Nội dung

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.170 Evaluation of Capsicum Varieties under Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse in Faridkot District of Punjab, India Gurdarshan Singh1*, Rakesh Kumar Singh2, Nilesh Biwalkar3 and Jagdish Grover4 1 Department of Horticulture, 2Department of Agri Engineering, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India 3 Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India 4 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Capsicum, Fertigation, Irrigation, BenefitCost ratio, Economical evaluation Article Info Accepted: 12 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 An evaluation of capsicum varieties was carried out under naturally ventilated greenhouse in the technology park of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot during the years 2015-16 and 2016-17. During the present study, three cultivars of capsicum namely Orobelle (yellow), Bomby (red) and Indra (green) were grown in the greenhouse. The grown crop was irrigated with three irrigation levels, i.e., I1:100 per cent replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), I2: 80 per cent of ETc and I3:60 per cent of ETc. There were three levels of fertigation, F1: 120 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose; F2: 100 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose and F3: 80 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose. Statistical analysis was carried out as per split plot design. The economic returns were calculated on the basis of no subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy. The cost of marketable yield for yellow and red colored capsicum were taken as rupees 35 per kg each and rupees 25 for green coloured capsicum. The average yield per plant recorded from present study was 3.6 kg, 3.4 kg and 3.9 kg for yellow, red and green capsicum, respectively. The gross returns were calculated as 1.512, 1.428 and 1.17 lakh from yellow, red and green capsicum, respectively. Net returns per 560 sq m area for without subsidy case under green, yellow and red capsicum was calculated as Rs. 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. 27264/-, respectively, whereas for the case of 50 per cent subsidy, it was Rs. 40727/-, Rs. 74927/- and Rs. 66527/,respectively. The average Benefit-Cost ratio for greenhouse cropped green, yellow and red colored capsicum was 1.01:1, 1.31:1 and 1.23:1 for without subsidy; and 1.53:1, 1.98:1 and 1.87:1 for the case with 50 per cent subsidy. The economic evaluation revealed that the capsicum production under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition can be a profitable venture. 1407 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 Introduction Materials and Methods Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) is one of the main commercial crops in Punjab. It is used as vegetable and salad crop. Colored capsicum is used for topping pizza and is being used for preparation of noodles and burgers as it is rich in vitamin C. The present research work was carried out at technology park of Punjab Agricultural University’s Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot, during 2015-16 and 2016-17 under the naturally ventilated greenhouse having area of 560 m2 (Fig. 1). Faridkot is situated at 30.6769o N latitude and 74.7583o E longitude having mean height of 200 m above sea level. A greenhouse is an enclosed structure which utilizes modified environment. The crop production is affected by its mechanism of allowing shortwave solar radiation to enter from cladding material and entrapping long wave thermal radiation to create a favorable microclimate for higher productivity (Tiwari, 2006). Under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition capsicum crop production is highly suitable. High capital investment is required to construct a naturally ventilated greenhouse and crop production under greenhouse condition requires skilled labor. Therefore, it was required to study the economics of the crop production under these greenhouses. If high investment in terms of greenhouse installation is not matched with high returns, there will be a loss of capital for farmers, which is not favorable for agriculture sector. So it was needed to carry out the economic study about cost effectiveness of the naturally ventilated greenhouse for capsicum production. A number of research workers (Rakesh et al., 2011; Sharda et al., 2012; Biwalkar and Jain, 2014; and Nilesh et al., 2015) have carried out different work at various places on crop production, but still farmers are facing problems at regional level. Keeping in view the problems of the farmers, the present study was taken to ascertain the economical feasibility of capsicum production under naturally ventilated greenhouse. Nursery of the varieties Orobelle, Bomby and Indra was transplanted in the greenhouse on 12th September and 18th September during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Irrigation was given to the crop through drip irrigation system. There were three levels of irrigation, I1: 100 per cent replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (ETc); I2: 80per cent replenishment of ETc and I3: 60 per cent replenishment of ETc. The amount of irrigation was decided on the basis of previous day’s crop evapotranspiration which was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation on daily basis. Fertilizers (N: urea, P: phosphoric acid and K: muriate of potash) were given to the crop on the basis of target yield. Target yield was set as 3 kg of marketable fruit yield of capsicum per plant. There were three levels of fertigation, F1: 120 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose; F2: 100 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose and F3: 80 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose. There were 3 hybrid varieties of colored capsicum, i.e., Syngenta yellow (Orobelle), Syngenta red (Bomby) and Syngenta green (Indra). The size of the plot was 4.5 m x 3.0 m = 13.5 m2. The plots were treated with 2 per cent solution of formalin for disinfecting the soil from bacteria and other undesired larva and eggs. Seedlings were planted at plant to plant distance of 0.45 m and row to row distance as 0.50 m. There were three replications i.e. R1, R2 and R3. Split plot design was followed for statistical analysis and for economic analysis. 1408 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 Benefit Cost ratio was used to find out the feasibility of growing capsicum under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition. Results and Discussion The yield obtained from the three varieties under different treatment combinations are given in table 1 (tonnes ha-1) and table 2 (kg plant-1). Table 1 depicts that the irrigation level 1 i.e. I1: 100 per cent replenishment of ETc produced maximum yield under yellow, red and green colored capsicum followed by irrigation level 2 (80per cent replenishment of ETc) and level 3 (60 per cent replenishment of ETc), respectively. Green colored capsicum recorded significantly higher yield because of more frequent pickings of the fruit as compared with yellow and red colored capsicum. As the yellow and red colored capsicum fruits are initially green and then turned yellow or red after maturity and therefore took more time for picking. Among the all treatment combinations, yield per plant was observed higher under high level of irrigation and fertigation i.e. I1F1 as 3.6, 3.4 and 3.9 kg per plant for yellow, red and green colored capsicum. The minimum yield per plant was recorded under I3F3, wherein, it was 1.2, 1.2 and 1.4 kg per plant. Different treatments of irrigation and fertigation were having significant effect on capsicum yields under 5 per cent level of significance. The yield given in table 1 and 2 were obtained by adopting different cultivation practices and these practices involved cost, these approximated costs are given under different heads and presented in table 3 as cost of cultivation. An economic evaluation was carried out on the basis of Benefit: Cost ratio for the present study on the basis of cost of cultivation and acquired yield (Table 4). The economic study was taken care for two cases i.e. without subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy on structure having condition of one time 50 per cent subsidy on planting material per beneficiary. The present greenhouse was constructed as per the ‘National Horticultural Mission’s (NHM)’guidelines having construction cost @ Rs 935/- per square meter. The expected life and annual interest on investment under different heads were calculated to get annual depreciation on investment (Table 4). Total cost of cultivation under present greenhouse condition for both of the cases was calculated as Rs. 44,850 and Rs. 40,930, respectively. To get the total returns from the produce, daily market rate of capsicum from local market (Rs 25, 35 and 35 per kg for green, yellow and red capsicum respectively) was taken and on the basis of cost of per unit produce (capsicum). The gross return calculated was same for both of the cases i.e. without subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy. The gross returns from green, yellow and red capsicum were calculated per plant as1.17, 1.512 and 1.428 lakh. Net returns for without subsidy case under green, yellow and red capsicum was calculated as Rs. 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. 27264/- respectively, whereas for the case of 50 per cent subsidy, it was Rs. 40727/-, Rs. 74927/- and Rs. 66527/- respectively. The average Benefit-Cost ratio for greenhouse cropped green, yellow and red colored capsicum were 1.01:1, 1.31:1 and 1.23:1 for without subsidy; and 1.53:1, 1.98:1 and 1.87:1 for the case with 50 per cent subsidy. All the calculations given in Table 4 are dependent on the cost of input like labour, fertilizers, insecticide/pesticides and materials required for construction of greenhouse; and the rate of produce which is ever changing in nature. Therefore, the gross return and net return along with Benefit-Cost ratio will get affected by these costs. 1409 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 Fig.1 Experimental area of naturally ventilated greenhouse Table.1 Yield of capsicum under different treatments combination (tonnes ha-1) 2015-16 Treat-ments Yellow 105.7 I1F1R1 101.8 I1F1R2 99.8 I1F1R3 83.6 I1F2R1 80.7 I1F2R2 78.4 I1F2R3 49.7 I1F3R1 45.3 I1F3R2 45.0 I1F3R3 Av. 76.7 C D (p≤0.05) Red Green Treatments Yellow 101.3 98.2 98.2 81.4 75.7 77.2 47.3 45.1 46.5 74.5 118.5 115.2 105.8 98.4 92.1 88.3 64.1 62.8 61.2 89.6 I2F1R1 I2F1R2 I2F1R3 I2F2R1 I2F2R2 I2F2R3 I2F3R1 I2F3R2 I2F3R3 Av. 88.3 81.5 80.5 68.9 62.7 60.7 42.8 40.8 39.2 62.8 Red Green Yellow 108.1 100.4 101.4 84.3 82.7 81.5 50.2 48.2 52.4 78.8 125.3 119.2 114.5 100.5 97.3 90.2 82.4 75.4 68.2 97 Treatments I2F1R1 I2F1R2 I2F1R3 I2F2R1 I2F2R2 I2F2R3 I2F3R1 I2F3R2 I2F3R3 Av. Red Green Treatments 82.4 102.5 I3F1R1 80.2 94.2 I3F1R2 82.7 89.3 I3F1R3 62.7 84.4 I3F2R1 61.4 78.2 I3F2R2 62.5 73.8 I3F2R3 39.2 60.7 I3F3R1 38.8 54.2 I3F3R2 40.1 50.5 I3F3R3 61.1 76.4 Av. I:2.04, F:0.83, IxF: 1.44 Yellow Red Green 70.2 68.3 68.1 53.4 50.7 49.8 38.4 35.7 35.1 52.2 68.2 65.4 67.2 49.2 48.7 49.7 35.4 35.1 36.2 50.6 85.1 79.2 71.4 65.5 58.3 52.4 48.4 45.2 42.7 60.9 Yellow Red Green 75.3 69.8 69.3 59.1 49.9 52.4 42.3 40.3 41.1 55.5 71.4 67.3 67.3 52.8 50.6 50.5 38.7 37.1 38.6 52.7 94.2 90.1 82.7 81.2 70.4 62.2 55.6 50.7 47.5 70.5 2016-17 Treat-ments Yellow 112.5 I1F1R1 105.3 I1F1R2 108.6 I1F1R3 87.5 I1F2R1 85.4 I1F2R2 86.5 I1F2R3 56.3 I1F3R1 49.5 I1F3R2 53.1 I1F3R3 Av. 82.7 C D (p≤0.05) 92.4 85.2 88.6 70.5 68.9 69.6 50.4 42.5 42.8 67.9 Treatments 87.9 110.2 I3F1R1 82.4 98.7 I3F1R2 83.3 93.2 I3F1R3 68.2 92.7 I3F2R1 63.5 81.4 I3F2R2 64.2 76.8 I3F2R3 45.8 66.9 I3F3R1 41.0 60.4 I3F3R2 41.6 54.3 I3F3R3 64.2 81.6 Av. I: 1.58, F: 1.64, IxF: 2.83 1410 Red Green Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 Table.2 Yield of capsicum under different treatments combination (kg plant-1) 2015-16 Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Treatments Yellow Red Green Treatments Yellow Red Green I1F1R1 I1F1R2 I1F1R3 I1F2R1 I1F2R2 I1F2R3 I1F3R1 I1F3R2 I1F3R3 Av. 3.6 3.4 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.5 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 3.0 I2F1R1 I2F1R2 I2F1R3 I2F2R1 I2F2R2 I2F2R3 I2F3R1 I2F3R2 I2F3R3 Av. 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.6 I3F1R1 I3F1R2 I3F1R3 I3F2R1 I3F2R2 I3F2R3 I3F3R1 I3F3R2 I3F3R3 Av. 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 2.1 Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Yellow Red Green Red Green 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.4 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.7 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.4 2.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 2.2 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.8 Treatments I3F1R1 I3F1R2 I3F1R3 I3F2R1 I3F2R2 I3F2R3 I3F3R1 I3F3R2 I3F3R3 Av. Yellow I1F1R1 I1F1R2 I1F1R3 I1F2R1 I1F2R2 I1F2R3 I1F3R1 I1F3R2 I1F3R3 Av. Treatments I2F1R1 I2F1R2 I2F1R3 I2F2R1 I2F2R2 I2F2R3 I2F3R1 I2F3R2 I2F3R3 Av. 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.8 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.4 2016-17 Table.3 Cost of cultivation for producing capsicum Sr No Particulars Cost involved (Rs.) Without subsidy With 50 per cent subsidy 23,250 23,250 One labour @ Rs. 300/day for one acre for 310 days (one fourth of the total cost will be utilized for 560 m2 area) Plants 1200 nos @ Rs. 3/ plant 3,600 3,600 2 Insecticides, pesticides fertilizers, 15,000 15,000 3 micronutrients etc Repair and maintenance and miscellaneous 3,000 3,000 4 Total 44,850 40,930* [* Rs. 39200/- will be given by Government as subsidy on cost of planting material and cultivation of high value vegetable grown in polyhouse under NHM guideline. This amount is calculated as 50 per cent of Rs 140/ sq. m.]. As the analysis has to done for 10 years, this cost is calculated as Rs. 3920/- per year, i.e., 44850-3920 = 40930 1 1411 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 Table.4 Comparative average economic analysis of capsicum crop production Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Without With 50% subsidy (Rs) subsidy (Rs) Greenhouse construction @ Rs.935/m2 for 560 m2 area 5,23,600.00 2,61,800.00 Cost of Main line, Sub main, Pumping and filtration unit along with their accessories for irrigation and foggers (a) Fixed cost @ 10% of Sr no 1 52,360.00 26,180.00 Description (b) Life in years 20 20 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (2a/2b) 2,618.00 1,309.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*2a) 4,712.40 2,356.20 (e) Total (2c + 2d) 7,330.40 3,665.20 Cost of laterals for irrigation and foggers along with their accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 5% of Sr no 1 26,180.00 13,090.00 (b) Life in years 10 10 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (3a/3b) 2,618.00 1,309.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*3a) 2,356.20 1,178.10 (e) Total (3c + 3d) 4,974.20 2,487.10 Cost of UV Stabilized Polyethylene sheet with its accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 10% of Sr no 1 52,360.00 26,180.00 (b) Life in years 5 5 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (4a/4b) 10,472.00 5,236.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*4a) 4,712.40 2,356.20 (e) Total (4c + 4d) 15,184.4 7,592.20 Cost of Greenhouse structure(metallic) with its accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 75% of Sr no 1 3,92,700.00 1,96,350.00 (b) Life in years 50 50 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (5a/5b) 7,854.00 3,927.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*5a) 35,343.00 17,671.50 (e) Total (5c + 5d) 43,197.00 21,598.50 Total of 2e + 3e + 4e + 5e 70,686.00 35,343.00 Cost of planting material and cultivation of high value vegetable -39,200 grown in poly house (one time only per beneficiary) under NHM guideline, @Rs. 140/ sq. m. i.e. (140*560)/2 = Rs. 39,200/-. As the analysis has to done for 10 years this cost is calculated as Rs. 3920/- per year. Cultivation cost of sweet pepper (seedlings + transplantation + 44,850.00 40,930.00 weeding + spraying etc.) Total cost of production (6+8) 1,15,536.00 76,273.00 Gross return from produce (average) under 560 m2 Greenhouse (1200 plants) Green, 3.9 kg/plant = 4,680 kg @ Rs. 25 1,17,000.00 1,17,000.00 Yellow, 3.6 kg/plant = 4,320 kg @ Rs. 35 1,51,200.00 1,51,200.00 Red, 3.4 kg/plant = 4,080 kg @ Rs. 35 1,42,800.00 1,42,800.00 Net return from produce under 560 m2 Greenhouse (1200 plants) (10-9) Green 1,464.00 40,727.00 Yellow 35,664.00 74,927.00 Red 27,264.00 66,527.00 Average Benefit-Cost ratio (10/9) Green 1.01:1 1.53:1 Yellow 1.31:1 1.98:1 Red 1.23:1 1.87:1 1412 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413 An economic study was carried out to evaluate the capsicum crop production under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot. The study revealed that the treatment combination (I1F1) of higher irrigation and fertigation levels i.e. I1:100 per cent replenishment of crop evapotranspiration and F1:120 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose produced maximum capsicum yield as 3.9 kg, 3.6 kg and 3.4 kg per plant for green, yellow and red colored capsicum. The net returns from the green, yellow and red colored capsicum was found to be as Rs. 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. 27264/-, respectively, for without subsidy case. For 50 per cent subsidy case, the net returns were Rs. 40727/-, Rs. 74927/- and Rs. 66527/-, respectively, for green, yellow and red colored capsicum. The maximum Benefit-Cost ratio was found to be 1.98:1 for 50 per cent subsidy case for yellow coloured capsicum. Capsicum cultivation under naturally ventilated greenhouse may be a profitable agricultural production. References Biwalkar Nilesh and A K Jain. 2014. Economical evaluation of sweet pepper production under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition. Annals of Agri Bio Res 19(4): 669-672. Nilesh Biwalkar, KG Singh, AK Jain, R Sharda, SK Jindal, K Singh and N Chawla. 2015. Response of coloured sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. vargrossum) to fertigation and irrigation levels under naturally ventilated greenhouse. Agric Res J 52(1):19-25. RakeshSharda, MP Kaushal, M Siag and N Biwalkar. 2011. Economic evaluation of subsurface drip irrigation system in tomato. Progressive Horti 43(1): 6671. Sharda R, M Siag, K Kirandeep, N Biwalkar and AK Chawla. 2012. Maximizing production and profitability under drip irrigated and fertigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Indian J Ecology 39: 222-225. Tiwari G N (2006). Greenhouse technology for controlled environment. Pp 21-25. Narosa Publication house New Delhi, pp 10-17. How to cite this article: Gurdarshan Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Nilesh Biwalkar and Jagdish Grover. 2019. Evaluation of Capsicum Varieties under Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse in Faridkot District of Punjab, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 1407-1413. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.170 1413