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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.370 Feasibilities of Intensification System in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) Vikas G. Aghara*, V. J. Patel, B. D. Patel and P. S. Panchal Department of Agronomy, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Age of seedling, Spacing, Yield, Finger millet Article Info Accepted: 22 October 2020 Available Online: 10 November 2020 A field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to study the Feasibilities of intensification system in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) during kharif season of the year 2019. The experiment consisted of twelve treatment combination comprised of three age of seedling and four different spacing tested under Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with four replications. The results revealed that periodical plant height, grain and straw yield of finger millet was achieved significantly higher with transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 10 cm but it was at par with 21 day old seedling transplanted either at 20 cm x 20 cm or 30 cm x 15 cm or 20 cm x 15 cm. Among all the treatments, maximum net realization of Rs. 39768 /ha with maximum benefit cost ratio of 2.3 was achieved with transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 10 cm. Introduction Finger millet is the most important small millet grown in India and it serves as a subsistence and food security. It is important for its nutritive and cultural value in low input cereal-based farming systems on upland crop. In India, finger millet is commonly known as „Ragi‟ and as „Nagali‟ and „Bavato’ in Gujarat state. Finger millet is the richest source of calcium, iron, Vit-B1 and B2 among all the cereals. It possesses hypoglycemic, hypocholestrolemic and anti-ulcerative activities. Finger millet is the most important of the small millets grown for food and among the course cereals in India and it accounts 7 per cent of the area with 11 per cent of production. In India, it is cultivated over an area of 1.2 million ha with an annual production of 2.06 million tones with the 3050 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 productivity of 1700 kg/ha. In Gujarat, it is cultivated in an area of 0.2 lakh ha producing 0.16 lakh tones with average productivity of 800 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2015). The demand of finger millet is in increasing trend due to its nutritional value. To satisfy the increasing demand, there is urgent need to increase productivity of fingermillet through modification of agronomic practices. Spacing and age of seedlings have great impact on growth and yield parameters of fingermillet. Spacing is an important factor to achieve higher production by better utilization of moisture and nutrients from the soil (root spread) and above ground (plant canopy) by harvesting maximum possible solar radiation and in turn better photosynthates formation (Uphoff et al., 2011). Wider spacing was superior to narrow spacing in terms of enhanced grain and straw yield. The age of seedlings is an important factor as it has a tremendous influence on the tiller dynamics, tiller production, grain formation and other yield contributing characteristics (Pasuquin et al., 2008). Young seedlings are transplanted to preserve the potential for high tillering and extensive rooting ability than the aged seedlings. The information related to the productivity of finger millet under different geometries and age of seedlings in Gujarat is lacking. Hence, present investigation was planned. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2019 at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand on loamy sand soil to study the “Feasibilities of intensification system in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn)”. The soil is alluvial in origin, having 7.46 pH, 0.38 organic carbon, 150.48 kg/ha available N, 30.28 kg/ha available P2O5 and 350.30 kg/ha available K2O. Twelve treatment combination comprising three age of seedling (A1: 14 days, A2: 21 days and A3: 28 days) and four spacing (S1: 20 cm x 15 cm, S2: 20 cm x 20 cm, S3: 30 cm x 10 cm and S4: 30 cm x 15 cm) were tested in Randomized Block Design (factorial) with four replications. The plot was kept ready through tractor drawn cultivator for preparing nursery beds for raising the seedling. The seeds of finger miller (Variety : GN 8) was sown in the nursery in three different seed bed keeping the seed rate of 5.0 kg/ha on the date 17th June, 24th June and 1st July to get the 28, 21, 14 days old seedling, respectively. The seedling of finger millet of different age was used for transplanting as per the treatments. The first light irrigation was given to the crop before transplanting for better establishment. The crop was fertilized with recommended dose of fertilizer (40-20-00 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha) wherein, 50 per cent nitrogen and entire quantity of phosphorus through urea and DAP, respectively as a basal application before transplanting and remaining quantity of nitrogen was applied 30 days after transplanting. In general, different weather parameters were congenial for better growth of the crop during experimental period. The other package of practices was adopted to raise the crop as per the recommendations. In order to represent the plot five plants from each plot selected and labelled and all biometric observations was taken from selected plants. Data on various observations recorded during the course of investigation was statistically analyzed as per the standard procedure developed by Cochran and Cox (1957). Results and Discussion Effect of age of seedling Results (Table 1) indicated that periodical plant height of fingermillet was linearly increased with increasing age of seedling 3051 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 from 14 to 28 days old seedling only at 30 DATP. Data given in Table 1 show that significantly the tallest plant (48.67 cm) was observed under treatment A3 (transplanting of 28 days old seedling) while the smallest plant (39.94 cm) was noticed under treatment A1 (transplanting of 14 days old seeding) at 30 DATP due to variation in age of seedling at the time of transplanting. Moreover, treatment A2 (transplanting of 21 days old seedling) recorded significantly the highest plant height of 96.94 and 107.86 cm at 60 DATP and at harvest, respectively. These results are in close accordance with the results of Rajesh (2011).The highest dry plant biomass of 3.56 g/plant and 13.93 g/plant were recorded under transplanting of 21 day old seedling (A2) at 30 DATP and 60 DATP than transplanting of 28 day old seedling (A3) and 14 day old seedling (A1). The lowest value of 1.65 g/plant and 9.68 g/plant of dry plant biomass were observed under transplanting of 14 days old seedling (A1) at both the intervals, respectively. Similar trend was noticed for dry root biomass (g/plant) and root length (cm) measured at 30 and 60 DATP. The higher and lower dry plant and root biomass as well as root length were observed under treatment A2 and A1, respectively could be attributed to variation in age of seedling at the time of transplanting as evident from the plant height at 60 DATP. Higher values of dry plant biomass dry root biomass and root length measured at 30 and 60 DATP forming larger sink size coupled with efficient translocation of photosynthates to the sink and thereby increasing yield. Dhananivetha et al., (2019) also recorded higher dry matter production with transplanting of 21 days old seedling in barnyard millet under irrigated condition at Madurai. Grain yield and straw yield was found to be significant due to different age of seedling. Significantly the highest grain and straw yield of 2748 kg/ha and 6335 kg/ha were recorded under transplanting of 21 day old seedling (A2), respectively. While significantly the lowest grain and straw yield was registered under transplanting of 14 day old seedling (A1).The present findings are in close accordance with the findings of Dhananivetha et al., (2019) in banyard millet. Effect of spacings Data presented in Table 1 indicated that periodical plant height was observed higher under spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm (47.44 cm) and 30 cm x 10 cm (46.24 cm) and remained at par with each other at 30 DATP. Similar trend was found at 60 DATP in plant height. At harvest, 20 cm x 15 cm (S1), 20 cm x 20 cm (S2) and 30 cm x 10 cm spacing (S3) treatments recorded significantly higher plant of 104.41 cm, 99.82 cm and 99.56 cm, respectively and remained at par with each other. Significantly lower plant height was registered under treatment of 30 cm x 15 cm spacing (S4) at 30 DATP, 60 DATP and harvest. Nandini and Sridhara (2019) observed that transplanting of foxtail millet seedling at 20 cm x 10 cm recorded significantly higher plant height as compared to other spacing. Further, it was observed that significantly the highest dry plant biomass of 2.99 and 12.93 g/plant as well as dry root biomass of 2.03 and 3.38 g/plant were recorded with 30 cm x 15 cm spacing (S4) at 30 DATP and 60 DATP, respectively. As far as root length is concern, significantly the higher root length of 13.35 cm and 20.17 cm were observed with 30 cm x 15 cm spacing (S4) and was remained at par with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing (S2) at 30 DATP and 60 DATP, respectively. While spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm spacing (S1) recorded significantly the lowest values for said parameters. The increase in plant dry biomass, dry root biomass and root length under treatment S4 (30 cm x 15 cm) could be attributed to enough space available to the plants which leads to less competition for space, light, nutrients and moisture which helps in better utilization of available 3052 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 resources where each individual plant may be able to obtain adequate supply of plant nutrients from relatively large volume of soil. Roy et al., (2002) reported that total dry matter production (287.3 g/m2) was higher at a wider spacing of 25 cm x 10 cm over closer spacing of 25 cm x 6 cm in finger millet. Data further indicated that grain yield and straw yield was found to be significant due to different spacing. Spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm (S3) recorded significantly higher grain yield (2575 kg/ha) and it was at par with 20 cm x 20 cm (S2) and 30 cm x 15 cm spacing (S4) treatment. Crop spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm (S3) and 20 cm x 20 cm (S2) remained at par with each other but recorded significantly higher straw yield (5786 kg/ha)as compared to 20 cm x 15 cm (S1) and 30 cm x 15 cm (S4) treatment. Grain and straw yield was recorded lower under 20 cm x 15 cm spacing (S1) treatment. Table.1 Growth attributes and yield of finger millet as influenced by age of seedling and spacing Treatment Plant height (cm) Age of seedling (A) A1: 14 days A2: 21 days A3: 28 days S.Em.± C.D. at 5% Spacing (S) S1: 20 cm x 15 cm S2: 20 cm x 20 cm S3: 30 cm x 10 cm S4: 30 cm x 15 cm S.Em.± C.D. at 5% A x S interaction C.V. (%) Dry plant biomass (g/plant) Dry root biomass (g/plant) At 30 AT 60 DATP DATP At 30 DATP AT 60 DATP At Harvest At 30 DATP AT 60 DATP 39.94 46.28 48.67 0.76 2.18 75.94 96.94 88.92 1.58 4.53 88.98 107.86 99.67 1.98 5.70 1.65 3.56 2.49 0.05 0.16 9.68 13.93 12.49 0.26 0.74 1.56 2.14 1.80 0.04 0.11 47.44 43.77 46.24 42.41 0.88 2.52 Sig. 6.75 92.99 84.53 90.50 81.03 1.82 5.24 Sig. 7.22 104.41 99.82 99.56 91.55 2.29 6.58 Sig. 8.02 2.12 2.70 2.46 2.99 0.06 0.18 NS 8.52 11.39 12.06 11.76 12.93 0.30 0.85 NS 8.53 1.68 1.84 1.78 2.03 0.04 0.13 NS 8.28 Root length (cm) Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) At 30 DATP AT 60 DATP 2.60 3.57 3.06 0.06 0.19 11.09 14.13 12.11 0.22 0.65 17.66 20.92 18.72 0.31 0.90 1961 2748 2451 65 186 4484 6335 5116 137 394 2.82 3.08 3.02 3.38 0.07 0.13 NS 8.44 11.71 12.70 12.01 13.35 0.26 0.75 NS 7.21 18.15 19.40 18.68 20.17 0.36 1.04 NS 6.56 2102 2484 2575 2385 75 215 Sig. 10.82 4613 5614 5786 5187 158 455 Sig. 10.33 Table.2 Periodical plant height of finger millet as influenced by interaction effect of age of seedling and spacing Treatment Plant height (cm) at 30 DATP S1 A1 A2 A3 S.Em.± C.D. at 5% C.V. (%) 45.14 47.30 49.87 S2 S3 37.27 43.11 45.82 46.53 48.22 49.08 1.52 4.36 6.75 Plant height (cm) at 60 DATP S4 S1 34.23 45.48 47.52 86.11 102.03 90.83 S2 S3 69.33 84.83 96.19 97.51 88.09 89.17 3.15 9.07 7.22 3053 Plant height (cm) at harvest S4 S1 63.48 92.02 87.60 98.30 114.02 100.92 S2 S3 93.94 92.42 106.36 106.25 99.17 100.02 3.96 11.4 8.02 S4 71.28 104.82 98.55 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 Table.3 Grain and straw yield of finger millet as influenced by interaction effect of age of seedling and spacing Treatment A1 A2 A3 Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S4 1346 2595 2365 2178 2831 2442 2236 2946 2545 2084 2622 2450 3384 5392 5064 4940 6777 5124 4999 7160 5197 4472 6010 5079 S.Em.± C.D. at 5% C.V. (%) 129 372 10.82 274 788 10.33 Table.4 Economics of finger millet as influenced by age of seedling and spacing Treatment Total cost of cultivation (₹/ha) Yield (kg/ha) Grain Straw 29886 1346 3384 A1 S 1 29695 2178 4940 A1 S 2 29886 2236 5000 A1 S 3 29504 2084 4472 A1 S 4 29886 2595 5392 A2 S 1 29695 2831 6777 A2 S 2 29886 2946 7161 A2 S 3 29504 2622 6010 A2 S 4 29886 2365 5064 A3 S 1 29695 2442 5124 A3S2 29886 2545 5197 A3 S 3 29504 2450 5079 A3 S 4 Selling price of produce: Grain 20 ₹/kg and Straw 1.5 ₹/kg The increase in grain and straw yield was probably due to increase in total plant population upto optimum level and adoption of planting geometry with optimum spacing and medium aged seedling for better and uniform plant stand which enhanced higher dry matter accumulation which might have enhanced yield of finger millet. Similar kind of results are also observed by Pradhan et al., (2014), they reported that the highest yield was recorded under transplanting of 25 days old seedling at 30 cm x 8 cm spacing. Gross income (₹/ha) Net realization (₹/ha) BCR 31998 50966 52210 48382 59994 66778 69654 61450 54904 56532 58695 56617 2112 21271 22324 18879 30109 37083 39768 31946 25018 26837 28809 27113 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 Interaction effect Result presented in Table 2 revealed treatment combination A3S1(transplanting of 28 days old seedling with spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm) recorded significantly higher plant height of 49.87cm while A1S4(14 days old seedling with spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm) recorded significantly lower plant height of 34.23 cm at 30 DATP. At 60 DATP and harvest, treatment combination A2S1 (transplanting of 21 days old seedling with spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm) recorded 3054 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 significantly higher plant height of 102.03and 114.02 cm, respectively. While treatment combination A1S4 (14 days old seedling with spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm) produced smallest plant at 60 DATP and harvest. Similar line of results was also reported by Anitha et al., (2017). Grain and straw yield was recorded higher under treatment combination A2S3 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 10 cm) but it was at par with treatment combination A2S2 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 20 cm x 20 cm), A2S4 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 15 cm) and A2S1 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 20 cm x 15 cm) while it was lower in case of treatment combination A1S1 (transplanting of 14 day old seedling at 20 cm x 15 cm) (Table 3). Kumar et al., (2019) observed that transplanting of 20 days old seedling at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing registered superior performance in expression of yield of finger millet as compared to other treatments. Economics Treatment combination A2S3 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 10 cm) was found superior by recording maximum net realization of Rs. 39768 /ha with maximum benefit cost ratio of 2.3 (Table 4) while treatment combination A1S1 (transplanting of 14 day old seedling at 20 cm x 15 cm) recorded minimum net realization of Rs. 2112/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1.1 due to higher grain and straw yield. This result are in accordance with the results of Pradhan et al., (2014), they observed gross returns, net return and B: C ratio (1.29) under transplanting of 25 days old seedling at 30 cm x 8 cm spacing. In the light of the present investigation, it is concluded that transplanting of 21 days old seedling at 30cm × 10 cm spacing produced higher grain yield, straw yield, net realization and benefit cost ratio of kharif finger millet. References Anitha, D., Nagavani, A.V., and Chandrika, V. (2017). Influence of crop geometry and age of seedlings on yield, nutrient uptake, post-harvest nutrient status and economics of finger millet. Green Farming, 8 (1): 160-163. Anonymous. (2015). Ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare, Govt. of India. Retrieved from http://www.indiastat.com. Cochran, W. G. and Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs, John Willey and Sons. Inc., New York, 546-568. Devi, P. B., Vijayabharathi, R., Sathyabama, S., Malleshi, N. G., and Priyadarisini, V. B. (2014). Health benefits of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) polyphenols and dietary fiber. A review. Journals of Food Science and Technology, 51(6):1021-1040. Dhananivetha, M., Venkataraman, N.S., Ragavan, T., Vanniarajan, C. and Gowthami, R.(2019).Effect of seedling age on the growth and yield of transplanted barnyard millet (Echninochloa frumentacea) under irrigated condition. Acta Horticulture: 1241-1256. Kumar, D. P., Maitra, S., Shankar, T. and Ganesh, P. (2019).Effect of crop geometry and age of seedlings on productivity and nutrient uptake of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 12(3): 267-272. Nandini, K. M., and Sridhara, S. (2019). Response of Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Foxtail Millet Genotypes to Different Planting Density. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied 3055 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3050-3056 Sciences, 8(2): 1765-1773. Pasuquin, E., Lafarge, T and Tubana, B. (2008). Transplanting young seedlings in irrigated rice field: Early and high tiller production enhanced grain yield. Field Crops Research. 105: 141-155. Pradhan, A., Sao, A., Patel, D. P., and Mukharjee, S. C. (2014). Effect of different crop establishment methods and weed management practices on finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) under rainfed situation. Annals of Agricultural Research, 35(4): 367372. Rajesh, K. (2011). System of crop intensification in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) under irrigated condition. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis submitted to TNAU, Coimbatore. Roy, N. R., Chakraborty, T., Sounda, G and Maitra, S. (2002). Growth and yield attributes of finger millet as influenced by plant population and different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Agriculturist. 46 (1&2): 65-71. Uphoff, N., Marguerite, T., Devi, J., Behera, D., Verma, A. K and Pandian, B. J. (2011). National Colloquium on System of Crop Intensification (SCI). http://sri.ciifad.cornell. edu/aboutsri/othercrops/index.html How to cite this article: Vikas G. Aghara, V. J. Patel, B. D. Patel and Panchal, P. S. 2020. Feasibilities of Intensification System in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(11): 3050-3056. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.370 3056