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Physics of Thermal Therapy Fundamentals and Clinical Applications Edited by Eduardo G. Moros Physics of Thermal Therapy ImagIng In medIcal dIagnosIs and Therapy William R. Hendee, Series Editor Quality and safety in radiotherapy Targeted molecular Imaging Todd Pawlicki, Peter B. Dunscombe, Arno J. Mundt, and Pierre Scalliet, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-0436-0 Michael J. Welch and William C. Eckelman, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-4195-0 adaptive radiation Therapy C.-M. Charlie Ma and Tony Lomax, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-1607-3 X. Allen Li, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-1634-9 proton and carbon Ion Therapy Quantitative mrI in cancer comprehensive Brachytherapy: physical and clinical aspects Thomas E. Yankeelov, David R. Pickens, and Ronald R. Price, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-2057-5 Jack Venselaar, Dimos Baltas, Peter J. Hoskin, and Ali Soleimani-Meigooni, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-4498-4 Informatics in medical Imaging physics of mammographic Imaging George C. Kagadis and Steve G. Langer, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-3124-3 Mia K. Markey, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-7544-5 adaptive motion compensation in radiotherapy physics of Thermal Therapy: Fundamentals and clinical applications Martin J. Murphy, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-2193-0 Eduardo Moros, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-4890-6 Image-guided radiation Therapy emerging Imaging Technologies in medicine Daniel J. Bourland, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-0273-1 Mark A. Anastasio and Patrick La Riviere, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-8041-8 Forthcoming titles in the series Informatics in radiation oncology Image processing in radiation Therapy Bruce H. Curran and George Starkschall, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-2582-2 Kristy Kay Brock, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-3017-8 cancer nanotechnology: principles and applications in radiation oncology stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy Sang Hyun Cho and Sunil Krishnan, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-7875-0 Stanley H. Benedict, Brian D. Kavanagh, and David J. Schlesinger, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-4197-6 monte carlo Techniques in radiation Therapy cone Beam computed Tomography Joao Seco and Frank Verhaegen, Editors ISBN: 978-1-4398-1875-6 Chris C. Shaw, Editor ISBN: 978-1-4398-4626-1 Physics of Thermal Therapy Fundamentals and Clinical Applications Edited by Eduardo G. Moros MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 2012928 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4892-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Kimberly, your love and noble character strengthen me, and to our wonderful sons, Jonas and Ezra Contents Series Preface. . ............................................................................................................................................... ix Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xi Editor........................................................................................................................................................... xiii Contributors..................................................................................................................................................xv part I: Foundations of Thermal Therapy Physics 1 Fundamentals of Bioheat Transfer ..........................................................................................................................3 2 Thermal Dose Models: Irreversible Alterations in Tissues ............................................................................23 3 4 5 Kenneth R. Diller John A. Pearce Practical Clinical Thermometry ............................................................................................................................ 41 R. Jason Stafford and Brian A. Taylor Physics of Electromagnetic Energy Sources.. ...................................................................................................... 57 Jeffrey W. Hand The Physics of Ultrasound Energy Sources ........................................................................................................ 75 Victoria Bull and Gail R. ter Haar 6 Numerical Modeling for Simulation and Treatment Planning of Thermal Therapy: Ultrasound ...... 95 7 Numerical Modeling for Simulation and Treatment Planning of Thermal Therapy ............................ 119 Robert J. McGough Esra Neufeld, Maarten M. Paulides, Gerard C. van Rhoon, and Niels Kuster part II: Clinical Thermal Therapy Systems 8 External Electromagnetic Methods and Devices ............................................................................................ 139 9 Interstitial Electromagnetic Devices for Thermal Ablation .. ....................................................................... 159 10 Clinical External Ultrasonic Treatment Devices ............................................................................................ 177 11 Endocavity and Catheter-Based Ultrasound Devices .................................................................................... 189 Gerard C. van Rhoon Dieter Haemmerich and Chris Brace Lili Chen, Faqi Li, Feng Wu, and Eduardo G. Moros Chris J. Diederich vii viii Contents part III: Physical Aspects of Emerging Technology for Thermal Therapy 12 13 Evolving Tools for Navigated Image-Guided Thermal Cancer Therapy .................................................. 203 Kevin Cleary, Emmanuel Wilson, and Filip Banovac Temperature Imaging Using Ultrasound.. ......................................................................................................... 219 R. Martin Arthur 14 Focused Ultrasound Applications for Brain Cancer ...................................................................................... 241 15 Extracorporeal Ultrasound-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Cancer Patients . . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 255 Meaghan A. O’Reilly and Kullervo Hynynen Feng Wu 16 Using Hyperthermia to Augment Drug Delivery . . .......................................................................................... 279 17 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy ................................................................................................... 293 18 Application of Gold Nanoparticles (GNP) in Laser Thermal Therapy ..................................................... 319 19 Thermochemical Ablation ..................................................................................................................................... 339 Mark W. Dewhirst Michael L. Etheridge, John C. Bischof, and Andreas Jordan Zhenpeng Qin and John C. Bischof Erik N. K. Cressman