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WORLD (I BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 421 EneegySeries WTP421 March 1999 Work in progress for public discussion Evaporative Air-Conditioning Applicationsfor Environmentally FriendlyCooling GelitJan Bom Robert Foster Ebel Dijkstra Tummer-s AMIaija Recent World Bank Technical Papers No. 354 Subramanian, Jagannathan, and Meinzen-Dick, User Organizationsfor Sustainable Water Services No. 355 Lambert, Srivastava, and Vietmeyer, Medicinal Plants: Rescuing a GlobalHeritage No. 356 Aryeetey, Hettige, Nissanke, and Steel, Financial Market Fragmentation and Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa No. 357 Adamolekun, de Lusignan, and Atomate, editors, Civil Service Reform in FrancophloneAfrica: Proceedings of a Workshop Abidjan, January 23-26, 1996 No. 358 Ayres, Busia, Dinar, Hirji, Lintner, McCalla, and Robelus, Integrated Lake and Reservoir Management: World Bank Approach and Experience No. 360 Salman, The Legal Frameworkfor Water Users' Associations: A Comparative Study No. 361 Laporte and Ringold, Trends in Education Access and Financing during the Transition in Central and Eastern Europe. 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Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing March 1999 TechnicalPapers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,U.S.A.,telephone 978-750-8400,fax 978-7504470.Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax your request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the World Bank at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. ISSN: 0253-7494 Gert Jan Bom, Ebel Dijkstra, and Marja Tummers are development consultants at Ecozone, Haarlem, the Netherlands. Robert Foster is a project engineer at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evaporative air-conditioning: applications for environmentally friendly cooling / Gert Jan Bom . . .[et al.]. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper; 421. Energy series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8213-4334-3 1. Air conditioning. 2. Evaporative cooling. I. Bom, Gert Jan. II. Series. TH7687.E94 1998 697.9'3-dc2l 98-31273 CIP ENERGY SERIES No. 240 Ahmed, RenewableEnergyTechnologies: A Reviewof the Status and Costsof S electedTechnologies No. 242 Bames, Openshaw, Smith, and van der Plas, What MakesPeopleCookwith ImprovedBiomassStoves?A Comparative InternationalReviewof Stove Programs No. 243 Menke and Fazzari, ImprovingElectricPowerUtility Efficiency:Issues andRecommendations No. 244 Liebenthal, Mathur, and Wade, SolarEnergy:Lessonsfrom the PacificIslandExperience No. 271 Ahmed, Technological DevelopmentandPollutionAbatement:A Study of How Enterprisesare FindingAlternativesto Chlorofluorocarbons No. 278 Wijetilleke and Karunaratne, Air Quality Management:ConsiderationsforDevelopingCountries No. 279 Anderson and Ahmed, TheCasefor SolarEnergyInvestments No. 286 Tavoulareasand Charpentier, CleanCoalTechnologiesforDevelopingCountries No. 296 Stassen, Small-ScaleBiomassGasifiersfor Heat and Power:A GlobalReview No. 304 Foley,PhotovoltaicApplicationsin RuralAreasof the DevelopingWorld No. 308 Adamson and others, EnergyUse,Air Pollution,and EnvironmentalPolicyin Krakow:Can EconomicIncentivesReally Help? 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Introduction............................................................. l1 Benefits of Evaporative Cooling .............................................................. 2 Opportunities and Limitations .............................................................. 2 Environmental Benefits.............................................................. 2 Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning .............................................................. 3 Residential Coolers .............................................................. 3 Indirect Evaporative Air-Conditioning .............................................................. 4 Desiccant-Assisted Evaporative Air-Conditioning .............................................................. 4 Commercial Evaporative Air-Conditioners .............................................................. 5 Comparing Vapor-Compression and Evaporative Air-Conditioning ................................................. 5 Outlook .............................................................. 5 2. Opportunities and Constraints.............................................................. 9 Climatological Factors ............................................................. 9 Comfort Issues ............................................................. 10 Expected Performance of Evaporative Air-Conditioning ............................................................. 12 Power Supply ............................................................. 13 Water Supply ............................................................. 13 Advantages of Evaporative Versus Vapor-Compression Air-Conditioning .................................... 13 3. Economics............................................................. Economics of Residential Coolers ............................................................. Investment Costs ............................................................. Market Situation ............................................................. 15 15 16 18 4. Technology ............................................................. Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning ............................................................. Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning ............................................................. Desiccant Cooling ............................................................. 21 21 26 29 5. Choosing and Maintaining Equipment ............................................................. Available Equipment ............................................................. 31 31 v vi Evaporative Air-Conditioning, Applications for Environmentally Friendly Cooling Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Recommended Air Change Rate for Design Wet-Bulb (WB) Conditions .......................................................... Maintenance .......................................................... 33 33 6. Solar EvaporativeAir-Conditioning.......................................................... 37 The Market.......................................................... 37 Optimizing Evaporative Air-Conditioning Design for Solar Operation .......................................... 38 7. Introductionand Local Manufacturein Developing Countries......................................................... 41 Maintenance ........................................................... 41 Installation and Sizing.......................................................... 41 Manufacturing Requirements ........................................................... 41 Know-How .......................................................... 43 8. CommercialEvaporativeAir-Conditioning .......................................................... Commercial versus Residential Cooling .......................................................... Commercial Kitchen Evaporative Air-Conditioning .......................................................... Laundry and Dry Cleaning .......................................................... Extreme Heat Conditions .......................................................... Industrial Applications .......................................................... Factory Air-Conditioning Design Considerations ........................................................... Agricultural Applications-Poultry .......................................................... Greenhouses .......................................................... 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 48 49 Bibliography.......................................................... 69 . Annexes 1. 2. 3. Introduction to Evaporative Cooling .......................................................... 53 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning in Different Climate Zones ........................................ 57 List of Manufacturers and Suppliers .......................................................... 63 Boxes 2.1 Relative Humidity and Wet-BulbTemperature .......................................................... 5.1 A Simple Sizing Example .......................................................... Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Typical Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioner .3 Roof-Mounted Downdraft Evaporative Air-Conditioning Unit, El Paso, Texas .4 Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioner for Transport Use .7 Modified Evaporative Air-Conditioning Comfort Zone Taking into Account Increased Airflow Compared with ASHRAE Comfort Zone Based on Vapor Compression Air-Conditioning .11 Annual Energy Use Summary: Vapor Compression Air-Conditioning (SEER= 9.5 for Phoenix, Arizona, USA).14 Annual Energy Use Summary: Indirect/Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning (2,000scfm, for Phoenix, Arizona, USA).14 Typical Investment Costs for Evaporative Air-Conditioning in the United States .16 Typical Investment Costs for Evaporative Air-Conditioning in India .17 Typical Life-Cycle Costs: Evaporative Air-Conditioning versus Air-Conditioning for the United States .17 Typical Life-Cycle Costs: Evaporative Air-Conditioning versus Air-Conditioning for India .18 Simplified Evaporative Air-Conditioning Process .22 Psychrometric Process for Direct Evaporative Cooling, Mexico.22 Comnonly Available Rigid Cellulose Pads Provide Superior Saturation and Cooling Compared with Ordinary Aspen Pads .24 Close-up of Rigid Cellulose Pad Made of Corrugated Paper .24 Common Cabinets for Residential Coolers in India .26 10 32 Contents 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 6.1 6.2 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 A1.1 Al.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 Al.7 A1.8 A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 v2i Cutaway of a Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning ................................................................... 27 Plate-Type Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning ................................................................. 27 Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioners on a Public School Rooftop, Colorado Springs, USA.................................................................. 28 Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Process ..................................................................29 Ventilation Cycle Desiccant Cooling System .................................................................. 30 A Solar-Powered Evaporative Air-Conditioner .................................................................. 37 Evaporative Cooler Coupled with Solar Power (System installed by a homeowner in Chaparral, New Mexico, USA).................................................................. 39 Evaporative Air-Conditioners in Kamla Market, New Delhi, India ................................................. 42 Typical Evaporative Air-Conditioning Application for Poultry Houses .......................................... 49 Evaporative Cooling Pad Section of Rigid Cellulose Pads ................................................................. 50 External Evaporative Air-Conditioners on a Research Greenhouse, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.................................................................. 50 Psychrometric Chart and Saturation Line .53 Complete Psychrometric Chart .53 Wet-BulbDepression of Ambient Air .54 Saturation Effectiveness for an 80 Percent Effective Evaporative Cooling Pad .54 Saturation Effectiveness of 80 Percent for Evaporative Cooling Pads at Different Ambient Conditions .54 Effectof Indirect Evaporative Cooling on Ambient Airstream .54 Effect of Combined Indirect Evaporative Cooling Coupled with Direct Section.55 Energy-Saving Effect of Using a Smaller Coil Coupled with Indirect and Direct Evaporative Cooling Sections.55 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Africa .57 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Asia .58 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Australia .59 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Europe .60 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: North America.61 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: South Arnerica .62 Tables 1.1 Vapor-Compression versus Evaporative Air-Conditioning ................................................................. 6 2.1 Effectiveness of Evaporative Cooling by Climate Type .................................................................... 9 2.2 Relation between Wet-Bulb Temperatures and Effectiveness of Evaporative Air-Conditioning .................................................................. 10 2.3 Evaporative Air-Conditioning Performance in Selected Locations at 1 Percent Cooling Design Conditions .................................................................. 12 2.4 Benefits of Evaporative Air-Conditioning Versus Vapor Compression Air-Conditioning ............13 5.1 Available Residential Evaporative Air-Conditioning Equipment ..................................................... 31 5.2 Useful Cooling Chart: Percentage of Useful Cooling for Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Output ................................................................... 34 6.1 Available Packaged Solar Evaporative Air-Conditioning Equipment .............................................. 38 6.2 Design Measures to Optimize Evaporative Air-Conditioning for Solar Power .............................. 38 7.1 Work Involved in Manufacturing Evaporative Air-Conditioning .................................................... 42