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Function of Soils for H u m a n Societies and the Environment The G e o l o g i c a l Society of L o n d o n Books Editorial Committee Chief Editor BOB PANKHURST (UK) Society Books Editors JOHN GREGORY (UK) JIM GRIFFITHS (UK) JOHN HOWE (UK) PHIL LEAT (UK) NICK ROBINS (UK) JONATHAN TURNER (UK) Society Books Advisors MIKE BROWN (USA) ERIC BUFFETAUT (France) RETO GIERI~ (Germany) JON GLUYAS (UK) DOUG STEAD (Canada) RANDELL STEPHENSON (Netherlands) Geological Society books refereeing procedures The Society makes every effort to ensure that the scientific and production quality of its books matches that of its journals. Since 1997, all book proposals have been refereed by specialist reviewers as well as by the Society's Books Editorial Committee. If the referees identify weaknesses in the proposal, these must be addressed before the proposal is accepted. Once the book is accepted, the Society Book Editors ensure that the volume editors follow strict guidelines on refereeing and quality control. We insist that individual papers can only be accepted after satisfactory review by two independent referees. The questions on the review forms are similar to those for Journal of the Geological Society. The referees' forms and comments must be available to the Society's Book Editors on request. Although many of the books result from meetings, the editors are expected to commission papers that were not presented at the meeting to ensure that the book provides a balanced coverage of the subject. Being accepted for presentation at the meeting does not guarantee inclusion in the book. More information about submitting a proposal and producing a book for the Society can be found on its web site: www.geolsoc.org.uk. It is recommended that reference to all or part of this book should be made in one of the following ways: FROSSARD,E., BLUM,W. E. H. & WARKENTIN,B. P. (eds) 2006. Function of Soils for Human Societies and the Environment. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 266. JANSA, J., WIEMKEN,A. & FROSSARD,E. 2006. The effects of agricultural practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: FROSSARD, E., BLUM, W. E. H. & WARKENTIN, B. (eds) Function of Soils for Human Societies and the Environment. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 266, 89-115. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 266 Function of Soils for Human Societies and the Environment EDITED BY E. F R O S S A R D ETH Zurich, Switzerland W. E. H. B L U M University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria and B. E W A R K E N T I N Oregon State University, USA 2006 Published by The Geological Society London THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Geological Society of London (GSL) was founded in 1807. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe. 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Published by The Geological Society from: The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath BA1 3JN, U K (Orders: Tel. +44 (0)1225 445046, Fax +44 (0)1225 442836) Online bookshop: www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. 9 The Geological Society of London 2006. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with the provisions of the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W I P 9HE. Users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA: the item-fee code for this publication is 0305-8719/06/$15.00. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 10:1-86239-207-2 ISBN 13:978-1-86239-207-6 Typeset by Type Study, Scarborough, UK Printed by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, UK Distributors North America For trade and institutional orders: The Geological Society, c/o AIDC, 82 Winter Sport Lane, Williston, VT 05495, USA Orders: Tel. +1 800 972-9892 Fax +1 802 864-7626 E-mail gsl.orders@aidcvt.com For individual and corporate orders: A A P G Bookstore, PO Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101-0979, USA Orders: Tel. +1 918 584-2555 Fax +1 918 560-2652 E-mail bookstore@aapg.org Website http://bookstore.aapg.org India Affiliated East-West Press Private Ltd, Marketing Division, G-l/16 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110 002, India Orders: Tel. +91 11 2327-9113/2326-4180 Fax +91 11 2326-0538 E-mail affiliat@vsnl.com Contents BLUM,W. E. H., WARKENTIN,B. E & FROSSARD,E. Soil, human society and the environment FELLER, C., MANLAY,R. J., SWIFT,M. J. & BERNOUX, M. Functions, services and value of soil organic matter for human societies and the environment: a historical perspective LEIFELD, J. Soils as sources and sinks of greenhouse gases 23 BERGSTROM, L. E & DJODJIC, E Soil as an important interface between agricultural activities and groundwater: leaching of nutrients and pesticides in the vadose zone 45 Dosso, M., PHILIPPON, O. d~zRUELLAN,A. Understanding of a soil system derived from a single bed-rock, for improved vineyard management in Southern France 53 LUSTER, J., ZIMMERMANN,S., ZWICKY,C. N., LIENEMANN,P. 8z BLASER, P. Heavy metals in Swiss forest soils: modification of lithogenic and anthropogenic contents by pedogenetic processes, and implications for ecological risk assessment 63 BA~UELOS, G. S. & LIN, Z.-O. Reuse of agricultural drainage water in central California: phytosustainability in soil with high levels of salinity and toxic trace elements 79 JANSA,J., WIEMKEN,A. • FROSSARD,E. The effects of agricultural practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 89 BURGHARDT,W. Soil sealing and soil properties related to sealing 117 WELLS, E. C. Cultural soilscapes 125 LANDA, E. R. From agricultural geology to hydropedotogy: forging links within the twenty-first-century geoscience community 133 HAZELTON,P. A. Australian examples of the role of soils in environmental problems 141 MONTANARELLA,L. Policies for a sustainable use of soil resources 149 INACIO, M., PEREIRA, V. & PINTO, M. Assessing anthropogenic inputs to soils by comparing element contents and their spatial distribution in O- and A- horizons 159 MENZI, H. & GERBER, P. Nutrient balances for improving the use-efficiency of non-renewable resources: experiences from Switzerland and Southeast Asia 171 UGOLINI,E C. & WARKENTIN,B. P. Perspectives on the relationship between soil science 183 and geology Index 191