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, ~ , ,'" j'- ' .-­ ,,- t;d~ - .-,. ¥ ~ ~ r I' , ' ,­ FLAME SAFEGUARn CONTRULS • AHoneywell· Textbook • -' ~ •• • • HoneyWell ' - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION TO FLAME SAFEGUARD ...........................•.............I COMBUSTION .........................................................•.........................1 BURNERS AND BOILERS PART I: Burners.................••......................•....•.......•...................5 PART II: Boilers..................................•..........•...•...........•...........45 PART III: Air Heating Units........•...•.................................•..........6a flAME ROD APPLICATIONS PART I: Types 01 Flame Detectlon Systems 71 .............••..............73 PART II: Requlremenls ror Flame Rod Rectification Systems PART III: Flame Rods, Holders, and Rectilier Pilots 82 OPTICAL DETECTOR APPLlCATIONS PRIMARY CONTROLS RA890 Primary Controls RA890H Self-Checking P,lmary Controls R471lS Primary Controls R771lS Primary Controls PROGRAMMING CONTROLS The Sell-Checking Function 6asic ProgrammIng Sequence R4140 Programming Controls BC7000 Microcomputer Burner Control Systems Semi-Automatic, Industrial FSG Con1fols 8S 107 109 115 122 124 131 134 _137 148 165 175 TROUBLESHOOTING AND MAINTENANCE OF FLAME SAFEGUARD SYSTEMS 192 SERVICE 206 EOUIPMENT LIMITS CONTROLLERS, AND INTERLOCKS 216 VALVES AND VALVE TRAINS 263 SIZING AND APPLICATION OF LARGE GAS VALVES 286 FIRING 301 RATE CONTROLS G LOSSAR Y 331 I INTRODUCTION TO FLAME SAFEGUARO WHAT ARE FLAME SAFEGUARD CQNTROLS7 The '.rm FLtmo Sol'f4!Jard irl i" b"""de.t __ 00-" aU tbe """"0"' ....,.,;.,.-<1 'lrith burnen, ..d lhei.r ....,...'111 ",":pn>eIlL Thi> illcllldn ,he Ilomo ,onsin~ deoi'" ..-I 10 dooIoc! Ills no"",. operw.liIlq aDd aroty de""",,, ..-I \0 5tUt ...:l1t01> I .. llwtle....I_ to' <00"01 lui fi<1 .0 bum.. aloty "'n,,,,1 ·""oms. If _ -bod to dofino the 'onn FJuo. s"roquud 5J'll~m. 'lui d'lIIlition miljht be .,m.. lWlq Iil<. ­ "A ... of CIJIl,,01 ~Il.il>""" _ in • '0 I',,,,rid. ar. 0:>0'1'01 01 bU<»ar opetalion .. .-. ,bo prolll101l of ,be 110"", oolld<>l>di,;"" .. ",uld ..... wi'b .b. !II""" <:on4"",;Yi.y 'YO'Tho "'" II", llo<:t,OIli<' ~*"'" _to Umi.od bu:i""Uy '0 a !Ioml rod, pbl""""lly . . ill .bl 1Io100 i..olf. 0' • pboto<>tll to .. n'" a Yiallll 114b'. t..ler. il _. fOW'ld l"~ .hl pntI...". 0/ infrved udiotioft in a !lome a>uld b. uood fa, d ,i;:In purp:ae.-oftd 'he ...d .uIf>dol no"", dlWCUlr bam. 10 le,... ,"'..... _ r""nd tIla' "ill aootlulr pttrtiQII. at . . 1ioJh. tpectnlb'l. <>:>Illd be._ fo' lJ,omo driectiOll -.llich would be ""'to .. l.e-ti.. ;n i" _ o n ODd. po>ide 'l!..... af.ry_ond Ill"".-iol.' ro",""",1 and iodoomu bw:oor and boiler 501d.o .0 "'..., dlCiqn ",d appU""liOu od.. n"". Tb. hi>lory of IJome Wequa>d "'0,,,,11 do_ bock '0 tho n.... 1'. ....,.,1 "" ."d oil bumOR- Tbt tim: afoqllOlrl ct>ot1d.... OI of _yo fo' .:tample, on. ot '"" ....Iiort typos 01 'UIO y aOCllIllw.,i"" 01 ""b",,*, oil 1lI • """. wno< ",used. leo... t<> clD. a ..1.. ill 'bo. rupply aU 1. l'toYidn. JJJlI m.... of ~ and .toPP'nq ,bl burn..... i,ber """,,..Uy or au'o"",'iaUy. .Imo" ,h. line. This, of count, Jl'O"Od ""'1' umatlsloetory. Than c..... eJ""lro~ combination. dill "'nlllooo "",.hods _ lUitoblo rOl JaaaII tumo<:eo ond boU.., bu' .. instaUolion1 ~otd ill .a, tM """, ...,.;.,g nom. Afoquard "'..... 11 ",,,,",,, .0 be I.., .ID. ODd """"blo. So ,h. iIld\IfUY " - " -.chir>l far f...... .,..,.. of p-o.u.q 1Io""" Dol no- tli1",... In lbe 10<1 1920'0, it ..... toUlld llul. na- "" _1>0< obara.......'" _b1o la' oI.toclion-tU abllltyof a fluoo 10 dl..,. .. a""t\c:ol ow-r.nt. T1li:Ilod 10 ,he develop."..' of tlul .flV trpoo of .ltetr<>ni. tlom...feguard ,",011Ols. Thne lIOt "'Jy pre .... ,be tlomo lIluch fastor, but . ., _ _ also lIIucb to fla"'" ~. Mai<:aUy;.nd ill ,luI ly 19:51)'" ""''' _,i.. marko'ed 00 .Io""ooi. sy1tlltl "';"g a !Io n>d ood ...ho' is looWl at a fIollll <:ollducIt While 'his .... a .... impr-ofttllenl 0_ dII .locu<>...-clumi<:ol .",e..,.., it hod iu .ba<"<",miJl.p; 1IIIZlIIv, ;. plrmittod a hillb _ ' " IlIcn ;,. .be n.mo 18IIIUul cirv.IlI, """" ••• n..m. rod du:nod to ~ . to oImW.," a fIo_. Thi., of "'\IJ1I, "'" U ""ootl a>odltioo ODd. IJI impr-o""" """bod bod 10 be deoi.d.. • Tbe modo'" Flo... SoJ"l""rr1 cootrol ,,,,ern on a ",,,,,,,,,rciol 0' indu"';"'] boilo' porfo..... ,110 rol"win~ fu.oction" 2. Stan. 'M bumer in 'be P'O]lOt" ..qu""", .nd b,......r !10m. during oporation. "'~ ,be .,..om 3. GlloVtb tho IImpora.ur. ",""-',. In .dditicm, lerdo. TYPES OF CONTROLS Tho foUowiog ",.. of eon",,10 UI .......:I '" porfoml. buic no"", afoquord runetJon,. A. CONTROLLERS mI, bo 00 au,o_ opon,. ,bo. bwtlat (dlpendin9 an modi""" bft>9 Iia'odl ... 1Iml" 01 _ , 'ompoAlllA. or .it l...,· on. _",,]lor "",y .ls>o be. IItOrt/ltOp ".'ion wbid1 0110", tbe opera'o, 10 ....... uoay non .nd, if Tbo <:on,rollor _ .....:og .0 1l>II.Io""" pm.,,,,,,. _,e,'b. dasi:w:l, _nuo!l, ItOP 'Oo bllJ1tor. 71-97~S8 B. LlMlf ... NO tA.FEfY CONTROLS IV • cbo<:k IIp:m. ,110 'D1UlOlIa ."d 1~ prowido • "",:<>mom Limi' b.l""'d whkh lilt bwn.. 'hould not be • Lio_ '0 opo""'•• Iimil ""n'I'>! must b. pro';dod. J"Oil<>n • ..,. ry to provid•• low CUlcff La I'<""",t bwn.. <>po",ti0 bail., _lOr 10 LI>o desired Jonl. w."'" n.... 1. Senoing Lhe preMO"" 0( a .. 'idoctOl'Y o 2. seq.... .L.". must provid• a'Nrd fuoctjo. to f"O¥ide..t. opera"on­ ~. (:h.ckin; ito 0.... o<>mp:tllllo". _at., r. c, llURl'leR INTERLOCK CONTROLS S"'- lnt.rled< ""nnob porI'Ofm LWI> fWlOli!>", l. Pro.. IMt ,he ""n_•• 10< combustion a", os· ,"b~,luKI ..d 'ML 1M b....... i' _dJ'o be nanod. 2. Pro.. 'hot ""ndinon' a", . . 'id flame ..f ...... ttl edu Jotin~ LlI. firill~ raT. . . ,110 syst.m d.malld cMnlJl"'. Whon flti"'l ro"i 01 higlVlow 0' m<> propor .....uu, thot LM fIomo - . "UI'oIi:lhOtmlin~ "'. name dI1rin9 "''-ttl,. ""I"""""', ha, l.un.r oporan"n. n.."", ..t«jlOUd oon=1 a"""",p!tollM i" purJlO" I>J porI'orming , _ IWlOlian, .1Il0h "'0 iIlt",lo~od ., 'ha'. wi,hou, ClIDIplKiJl9 ,11. Om, ,be An .1000roolo ,"""od ~""Ol ""n'inn: 1. SENSING 'I'IU: PRESENCE OF A SATlSFACTORY FLAME A flam. ",f«juord mu" d;nin~ui,h b., ....... ..t. Iltm•• rt.:l n...f. and ,0methiOll (re, in"""",. ht>! :of'.Oto,y) tha' i:l ooL a flam. at ..u hUl ",.,<1J 10"'" of Lbe chua"'oriJli", of flam<, And iL mun do thi.o la.... and mOro a'",,,,.,,ly tM. \'Ou could do iL or 'III ",,,,I, may b. a ditT.,enL kind 01 ri.. WI>'b Withou, \0;' ""mpl... abili'y, • flam...r<0". b!cw.... , ill"itio•• and fuel .. I• ." must b•••• "';zed ooly when 'hoy or. need.,j-in 'h' proper '.QU••"'. On a .hUl do,"", ""'....1 or ho",u_ 01 flam. lailura, Lh_ com· po:Ion" ..u" also.be d..... ..-gi.. ~ ill Pl'opor "QUO." pw"~' w:lbumed ru.l l'om a"cw.,,.lIs'inq ,n a>mb""io. ,bember wher. i' ,""uld CiU'" a boArdoU' OCII't.di,in. Ylbsn • ff. Power mun be ""J>P~'" to .... motOll, opo!! ..I.." .1Id .0 J>ro';~. i9n.i'ion. ANI il ""me com""....' or intetlock .be....bo, tho lJIl.m if dan.....ow, thi.> .. m• moot stOP 'ho ooq....... and >bu, down ,he burn., .,..,ern ..r.ly, Tho "lcmotllinq" 'M' mutl ~"""mpliJh an 'hi.o i> the flo"," .. ! ~ ryItOtll. h ,...y parlorm OLhar dUli.. too. """b .. pur11in; 0' "'utlding alar",;, bu' ill duty;' to f. Ol"""tion. To do thi<. it mUn noL o.ly ,"" ~"" or of ...tillaOlo" flo... hut abo coo'lOl tho onli,. operaTini ooquen.. 01 all <:ompono." 0( Lh. blLcno, 'l'Sl.ltl ," propel' orde<, '0 ,h. ..,,,,,,,!Woq ""m> .""'not d.."",ion ,y..em. Tbo limi" and inlerlock. monitor ron· dition. othor thon the p.-nee of nome, .hUltinqdmwn tho .." ,em if condi'ion.< oxceed limi' or int""lccl: "",ring" A ~rll./l\min~ oonuol i.l haoically the "'''''' .... primary """'rol e....1" """ ... 'bo ..ord ·'pta'l'.mmin~" impli.., it ptom. tirnod "",,",,nang 01 tne b1Jrl\Or fUnctiOIU. It may aJsc incllld" rontrol of additional fUnOriCln', Neb OJ prop""}ll, po''PU''1", timod (rial for iqrtition, ond IiriD~ "Ue ...l.oricn. 3. CHECKING ITS OWN COMPONENTS Ey me,.,", 01 a built·in ..Ie·nan cbecl:, the no"", ",fe'l'"'''' ohecl:s in.if fer un",fe railures en ."'ry ".n ilnd ..try time po_ ill ,eapp~ed. if. nome :eOunt of 'lI' in thi! "",,-wo eould ha... 22 enbio reet of explc..... Eut wha' would happen If thi! ..m" .pptiod bume< med for control oynern 1,200,000 Etuh_bwninq 1200 liabili,y-bo.h for ..r.. y ODd for """•• reasons, sin.,. lot. of bumor . . may be experui.... We _ ~u""natie """.ml-c:apoblo of ""nuoI!ing all the fUneticns of a eolllP",X burn.. "YW'0m Mf.lyand ..!iobly-withou' ""notan' a..ention fmm an QperalO'. d.ul~"n W. _ to PlOtect ,bot '>"".m from besido bsII of f\omo-""",h ... e~... ,,,,,,pera'''',, 0< boiler In otdot to _ all tm. r8quinmlon.., ... _ oopblstirated "Io"''''''in !lalM ..requonl CDntrall)'llOlilL 'iii, .... We !MY be tao inclineT'~ CO_,"OL'" ~~~r "'."GUAOe ... ,""'",..: .. ~. •• ... vo. ,~ '.""'AMMmG oIle b""",," sj'ltem on siqnal from the eontrnller, and pwmia operatiOll ro """"il".. UIlder control at """ feedback \oope. Tha !lams d..eer.o. mooitor.lIarne ",nditian. Ind 5iqnols tho bumer 'a "op if I10me is Ie.. , Or if ~ lailun """"" ill tho 0'''''' -=. ii i 71·97558 am To ...t8tJlish mainLain carouellOl1, 3 slsma lor lignite to 15,550 Btu per Ib for IOW-IIOialile bituminous. Ott>el examplll!l cf ""lid fuels ara coke, -..ood, $9,.OOst, and t>riqususs, lIOUID FUELS The prlnoipel liquid luel I. 011. Fuel oils ara Qfadad ac­ cording 10 Ihelr oharaoterlsllcs, includirN;j viSCOSity, flash point, pou' point, "aler and ....:limenl C0l11...,I, oarlxln ,...Iwe, aslI, and dlstiliallOl1 cha,acterlstlC$. The 1Ig,ler oila, Graela. No.1 end No.2, are used pre­ dominantly In do"",.llc heating aqJlpma­ tair>9d lrom geolog;o formafio,,". 2. Manufaclured \15595, such ... coke c.a 13,000 BIu par It> 8,300 Btu par It> 132,900 135,800 143,100 146,800 149.400 151.:lOO to to to 10 fO to 1J7,000 Bru per \151 141,eOO Btu per gal 146,100 Bru per gal 150,000 Bru per 0"1 152,000 Biu par \151 155.000 Biu par (lal FUEL OIL.: ORI\DE NO. 1 (IJGI--lTEST] GRADE NO. 2 GflADE NO.4 GflADE NO. 5L GflADE NO. 5H GflAOE NO. 6 (HEAVIEST) GAS: NATURAL GAS USUAl. RANGE FOR USE MANUFACTURED GAS~ MIl:ED GASES UOUEFIED PETROLEUM (LP) COMMERCIAL PROPANE COMMERCIAL BUTANE ~" 1,000 to ~ ~ 2,500 ,.", ,.­ "" to 1,400 BfU per 1,050 Bill per 600 Btu per 800 Btu per 3,200 Btu per Btu per Btu per ou ~ cu ~ cu II cu II cu II ou ~ cu ~ 7Hi755e·l 3. Mi""," Il"""" a,a a mllttu,a of ""Iu'al and trlMllfac­ ~ They 'SSlJIl f,om lI"oII """...-:l d;sttil:oJllon 01 IGMTION TEMPERATURES OF FUELS Mod n'I~'oJ .... lh't>.VlI'onsoonlirerrtal p;pa lil"lll!l, Inlo atlla5 h.....ng a.ioling """llfaclu'oo gas Illcilili,,*. 4. Uqulfllld patmleum ILPI gases. suoh ;os .,ropo.... ard by 11'>0 8W/ical;"" 01 moderate p'",,"ure al no,mal ,lempe'atu",., IheV II" ane Nalural Gas FLAMMABLE LIMITS In ordar fo' lual 10 bu'n, II is necessary 10 hova ad& q,Jala ai' Ios~r1CO~l;on, Hlha,e Is 100 muCh or 100 lillie a~, LJ-oII'wI will nal bu'n, The 'ange belw...., th..... IWD ao!........ ,~ <;all",," Ihe "liarnnabia limits" oi lhe par l,o..lar 1I.ol1. TNs is lhe ,1lt'Ql in Wh;ch burning ..III be "'ff .~r1lng. When Iha mixlu'a is culside lha flammabla hmhs, lhe nre ,. .mcp cul. The l~e below sllooos lhe 'anl:l&,ol air lhol "'HI eu~r1 carb.Jslion, 1115 >pi"'" in per ca'" 01 ",o;:niOtT1Blfle air, I.a.. lha e"'ol amo~nl 01 ai, 'eq~I'ad 10' p"d~JsI.lon 01 '0 O~ noi nolU'a,I Q8&. tha gas will .,ill b~,n wilh eo Iii!" as 84 e start and wa'm~p per;OCl9, tlolo,a tMa lam· pe,alure 01 !he 1I,et>o, a,cDEd; , <00 F. EXTERNAL 1~1l1T10N SOVflCES AftoI m""rs Ih.1 '.1.... lhe lampe,alure oi e cOn"tlU:Sli· bla mixl~,. 'Is 9'lti"" lemperatura "ill ilJ1iTa II Sava'al 19n;t;on ""Iems afe In common u.a. Spark i'ln;lion ""'amS, consisting 01 an eleelrl, SP"rk belween t"", el"cl'Ooa"" 01 3000 Fare Oommon TN. II'PE' 01 ;""ilion is used "" op;>lianoe., WtnesiiO oil burners, andlo' pnot Q/lS 0' ",.in 0;; Ilam. Ignition on oom· merclal 51... burne'•. Olha' I",,'i<>, eystam. ora """d on romeslle lype Meal· inO equipmenl and "I¥'1i.neas . euch es Maat""" "i,e ill­ n;l.rs. catelylic Ign~er,;, aM p;e.oelaot"c ignilers • bul thElSllII}~"IJl'll ar. ",n generally saltslaclory 10, Oomme" oi.1 or in",,"fed coal 00''''''''­ The 11"6 and pjl mixtu'es, ha.lng a mora Iimil"" Ilam­ "loOM,\" mUllI be """"011",," to aosu,a II>.iII lhey slay "lIhin m. l~rnnabla l,milS crICEIlgnlled. <." '''''0'1. IGNITION To CIIu... " 1,-,"1 TO bulO. or reeCI wllM 0 .... (100, hast must be _ , The I"",perar~res al whl,h lhe vari"". luel6 i..­ nile vary g'''''W. Tha 'Ollowinij l8bIa gives Iha "I¥',oxi. J!IIlle V'iticl'1 tempe'at~".. 01 a lew 01 lhe moat common 1....,•. a'. The t~'al~'es sM_ dIlla,mlned "'" hasling a mixlu,e oi 1he fuel Bt'ld 'ha prope, amo.ml oi ai, Ullillgni. 1I""la<"" DlSce. "'W'oval MdIe. SOm&limas allow special ~dBfatlons or hava dlllereni lor conlrol 01 Iu,,,,,ce. end Lhal ha"" a normal oPe'.'ing- lelT\­ po'~lu'a "' axcess 01 1400 F, sfnea I"..,. C<>,.iclllr lhel a ove lhal tampera'ure will raliably "'II(11t. llammable mlxlura. A haL>roo~a c<>,d't;on exists ""...-.s .'/IIld8l'ds flAME PR\JP/l,G/l,T10N RATES FlAme pm""""'~M rale. illnilion valDeity, wln,n~ ,'.iN ity, and ns_ &;>eed a,a synonymous larms ~soo '0 (lef;n. Iha 'ales al "h;oh a llama willl,aval th,ou(11 a Ocnr:l~,t;bl. mixlur. oi luel and a;'. If an alact,lc spa'k I, ",aoa ,n II Con· laina' filled "'11M a 11"mmoOla mixlura, il ..III &slon ~m!. _ a r . an in9lantaneou:sbumlng of all lhe llarronable ml.rura. A<-~ ",rn 00 Pj 0 "'9.3'" 0.3 DC: '"~ 5c" !C /:;3 ,,-, .. ~(l\'!.!!(!ll~-"~-"" -. .. • -<0 0"1\ ~iiii~~,"- ~~~-:,9..i!fc!: --, ::r~ .. :.-o::r_ ~~o 3~~ '" .... I\.~~= ~:>"~-~ !_-;;;-~ ...- ~~it~l m[ ~ ~5~ ~ IF ,hi;, i ~, -'''H [~-l U~!2" """ ~_~p",~Sl~ __ '" Il!!!. ~~ .. O=d _'" ii"ggC~5" m ~~~~ §~rl ~_-.ii;.l'm::r8. ¥;~ii:i~!~ .. '" "",0 ~"'i'!",o."':;CQ: Ol~ ll:",0-.8",,~38." c~'" _-'cr 0 ,,~- o.g~""""lc Ol'$ 'i'5 0 i5"d6'_" :E~o"~p!!',l:,,:rO~~:;' limii: ~:>-"-"5'-i -."", ;>1!~"t" "~!'" ~~i~mi~ t~i:j~f~ !~~6 15"51i:i _~C !!'~;;±:~-i :>"" 5 g 8 "~"' i.r~ ~O~'!j~:dg o~ ii :' o~!_,g ,,0= --~-i;'" ![~ i!'~ III ~~ Gl 0l~Q"~8!i o~5'i,§~ ~~ _ ~ cO' " 0 iil~~~~~!'.ii~i::! i~~~~~§·i~~ E"i·":;;'l~ 8.~ 3§~,-::r~c< i ~~il!l::!i ",_~:r .. So_~§"~~ ~!l.~"-~~"'0:-" ~ ""l'i'~5af_~,~ •~2t!0~g:;;: -I ," H 0'" ~g" ,,:. ~~'" !l~~ ,. 1liH 3j'" 1i:i}.§ So ~ ~ 58 ~ l!i: ~C~(l~i -~CI -~:FC '§ -:J" .. ~ ~[<~ - - ~ ;!! ...... » S o'.!!'I>j"' ll: ggo "1i/: ~,..--- .o"~'-_"", "i!..,"l'l 3g! "'~~g O'" :>~<;JJ .::i!" "" " n i51l'~~.S!.O":I: <0 ! _., .. -'iil!l",Q.~'l' . - .. " "'~n ",-g5'5'iP' ~:> 5'" ""; ~§Bo --_0 "-0 0 0_"'>- l"ii?;;r"'i"~~15!-E",!:! ;; -"I"'" -c.;> 0;"'3;1,­ ~~J[ ct::_~", '!·.-~i.5,£n ig~""-e: ~1-'!(5:>.'. Ii .... ?_O··""". . . .:I ", ~~~!~l-o~~~~~ ~~5° *~a~, 8g'[ll:- ~-::!! 0:r~ jj:~1i~; .. ~~l(ll:1.li2 ~~~g :> ~ ~ ~ ''',;<>--"'S"'--Q-l':og~ "::r, ,,~"''!' "C---::r:- "'''"'! o--"'0"'.. --~;:o,=- ""'''f' ~~ ~~ ~g;, :"--'"iF" = I ~~B;~Q,~ ';>' $.a".­ I> ~~i~ii;i~ -- "0 il"~:I" ";3..,12~_IYl Oi!li m~ ~'3-:~] ~H~hm ~'~~H'l9 ' '" -::, ='&-"'" .11 ~ m"x,,~ ~. ~"~.' Of' "'llf'O '= 0 g._!!!-~ !l.g-::~ l i a- i; !<. .il .il glC;;-Yl'§' ~15"~!i~g i i C'Z ~!1. ~ FiP~ c~ " .ell - o . " IIL!!!- - 0 ~ ~ ~ " ·'1" ,III al!l.;>",::r;;­ !O- <:l - c 9-" , 0 0 0 0 • , 0 aboul 0.0210 OA micro,,". 11 .. readily deteoled by prlal~ awn> ....,"""'5. Tl1e !ImCU11 <>I' ulI,a1o'1"'@III\t1l""~led i. 'elaled to lhe ~ame 1""'P",ature. M... lmum radllliion ocou," nea' lhe bas. of the llame anddec,_ _ near Ihe ond of lhe lIame. Tesls iooloal. that hlg, I"""",'atum lIa...... , suoh liS Ihose on .., 0""3clel""" wekJino tD'Ch. a'. exl,emely rioh in ull'a.>OI.1 ,adialion. E. IOtllL/l.TIOH IN AtlPAIlOUNO nn. FLAIr/lE H""I from Ihe flame cau.... ai' moleoul... 10 ",,'lIde with ....on ole.,. Ill> ",""oibly ... 10 knock acm. "Ieeuo,," OUI of 1M .1011"6, lnuo; p'w.,oclng Ions eoo free eleouBrl ba salow as 100.000 cl">..... • PART I-BURNERS INTRODUCTION Because name saleg""'d co~lrol, 3'e used on 1"'0" Ir> <"oo arid """'ulaolurirog. Th"'1 charme', Jno'udeS alomi"nO ""d c"",,,uolion air S"CO~OAflT AIR _ air ",hiC~ .. ,nlrodJead ~t IMl"linlof eorf'C!Uslion; ail w~lch 10 n~t mie/o'a il 'mla.. 1M eomoClSlion cMrrb,. I"'" 8URNER CHARACTERISTICS Fioi1g fa,. is Iha corrt>us!",~ tale, II is Ina 'ale Ol .. hIC~ ~i', lual. or 9n Air_I",,1 mid",a i" "'-"P'iad to at"",,", or lur­ MOd. ~xpr,SSetj~wn 15 iM ralio of 1M ma.imum firing rale '" Iroe minimum ~""O rale al ... hiell tI10l ~um~, ...ill ~,at. "'U•. laolorily. !'or ~xampl.., Ihe ~''''Il 01 a ,,,In a' 1 IufMo..n 'ange can"" """ad lrom 11lI "",x;mum (100 ",,«enl) d::own ID 1/. 01 ils maximum tz.l P'«enI'), A hit;t\ I~,nrl:lwn ralio ',s partloulart~ oo<;l'.t>fe 10' ba!C~-fjpe ",-,. nece. or olhar< Inal ara shul - . perlr;i:jlcall~.A ~iQ'1 ~r­ lng r~t9 ,an ba used It> Mal 'he lurnaoe rapidly tn.r Il Is sI""ed up again. Afte.- lho lurnece is _Ied~. 1M nrlng r"" oan be lurnad 00_ ICl normal, Flam. tiow·o" timl!s 1M ma!I(IiII,,,,, rala). Blow-d Ii(}hl. Tobe ... Jstion mU'1 ba coni roll..., by Mop.lralor or a oon\l<>l ,yoram. F""I ..nd O"l'gen rai,) musl be ml.ad in II... pr~r p,~rl,O'l~ and ign,led. AI R·FU£L RATIO _!M ralio of air 5LfJPI~ llow '''Ia 10 luel "'-'PlJly no.. r.le ""'",urad In lha same CflIIS ,-,,-;lOl' Ihe ""rna condillons !'or mosl aI'IiCi~~1 burning. 10 cub" feel 01 air afa ~e""'ally r.qu.irM [0' an ornounl ollual havlr>g a n.·all"IJ valu~ '" 1000 Btu. For nalu'aI wilh "hearing val,," 011000 Blu per wboc teat. I~eq;lli' "",m .iHuel ratia WOLJiJrnad""d 1M produOis DI oont>C1Sli"" r."."",,,". FURNACE - an enclo.ad oham""r or slruolu,e", ..hioh heal i. p'<;dJcect the ' <>I1~a ...,larinQ alr·......1mIXlu,e, Sl~bilily is anOIha/ ilT"flllllan' oM,ael"",liO. A slIlb" cum.....ill remain 1;1 over ils no""",1 ·'eroa '" p,,,,,,,,,-,,es arlJ5ll ,I f\as a pilol. M ,,,,I<1Ole bur""r 1 _ ma1 ~ ""I drld e~ gas mig'l' a Slon ..han the p.,OI feignilas Ih9 burner. Flamo i. dependant '-P')n bJrnar 9nd ccnbu'>­ llan ~~ deSiO", Tu!bJl.nOfl I1f"o(j hiit' ""II:>:if'" rll­ SUi! in ~ mi

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