 4.1 Dissolving 41 4.2 Concentration 42 4.3 Changing volume 43 4.4 Most useful unit of concentration - Molarity 44 4.5 Equation to learn 45 4.6 Ionic Solutions 45 4.7 Diluting Solutions 46 4.8 The pH scale 48 4.9 Other units for concentration 49 5 Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectroscopy 50 5.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 50 5.2 Definition of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) 52 5.3 Energy of Light 52 5.4 Emission Spectra 53 5.5 Absorption Spectra 54 5.6 Uses of spectroscopy 55 5.7 Quantum theory 55 5.8 Interpreting electronic spectra 57 5.9 Quantum-Mechanical Model 59 You’re full of energy and ideas. And that’s just what we are looking for. © UBS 2010. All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Chemistry Looking for a career where your ideas could really make a difference? UBS’s Graduate Programme and internships are a chance for you to experience for yourself what it’s like to be part of a global team that rewards your input and believes in succeeding together. Wherever you are in your academic career, make your future a part of ours by visiting www.ubs.com/graduates. www.ubs.com/graduates Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 6 Please click the advert Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents 5.10 Sublevels 59 5.11 s orbitals 60 5.12 p orbitals 61 5.13 d orbitals 61 5.14 Quantum Numbers 63 5.15 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 63 5.16 Electronic Configuration 64 5.17 The Aufbau Principle 65 5.19 Summary 66 6 Electron Configuration Bonding Redox equations 67 6.1 Valence Electrons and Bonding 67 6.2 Valence electrons 67 6.3 Bonding 68 6.4 Lewis diagrams 6.6 Single and multiple covalent bonds 6.7 Redox reactions 6.8 Summary 7 Shapes of Molecules 7.1 Exceptions to the octet rule 7.2 Exceptions to the octet rule 360° thinking . 360° thinking 70 . 73 73 77 78 78 78 360° thinking . Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. 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D Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents 7.3 Limitations of Lewis structures 79 7.4 Shapes of covalent molecules 79 7.5 Molecules with lone pairs 82 7.6 Distorted shapes 83 7.7 Exercise - What shape is an ammonia molecule? 84 7.8 Non-equivalent positions 84 7.9 Molecules with lone pairs 85 7.10 Limitations with Lewis structures 86 7.11 Metallic bonding 87 7.12 Ionic and Covalent 87 7.13 Electronegativity 87 7.14 Polar bonds 87 7.15 Intermolecular forces 88 8 Chemical Bonding and Solid Structures 91 Introduction 91 8.1 Giant metallic structures and their properties 91 8.2 Giant Ionic structures and their properties 94 8.3 Molecular structures and their properties 97 8.5 Simple molecular structures and their properties Please click the advert 100 Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 8 Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents 9 Trends in the Periodic Table 105 9.1 Historical trends 105 9.2 Mendeleev’s table (1869) 105 9.3 Modern Periodic Table 105 9.4 Metals / non-metals 106 9.5 Physical Properties 108 9.6 Electronegativity 119 9.7 Trends across a Period 120 9.8 Trends down a Group 120 10 Thermochemistry 122 Introduction 122 10.1 Forms of Energy 122 10.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 123 10.3 Enthalpy, H 124 10.4 Heat Energy and Chemical Reactions 125 10.5 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change 125 10.6 Endothermic reactions 126 10.7 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change 127 10.8 Thermochemical equations 127 10.9 Standard State Enthalpy Changes 128 10.10 Standard State Enthalpies 128 your chance Please click the advert to change the world Here at Ericsson we have a deep rooted belief that the innovations we make on a daily basis can have a profound effect on making the world a better place for people, business and society. Join us. In Germany we are especially looking for graduates as Integration Engineers for • Radio Access and IP Networks • IMS and IPTV We are looking forward to getting your application! To apply and for all current job openings please visit our web page: www.ericsson.com/careers Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 9 Fundamentals of Chemistry Contents 10.11 Specific heat capacity 128 10.12 Standard State Enthalpies 130 10.13 Summary 133 Download free ebooks at bookboon.com 10